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Dr. Harpinder Sandhu
School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Organic Farming
0 Sustainable Agriculture
0 Theory and practice of ecosystem services
0 True cost accounting in agriculture, agroecology
0 Rural ssociety and environment interactions

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Short Biography

Harpinder is an Ecological Economist with research interests in studying the interactions between society and the environment for inclusive and equitable development. His current research focuses on measuring social, human and natural capital and applying true cost accounting for the transformation of agriculture and food systems towards sustainability.

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Perspective
Published: 19 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The application of true cost accounting (TCA) at farm level requires a common framework and metric for measuring, capturing and valuing sustainability. We propose such a framework and farm metric that build on the four capitals—natural, social, human and produced—that are essential for sustainability. The framework is developed by reviewing the scientific and technical literature on various approaches and tools that have been used to measure farm sustainability. We use quantifiable aspects of sustainability in the farm metrics. The farm sustainability metrics comprise four capitals with 11 categories and 33 indicators. These indicators can be assessed using bio-physical assessment, descriptive or quantitative methods. Once this information is compiled for a farm, then some of the categories can be monetised to reflect all the costs and benefits of using state-of-the-art TCA. There is a need to establish benchmarks and standards for each of the four types of capitals and indicators for the comparison of food systems. We believe the use of this comprehensive framework and farm metrics will help to correct several deficiencies of the current food system. We conclude by highlighting the benefits and limitations in the use of farm metrics. Measuring all positive and negative externalities at farm level can shift global food systems towards sustainability.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Adele Jones; Patrick Holden. True Cost Accounting of Food Using Farm Level Metrics: A New Framework. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5710 .

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu, Adele Jones, Patrick Holden. True Cost Accounting of Food Using Farm Level Metrics: A New Framework. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Adele Jones; Patrick Holden. 2021. "True Cost Accounting of Food Using Farm Level Metrics: A New Framework." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5710.

Perspective
Published: 18 February 2021 in Sustainability
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The global agenda for sustainable development includes the alleviation of poverty and hunger by developing sustainable agriculture and food systems. Intensive farming systems and its variations, such as sustainable intensification or ecological intensification, are currently being promoted as technologies that can improve agricultural productivity and reduce environmental impacts. However, these are focused only on per-hectare productivity with growing negative impacts on local culture and the environment. This study identifies the negative impacts of crop- and livestock-based farming systems on the Indo-Gangetic plains, as well as in the USA, China, and South America as an example of key challenges in global agriculture. These impacts are classified into environmental, social, economic, and health impacts. An alternative paradigm is proposed to overcome some of the shortcomings of current global agriculture. This new bottom-up paradigm is based on three indicators that are fundamental to achieve the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of agriculture and food systems. These are divided into technical, geographic, and social indicators and have been analysed for four farming systems—low-input, high-input, organic, and desired farming systems. Seven global geographic regions have been analysed in terms of their socio-economic indicators and status of agriculture in order to develop pathways for the implementation of the new paradigm. The pathway for change suggested in this paper includes a focus on research and training, policy and institutional changes, and an evaluation of the costs and benefits, and changes in production models that consider scale and sustainability metrics and include innovations in consultation with all stakeholders. This new paradigm has the potential to direct global efforts towards more local and regional solutions, which are community driven and constitute a ‘bottom-up’ approach.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu. Bottom-Up Transformation of Agriculture and Food Systems. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2171 .

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu. Bottom-Up Transformation of Agriculture and Food Systems. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu. 2021. "Bottom-Up Transformation of Agriculture and Food Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2171.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2020 in Environmental Science & Policy
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Elaborating the benefits humans receive from coastal wetlands using a Cultural Ecosystem Services assessment is an emergent and important field linking human wellbeing to ecosystem function. Translating these benefits into useable concepts for environmental policymakers, and managers is challenging yet important for supporting landscape restoration projects. This study responds to the call for Cultural Ecosystem Services case studies beyond the northern hemisphere. A household survey of residents adjacent to a peri-urban coastal wetland in South Australia and an online survey of interest groups were administered to identify co-benefits associated with a coastal restoration project in the region. A dynamic/relational cultural values framework guided the analysis. Findings reveal that visitation has a positive influence; people valued most the places with which they were familiar. The analysis confirms a mutual connection between: ‘doing’ (undertaking an activity), environmental awareness and appreciation, the formation of attachment to place, and having positive experiences. The analysis also points out that the naturalness of this coastline is highly valued. The findings here diverge from previous coastal landscape assessments based singularly on scenic value. The implication is that localised, place-based landscape assessments which include cultural values, offer a more deliberative approach to policy development and planning and will more likely incorporate what matters most to people.

ACS Style

Beverley Clarke; Aung Ko Thet; Harpinder Sandhu; Sabine Dittmann. Integrating Cultural Ecosystem Services valuation into coastal wetlands restoration: A case study from South Australia. Environmental Science & Policy 2020, 116, 220 -229.

AMA Style

Beverley Clarke, Aung Ko Thet, Harpinder Sandhu, Sabine Dittmann. Integrating Cultural Ecosystem Services valuation into coastal wetlands restoration: A case study from South Australia. Environmental Science & Policy. 2020; 116 ():220-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beverley Clarke; Aung Ko Thet; Harpinder Sandhu; Sabine Dittmann. 2020. "Integrating Cultural Ecosystem Services valuation into coastal wetlands restoration: A case study from South Australia." Environmental Science & Policy 116, no. : 220-229.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2020 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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The adoption of agro-ecological practices in agricultural systems worldwide can contribute to increased food production without compromising future food security, especially under the current biodiversity loss and climate change scenarios. Despite the increase in publications on agro-ecological research and practices during the last 35 years, a weak link between that knowledge and changed farmer practices has led to few examples of agro-ecological protocols and effective delivery systems to agriculturalists. In an attempt to reduce this gap, we synthesised the main concepts related to biodiversity and its functions by creating a web-based interactive spiral (www.biodiversityfunction.com). This tool explains and describes a pathway for achieving agro-ecological outcomes, starting from the basic principle of biodiversity and its functions to enhanced biodiversity on farms. Within this pathway, 11 key steps are identified and sequentially presented on a web platform through which key players (farmers, farmer networks, policy makers, scientists and other stakeholders) can navigate and learn. Because in many areas of the world the necessary knowledge needed for achieving the adoption of particular agro-ecological techniques is not available, the spiral approach can provide the necessary conceptual steps needed for obtaining and understanding such knowledge by navigating through the interactive pathway. This novel approach aims to improve our understanding of the sequence from the concept of biodiversity to harnessing its power to improve prospects for ‘sustainable intensification’ of agricultural systems worldwide.

ACS Style

Mauricio González-Chang; Stephen D. Wratten; Morgan W. Shields; Robert Costanza; Matteo Dainese; Geoff M. Gurr; Janine Johnson; Daniel S. Karp; Jan Willem Ketelaar; Jerry Nboyine; Jules Pretty; Ryan Rayl; Harpinder Sandhu; Mark Walker; Wenwu Zhou. Understanding the pathways from biodiversity to agro-ecological outcomes: A new, interactive approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2020, 301, 107053 .

AMA Style

Mauricio González-Chang, Stephen D. Wratten, Morgan W. Shields, Robert Costanza, Matteo Dainese, Geoff M. Gurr, Janine Johnson, Daniel S. Karp, Jan Willem Ketelaar, Jerry Nboyine, Jules Pretty, Ryan Rayl, Harpinder Sandhu, Mark Walker, Wenwu Zhou. Understanding the pathways from biodiversity to agro-ecological outcomes: A new, interactive approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2020; 301 ():107053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mauricio González-Chang; Stephen D. Wratten; Morgan W. Shields; Robert Costanza; Matteo Dainese; Geoff M. Gurr; Janine Johnson; Daniel S. Karp; Jan Willem Ketelaar; Jerry Nboyine; Jules Pretty; Ryan Rayl; Harpinder Sandhu; Mark Walker; Wenwu Zhou. 2020. "Understanding the pathways from biodiversity to agro-ecological outcomes: A new, interactive approach." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 301, no. : 107053.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in Land
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Ecosystem services in oil palm plantations owned by smallholders in four villages in the Riau Province, Indonesia were identified and valued. Nine provisioning, three regulating and maintenance, one cultural ecosystem service, and a single ecosystem dis-service, were identified from interviews with 62 farming households. Direct and indirect market valuation methods were used to estimate the total economic value (TEV) of these services, which averaged USD 6520 ha−1 year−1 (range = USD 2970–7729 ha−1 year−1). The values of provisioning services were USD 4331 ha−1 year−1 (range = USD 2263–5489 ha−1 year−1), regulating and maintenance services were valued at USD 1880 ha−1 year−1 (range of USD 707–3110 ha−1 year−1), and cultural services were USD 309 ha−1 year−1. We conclude that identifying and valuing ecosystem services offers an opportunity to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of smallholders in oil palm landscapes in Indonesia.

ACS Style

Ando Fahda Aulia; Harpinder Sandhu; Andrew C. Millington. Quantifying the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services in Oil Palm Dominated Landscapes in Riau Province in Sumatra, Indonesia. Land 2020, 9, 194 .

AMA Style

Ando Fahda Aulia, Harpinder Sandhu, Andrew C. Millington. Quantifying the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services in Oil Palm Dominated Landscapes in Riau Province in Sumatra, Indonesia. Land. 2020; 9 (6):194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ando Fahda Aulia; Harpinder Sandhu; Andrew C. Millington. 2020. "Quantifying the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services in Oil Palm Dominated Landscapes in Riau Province in Sumatra, Indonesia." Land 9, no. 6: 194.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Global agriculture aims to minimize its impacts on environment and human health while maintaining its productivity. This requires a comprehensive understanding of its benefits and costs to ecosystems and society. Here, we apply a new evaluation framework developed by the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Agriculture and Food (TEEBAgriFood) to assess key benefits and costs on the production side of genetically modified (GM) and organic corn systems in Minnesota, USA. The market value of GM corn is $4.5 billion, and only $31.8 million for organic corn using production data and market prices of 2017. GM corn generates revenue of $1488 per hectare (at $121 per MT), which is significantly lower than the organic corn at $2793 per hectare (at $294 per MT). Using a novel three-stage wellbeing valuation, analysis of the associations between corn production intensity and subjective measures of general health and wellbeing indicates that the total non-financial health cost associated with GM corn is $427.50 per hectare or $1.3 billion annually. We also find that the total annual environmental cost associated with GM corn production is $179 per hectare or $557.65 million within Minnesota. The use of the evaluation framework can help to improve decision making at farm and policy level to develop sustainable agriculture in order to minimize environmental and health related costs to society and economy.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Nadia El-Hage Scialabba; Chris Warner; Fatemeh Behzadnejad; Kieran Keohane; Richard Houston; Daniel Fujiwara. Evaluating the holistic costs and benefits of corn production systems in Minnesota, US. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu, Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Chris Warner, Fatemeh Behzadnejad, Kieran Keohane, Richard Houston, Daniel Fujiwara. Evaluating the holistic costs and benefits of corn production systems in Minnesota, US. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Nadia El-Hage Scialabba; Chris Warner; Fatemeh Behzadnejad; Kieran Keohane; Richard Houston; Daniel Fujiwara. 2020. "Evaluating the holistic costs and benefits of corn production systems in Minnesota, US." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-12.

Research article
Published: 29 July 2019 in The Anthropocene Review
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Inadequacies of the current agriculture and food systems are recognised globally in the form of damages to environment and human health. In addition, the prevailing economic and policy systems do not reflect these damages in its accounting systems and standards. These shortcomings lead to perverse and pervasive outcomes for society at large. Our proposal is to consider all social and environmental externalities – both negative and positive, in global agriculture and food systems and reflect them in an economic system by evaluating comprehensive costs and benefits. This can be done by adopting an innovative, universal, and inclusive framework (the ‘TEEBAgriFood’ framework) in order to stimulate appropriate policy responses.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Alexander Müller; Pavan Sukhdev; Kathleen Merrigan; Abdou Tenkouano; Pushpam Kumar; Salman Hussain; Wei Zhang; Walter Pengue; Barbara Gemmill-Herren; Michael W Hamm; Maria Cristina Tirado Von Der Pahlen; Carl Obst; Kavita Sharma; Haripriya Gundimeda; Anil Markandya; Peter May; Gunars Platais; Jes Weigelt. The future of agriculture and food: Evaluating the holistic costs and benefits. The Anthropocene Review 2019, 6, 270 -278.

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu, Alexander Müller, Pavan Sukhdev, Kathleen Merrigan, Abdou Tenkouano, Pushpam Kumar, Salman Hussain, Wei Zhang, Walter Pengue, Barbara Gemmill-Herren, Michael W Hamm, Maria Cristina Tirado Von Der Pahlen, Carl Obst, Kavita Sharma, Haripriya Gundimeda, Anil Markandya, Peter May, Gunars Platais, Jes Weigelt. The future of agriculture and food: Evaluating the holistic costs and benefits. The Anthropocene Review. 2019; 6 (3):270-278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Alexander Müller; Pavan Sukhdev; Kathleen Merrigan; Abdou Tenkouano; Pushpam Kumar; Salman Hussain; Wei Zhang; Walter Pengue; Barbara Gemmill-Herren; Michael W Hamm; Maria Cristina Tirado Von Der Pahlen; Carl Obst; Kavita Sharma; Haripriya Gundimeda; Anil Markandya; Peter May; Gunars Platais; Jes Weigelt. 2019. "The future of agriculture and food: Evaluating the holistic costs and benefits." The Anthropocene Review 6, no. 3: 270-278.

Book chapter
Published: 11 January 2019 in Sustainable Food and Agriculture
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Protecting biodiversity and improving the supply of, and equitable access to, ecosystem services is a vital global interest to sustain a healthy planet and deliver benefits to people. This chapter discusses key issues regarding plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), highlighting linkages between PGRFA, dietary diversity, and natural habitats, as well as the roles of gender and community in conservation. Diversely structured landscapes play a crucial role in supporting ecosystem services that maintain the productivity and stability of agroecosystems. To ensure that the global food system remains environmentally sustainable and generates a rich array of nutrients for human health, farm landscapes must be diverse and serve multiple purposes. We outline the need for economic valuation for ecosystem services, illustrated with two case studies on the global cost of land degradation and full benefits and costs of food production systems, noting that a comprehensive evaluation that goes beyond monetary value is needed.

ACS Style

Wei Zhang; Ehsan Dulloo; Gina Kennedy; Arwen Bailey; Harpinder Sandhu; Ephraim Nkonya. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Sustainable Food and Agriculture 2019, 137 -152.

AMA Style

Wei Zhang, Ehsan Dulloo, Gina Kennedy, Arwen Bailey, Harpinder Sandhu, Ephraim Nkonya. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Sustainable Food and Agriculture. 2019; ():137-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Zhang; Ehsan Dulloo; Gina Kennedy; Arwen Bailey; Harpinder Sandhu; Ephraim Nkonya. 2019. "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services." Sustainable Food and Agriculture , no. : 137-152.

Book chapter
Published: 20 June 2018 in Handbook of Engaged Sustainability
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This study investigates the concept of ecosystem services in an Australian grape and wine company and explores risks and opportunities to achieve environmental sustainability in this organization. Ecosystem service approach is an emerging paradigm to address natural resource degradation and achieve sustainability in agribusiness organizations. A case study method is used to identify environmental issues at one of the premium wine organizations based in South Australia. This study conducts semi-structured interviews with multiple informants to analyze how this organization integrates ecosystem services approach in their management systems. These semi-structured interviews with multiple informants identified three categories of environmental issues: (1) primary (water use efficiency, soil health, carbon emissions), (2) secondary (energy, water availability), and (3) tertiary (waste water recycling, salinity in soil, loss of biodiversity, impacts due to climate change projections, winery waste management, soil carbon). We used Ecosystem Based Business Risk Analysis Tool (EBBRAT) and found freshwater availability as a major risk for this organization. This tool led to the identification of key areas, such as biological control of insect pests, maintaining biodiversity and management of soil, as an opportunity for the wine company to enhance sustainability. This study highlights ecosystem service approach to achieve sustainability in wine and other agribusiness organizations. This case study is followed by two interactive exercises to illustrate the application of the ideas discussed in the chapter. The chapter concludes with lessons learnt to develop sustainable food systems and some questions that reflect the ideas presented in the chapter and are aimed at shifting the focus toward food sustainability.

ACS Style

Sukhbir Sandhu; Claudine Soosay; Howard Harris; Hans-Henrik Hvolby; Harpinder Sandhu. Ecosystem Services for Wine Sustainability. Handbook of Engaged Sustainability 2018, 653 -682.

AMA Style

Sukhbir Sandhu, Claudine Soosay, Howard Harris, Hans-Henrik Hvolby, Harpinder Sandhu. Ecosystem Services for Wine Sustainability. Handbook of Engaged Sustainability. 2018; ():653-682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sukhbir Sandhu; Claudine Soosay; Howard Harris; Hans-Henrik Hvolby; Harpinder Sandhu. 2018. "Ecosystem Services for Wine Sustainability." Handbook of Engaged Sustainability , no. : 653-682.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2018 in Ecosystem Services
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Coastal regions provide vital ecosystem services for the human well-being. Rapid economic growth and increasing population in coastal regions is exerting more pressure on coastal environments. Here we develop four plausible scenarios to the year 2050 that address above issues in the northern Adelaide coastline, South Australia. Four scenarios were named after their characteristics, Lacuna, Gold Coast SA, Down to Earth, and Green & Gold. Lacuna and Gold Coast SA. Economy declined significantly in Lacuna, whereas, there is highest annual GDP growth (3.5%) in Gold Coast SA, which was closely followed by Green & Gold scenario (3%), GDP under Down to Earth grows at moderate 1.5%. There is highest population growth in Gold Coast SA followed by Green & Gold, Down to Earth and Lacuna. Gold Coast SA scenario led to high inequality as estimated by the Gini co-efficient of 0.45 compared to the current value of 0.33. Ecosystem services declined rapidly under Green & Gold and Lacuna as compared to the other two scenarios. The combination of scenario planning and ecosystem services valuation provides the capacity to guide coastal planning by illustrating enhanced social, environmental and economic benefits.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Beverley Clarke; Ryan Baring; Sharolyn Anderson; Claire Fisk; Sabine Dittmann; Stewart Walker; Paul Sutton; Ida Kubiszewski; Robert Costanza. Scenario planning including ecosystem services for a coastal region in South Australia. Ecosystem Services 2018, 31, 194 -207.

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu, Beverley Clarke, Ryan Baring, Sharolyn Anderson, Claire Fisk, Sabine Dittmann, Stewart Walker, Paul Sutton, Ida Kubiszewski, Robert Costanza. Scenario planning including ecosystem services for a coastal region in South Australia. Ecosystem Services. 2018; 31 ():194-207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Beverley Clarke; Ryan Baring; Sharolyn Anderson; Claire Fisk; Sabine Dittmann; Stewart Walker; Paul Sutton; Ida Kubiszewski; Robert Costanza. 2018. "Scenario planning including ecosystem services for a coastal region in South Australia." Ecosystem Services 31, no. : 194-207.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2017 in Land
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One of the major consequences of expansive urban growth is the degradation and loss of productive agricultural land and agroecosystem functions. Four landscape metrics—Percentage of Land (PLAND), Mean Parcel Size (MPS), Parcel Density (PD), and Modified Simpson’s Diversity Index (MSDI)—were calculated for 1 km × 1 km cells along three 50 km-long transects that extend out from the Adelaide CBD, in order to analyze variations in landscape structures. Each transect has different land uses beyond the built-up area, and they differ in topography, soils, and rates of urban expansion. Our new findings are that zones of agricultural land fragmentation can be identified by the relationships between MPS and PD, that these occur in areas where PD ranges from 7 and 35, and that these occur regardless of distance along the transect, land use, topography, soils, or rates of urban growth. This suggests a geometry of fragmentation that may be consistent, and indicates that quantification of both land use and land-use change in zones of fragmentation is potentially important in planning.

ACS Style

Suranga Wadduwage; Andrew Millington; Neville D. Crossman; Harpinder Sandhu. Agricultural Land Fragmentation at Urban Fringes: An Application of Urban-To-Rural Gradient Analysis in Adelaide. Land 2017, 6, 28 .

AMA Style

Suranga Wadduwage, Andrew Millington, Neville D. Crossman, Harpinder Sandhu. Agricultural Land Fragmentation at Urban Fringes: An Application of Urban-To-Rural Gradient Analysis in Adelaide. Land. 2017; 6 (2):28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suranga Wadduwage; Andrew Millington; Neville D. Crossman; Harpinder Sandhu. 2017. "Agricultural Land Fragmentation at Urban Fringes: An Application of Urban-To-Rural Gradient Analysis in Adelaide." Land 6, no. 2: 28.

Book chapter
Published: 23 March 2017 in Ecosystem Functions and Management
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Agroecosystems supply food, fibre and a range of ecosystem services (ES) to human beings. At the same time, they are dependent on regulating services such as freshwater, biodiversity, healthy soils for their proper functioning. It is known that agricultural activities impact negatively on environment and its resources. We present a case study of agriculture in Punjab, India to reflect how it is supplying food to growing population but also impacting other ES. We conclude by discussing trade-offs between food production and natural resources and discuss options for applying ecosystem based approach for long term sustainability of agroecosystems.

ACS Style

Lalit Kumar; Harpinder Sandhu. Ecosystem Services and Agriculture in Punjab, India. Ecosystem Functions and Management 2017, 59 -84.

AMA Style

Lalit Kumar, Harpinder Sandhu. Ecosystem Services and Agriculture in Punjab, India. Ecosystem Functions and Management. 2017; ():59-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lalit Kumar; Harpinder Sandhu. 2017. "Ecosystem Services and Agriculture in Punjab, India." Ecosystem Functions and Management , no. : 59-84.

Book chapter
Published: 23 March 2017 in Ecosystem Functions and Management
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This chapter elaborates the ES approach and how it can be used in managing natural resources and ecosystems in South Asia. It describes economic values associated with ES and key valuation methods. It develops a conceptual framework to interlink different ecosystems. These interlinkages have potential to provide solutions for long-term sustainability in the region, which are being discussed in the chapter.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu. Interlinking Ecosystems for Multiple Benefits. Ecosystem Functions and Management 2017, 195 -205.

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu. Interlinking Ecosystems for Multiple Benefits. Ecosystem Functions and Management. 2017; ():195-205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu. 2017. "Interlinking Ecosystems for Multiple Benefits." Ecosystem Functions and Management , no. : 195-205.

Book chapter
Published: 23 March 2017 in Ecosystem Functions and Management
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This chapter describes major ecosystems and associated ecosystem services in South Asia. It develops a conceptual framework to explore major ecosystems and the benefits they provide in terms of social and economic values. It provides global estimates of the economic value of the benefits and compare with those in South Asia. South Asia comprises seven countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It also describes the ecosystem based approach as a tool for policy makers to manage ecosystems more effectively. It concludes with commenting on the role of ecosystems in equitable and sustainable development in the region.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu. Theory and Practice of Ecosystem Functions and Management. Ecosystem Functions and Management 2017, 3 -16.

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu. Theory and Practice of Ecosystem Functions and Management. Ecosystem Functions and Management. 2017; ():3-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu. 2017. "Theory and Practice of Ecosystem Functions and Management." Ecosystem Functions and Management , no. : 3-16.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2016 in PeerJ
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Ecosystem services (ES) such as pollination are vital for the continuous supply of food to a growing human population, but the decline in populations of insect pollinators worldwide poses a threat to food and nutritional security. Using a pollinator (honeybee) exclusion approach, we evaluated the impact of pollinator scarcity on production in four brassica fields, two producing hybrid seeds and two producing open-pollinated ones. There was a clear reduction in seed yield as pollination rates declined. Open-pollinated crops produced significantly higher yields than did the hybrid ones at all pollination rates. The hybrid crops required at least 0.50 of background pollination rates to achieve maximum yield, whereas in open-pollinated crops, 0.25 pollination rates were necessary for maximum yield. The total estimated economic value of pollination services provided by honeybees to the agricultural industry in New Zealand is NZD $1.96 billion annually. This study indicates that loss of pollination services can result in significant declines in production and have serious implications for the market economy in New Zealand. Depending on the extent of honeybee population decline, and assuming that results in declining pollination services, the estimated economic loss to New Zealand agriculture could be in the range of NZD $295–728 million annually.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Benjamin Waterhouse; Stéphane Boyer; Steve Wratten. Scarcity of ecosystem services: an experimental manipulation of declining pollination rates and its economic consequences for agriculture. PeerJ 2016, 4, e2099 .

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu, Benjamin Waterhouse, Stéphane Boyer, Steve Wratten. Scarcity of ecosystem services: an experimental manipulation of declining pollination rates and its economic consequences for agriculture. PeerJ. 2016; 4 ():e2099.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Benjamin Waterhouse; Stéphane Boyer; Steve Wratten. 2016. "Scarcity of ecosystem services: an experimental manipulation of declining pollination rates and its economic consequences for agriculture." PeerJ 4, no. : e2099.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2016 in Journal of Pest Science
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Non-crop habitat adjacent to crops may be important for enhancing the activity of natural enemies in crops. However, it is not always clear whether natural enemies that are active in non-crop habitats actually contribute to pest suppression in adjacent crop habitats. We hypothesised that parasitic wasps that utilise the same hosts can be segregated between crop and non-crop habitats in an agro-ecosystem. We tested this hypothesis using the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in vineyards and adjacent native vegetation. We experimentally measured the parasitism rate of larval E. postvittana at six and eight sites in both vineyards and the adjacent native vegetation in two consecutive years. Wild larval Tortricidae were also collected at each experimental site to assess their diversity and related parasitoids. Parasitised hosts were then identified using a PCR-based protocol to examine the parasitoids’ host ranges. The parasitoid Therophilus unimaculatus (Turner) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was most active in non-crop native vegetation, whereas Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitised the most larvae in vineyards. Parasitism of E. postvittana by D. tasmanica was higher on grape than on plantain, which indicates that host plants influence activities in different habitat. Both species shared the same range of tortricid hosts. Overall, our results indicate the two key parasitoids that attack E. postvittana differ in their pattern of habitat use. The native vegetation adjacent to crops may not enhance the activity of some natural enemies for pest control in an agricultural ecosystem.

ACS Style

Yi Feng; Olena Kravchuk; Harpinder Sandhu; Stephen D. Wratten; Michael A. Keller. The activities of generalist parasitoids can be segregated between crop and adjacent non-crop habitats. Journal of Pest Science 2016, 90, 275 -286.

AMA Style

Yi Feng, Olena Kravchuk, Harpinder Sandhu, Stephen D. Wratten, Michael A. Keller. The activities of generalist parasitoids can be segregated between crop and adjacent non-crop habitats. Journal of Pest Science. 2016; 90 (1):275-286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Feng; Olena Kravchuk; Harpinder Sandhu; Stephen D. Wratten; Michael A. Keller. 2016. "The activities of generalist parasitoids can be segregated between crop and adjacent non-crop habitats." Journal of Pest Science 90, no. 1: 275-286.

Review
Published: 01 January 2016 in Ecological Modelling
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ACS Style

Katrine Grace Turner; Sharolyn Anderson; Mauricio González-Chang; Robert Costanza; Sasha Courville; Tommy Dalgaard; Estelle Dominati; Ida Kubiszewski; Sue Ogilvy; Luciana Porfirio; Nazmun Ratna; Harpinder Sandhu; Paul Sutton; Jens-Christian Svenning; Graham Mark Turner; Yann-David Varennes; Alexey Voinov; Stephen Wratten. A review of methods, data, and models to assess changes in the value of ecosystem services from land degradation and restoration. Ecological Modelling 2016, 319, 190 -207.

AMA Style

Katrine Grace Turner, Sharolyn Anderson, Mauricio González-Chang, Robert Costanza, Sasha Courville, Tommy Dalgaard, Estelle Dominati, Ida Kubiszewski, Sue Ogilvy, Luciana Porfirio, Nazmun Ratna, Harpinder Sandhu, Paul Sutton, Jens-Christian Svenning, Graham Mark Turner, Yann-David Varennes, Alexey Voinov, Stephen Wratten. A review of methods, data, and models to assess changes in the value of ecosystem services from land degradation and restoration. Ecological Modelling. 2016; 319 ():190-207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrine Grace Turner; Sharolyn Anderson; Mauricio González-Chang; Robert Costanza; Sasha Courville; Tommy Dalgaard; Estelle Dominati; Ida Kubiszewski; Sue Ogilvy; Luciana Porfirio; Nazmun Ratna; Harpinder Sandhu; Paul Sutton; Jens-Christian Svenning; Graham Mark Turner; Yann-David Varennes; Alexey Voinov; Stephen Wratten. 2016. "A review of methods, data, and models to assess changes in the value of ecosystem services from land degradation and restoration." Ecological Modelling 319, no. : 190-207.

Research article
Published: 20 April 2015 in PLOS ONE
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Land use and management intensity can influence provision of ecosystem services (ES). We argue that forest/agroforestry production systems are characterized by relatively higher C:O/C:N and ES value compared to arable production systems. Field investigations on C:N/C:O and 15 ES were determined in three diverse production systems: wheat monoculture (Cwheat), a combined food and energy system (CFE) and a beech forest in Denmark. The C:N/C:O ratios were 194.1/1.68, 94.1/1.57 and 59.5/1.45 for beech forest, CFE and Cwheat, respectively. The economic value of the non-marketed ES was also highest in beech forest (US$ 1089 ha-1 yr-1) followed by CFE (US$ 800 ha-1 yr-1) and Cwheat (US$ 339 ha-1 yr-1). The combined economic value was highest in the CFE (US$ 3143 ha-1 yr-1) as compared to the Cwheat (US$ 2767 ha-1 yr-1) and beech forest (US$ 2365 ha-1 yr-1). We argue that C:N/C:O can be used as a proxy of ES, particularly for the non-marketed ES, such as regulating, supporting and cultural services. These ES play a vital role in the sustainable production of food and energy. Therefore, they should be considered in decision making and developing appropriate policy responses for land use management.

ACS Style

Bhim Bahadur Ghaley; Harpinder S. Sandhu; John R. Porter. Relationship between C:N/C:O Stoichiometry and Ecosystem Services in Managed Production Systems. PLOS ONE 2015, 10, e0123869 .

AMA Style

Bhim Bahadur Ghaley, Harpinder S. Sandhu, John R. Porter. Relationship between C:N/C:O Stoichiometry and Ecosystem Services in Managed Production Systems. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10 (4):e0123869.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bhim Bahadur Ghaley; Harpinder S. Sandhu; John R. Porter. 2015. "Relationship between C:N/C:O Stoichiometry and Ecosystem Services in Managed Production Systems." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4: e0123869.

Research article
Published: 20 April 2015 in PLoS ONE
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The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana is a key pest of wine grapes in Australia. Two parasitoids, Dolichogenidea tasmanica and Therophilus unimaculatus, attack the larval stage of this pest. D. tasmanica is dominant in vineyards, whereas T. unimaculatus is mainly active in native vegetation. We sought to understand why they differ in their use of habitats. Plants are a major component of habitats of parasitoids, and herbivore-infested plants influence parasitoid foraging efficiency by their architecture and emission of volatile chemicals. We investigated how different plant species infested by E. postvittana could affect the foraging success of the two parasitoid species in both laboratory and field experiments. Four common host-plant species were selected for this study. In paired-choice experiments to determine the innate foraging preferences for plants, both parasitoid species showed differences in innate search preferences among plant species. The plant preference of D. tasmanica was altered by oviposition experience with hosts that were feeding on other plant species. In a behavioral assay, the two parasitoid species allocated their times engaged in various types of behavior differently when foraging on different plant species. For both parasitoids, parasitism on Hardenbergia violacea was the highest of the four plant species. Significantly more larvae dropped from Myoporum insulare when attacked than from the other three host-plant species, which indicates that parasitism is also affected by interactions between plants and host insects. In vineyards, parasitism by D. tasmanica was significantly lower on M. insulare than on the other three host-plant species, but the parasitism rates were similar among the other three plant species. Our results indicate that plants play a role in the habitat preferences of these two parasitoid species by influencing their foraging behavior, and are likely to contribute to their distributions among habitats.

ACS Style

Yi Feng; Steve Wratten; Harpinder Sandhu; Michael Anthony Keller. Host Plants Affect the Foraging Success of Two Parasitoids that Attack Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0124773 .

AMA Style

Yi Feng, Steve Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Michael Anthony Keller. Host Plants Affect the Foraging Success of Two Parasitoids that Attack Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). PLoS ONE. 2015; 10 (4):e0124773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Feng; Steve Wratten; Harpinder Sandhu; Michael Anthony Keller. 2015. "Host Plants Affect the Foraging Success of Two Parasitoids that Attack Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." PLoS ONE 10, no. 4: e0124773.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2015 in PeerJ
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Background. Ecosystem services (ES) generated within agricultural landscapes, including field boundaries, are vital for the sustainable supply of food and fibre. However, the value of ES in agriculture has not been quantified experimentally and then extrapolated globally.

ACS Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Steve Wratten; Robert Costanza; Jules Pretty; John R. Porter; John Reganold. Significance and value of non-traded ecosystem services on farmland. PeerJ 2015, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Harpinder Sandhu, Steve Wratten, Robert Costanza, Jules Pretty, John R. Porter, John Reganold. Significance and value of non-traded ecosystem services on farmland. PeerJ. 2015; 3 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harpinder Sandhu; Steve Wratten; Robert Costanza; Jules Pretty; John R. Porter; John Reganold. 2015. "Significance and value of non-traded ecosystem services on farmland." PeerJ 3, no. : 1.