Introduction. The mental foramen (MF) is a bilateral opening localized on an anterior surface of the mandible. A precise location as well as well-defined shape, size, and number of the MF is crucial for different clinical dental procedures. The aim of this study was to determine a size and location of the MF in relation to the lower teeth using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study. Material and Methods. In a group of 201 patients (106 males and 95 females) the CBCT images were performed using the GX CB-500 device (Gendex, USA). Results. No significant differences in values of the horizontal (H) and vertical (V) diameters as well as the H:V ratio on both sides in relation to the age of participants were found. In males both average values of a horizontal diameter (p=0.031) and vertical diameter (p=0.001) were significantly higher on the right side than in the female subgroup, whereas on the left side only an average value of a vertical diameter was significantly higher in men (p=0.006) in comparison to women. Moreover, the H:V ratio was significantly lower in males on the left side (p=0.032). There were no significant relationships between age and gender of the patients (p>0.05) and the type of mental foramen on the right and left sides. Conclusions. The application of the CBCT study enabled a precise determination of the shape, size, and position of the mental foramen in relation to the neighboring anatomical structures on a representative group of the Polish patients. The results obtained may contribute to guidelines for dental procedures including anesthesia of the mental nerve and endodontic, implantology, and dental surgery with regard to the location of mental foramen depending on the sex and age of patients.

To determine (i) whether insulin preparations produced by three companies induce the same immune responses in insulin-naïve children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM); (ii) if switching from human insulin to rapid-acting insulin analogs influences this immune response; and (iii) if different insulin brands produce different clinical results during the first 2 yr after T1DM diagnosis. Insulin antibodies (IA) were measured for 140 patients aged 1.4-17.6 yr. Regular human insulin, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) human insulin, and rapid-acting insulin analogs (lispro or aspart) taken by the patients were produced by one of three companies: Bioton, Poland (A), Eli Lilly, USA (B) and NovoNordisk, Denmark (C). Positive IA levels were found in 112 patients (80.0%) at baseline and in 137 (97.9%) at 6 and at 24 months after T1DM diagnosis. There was no difference in IA levels among patients taking insulin preparations produced by different companies at 6 months (mean ± SD, A 27.8 ± 15.7%; B 25.3 ± 15.4%; C 24.5 ± 14.2; p = 0.54) or at 24 months (A 25.6 ± 17.8%; B29.6 ± 17.0%; C 26.2 ± 17.0%; p = 0.52); HbA(1c) and daily insulin dose did not differ significantly either. After 24 months, IA levels were similar for those who had used human insulin (mean ± SD, 25.7 ± 17.2%) and for those that had added rapid-acting analogs (28.1 ± 17.3%, p = 0.41). Three brands of insulin preparations did not differ with respect to immunogenicity. Rapid-acting analogs did not increase IA levels in patients previously treated with human insulin only. Patients using insulin preparations of different brands did not differ with respect to daily insulin dose or HbA(1c) .

Background Patients referred for HNF1B testing present very heterogeneous phenotypes. Despite suggestive characteristics, many do not harbor mutations in HNF1B. Objectives To evaluate the clinical characteristics of probands referred for HNF1B genetic testing through a nationwide monogenic diabetes screening programme. Subjects Probands tested for HNF1B mutations in the 2005‐2018 period (N=50) were identified in the Polish Monogenic Diabetes Registry, which prospectively recruits primarily pediatric patients and their families on a nationwide scale. Methods Variants that had been reported pathogenic were reassessed using criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). A structured medical interview was performed with all available individuals, their parents, and/or their physicians. For each patient, HNF1B‐score was calculated based on available clinical information. Results The study group numbered 36 unrelated probands (28% lost to follow‐up): 14 with pathogenic or likely‐pathogenic variants in HNF1B, one with a variant of uncertain significance and 21 negative for HNF1B mutations. Presence of cystic kidneys (OR=9.17, 95%CI:1.87‐44.92), pancreatic abnormalities (OR=15, 95%CI:1.55‐145.23), elevated liver enzymes (OR=15, 95%CI:1.55‐145.23) best discriminated HNF1B‐positive cases from the negative ones. Presence of impaired glucose tolerance coupled with kidney disease in the proband and one parent was also highly predictive for HNF1B mutations (OR=11.11, 95%CI:1.13‐109.36). HNF1B‐score with recommended cut‐off distinguished patients with and without HNF1B findings with 100% sensitivity and 47.6% specificity. Addition of four clinical variables to select patients based on HNF1B‐score improved specificity to 71.4% (95%CI:47.8%‐88.7%) whilst retaining 100% sensitivity. Conclusions Detailed medical interview may enable more accurate patient selection for targeted genetic testing.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited disease with major clinical symptoms such as: obesity, retinal degeneration, polydactyly and renal abnormalities. The aim of the study was to assess the spectrum of gene variants among patients with BBS, identified on the basis of nationwide genetic studies of monogenic diabetes in Polish population. Out of 575 patients enrolled for genetic testing from February 2017 to July 2019, 25 patients with a clinical suspicion of BBS were selected. The identification of pathogenic variants was performed by using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) on Illumina NextSeq 550 platform involving the SureSelect assay (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). BBS was genetically confirmed in 10 of 25 suspected patients. In patients, 14 different variants were found in six genes, mainly in BBS9 and BBS10 gene, including two novel variants. A strong association between hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in patients and the presence of variants in BBS9 gene was observed. Identification of 14 variants, including two new mutations using the NGS method, is the first molecular characteristic of Polish patients with Bardet–Biedl syndrome. It gives hope for earlier proper diagnosis of BBS in future patients selected from children with early childhood obesity and their medical multidisciplinary care.

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the selected markers in children with and without partial clinical remission (CR) of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D).Methods: The study group consisted of 186 patients (F/M; 87/99) at onset of T1D and 24 months of follow-up. Partial CR was defined as insulin requirement <0.5 IU/kg and glycated hemoglobin (HbAResults: Partial CR was observed in 115/186 (61.83%) of patients. At diagnosis body mass index standard deviation (BMI SDS) was higher among remitters than in non-remitters (p=0.0051) and remitters were younger (p=0.0029). In the follow-up a higher triglyceride concentration in non-remitters compared to remitters (p=0.0455) and a lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (p=0.0119) were noticed.Conclusions: Younger age and higher BMI at diagnosis of T1D can predispose to partial CR in children. In patients with CR of T1D after 2 years of follow-up a lipid profile improvement is observed.