Bisphenol S (BPS) and its 11 emerging analogues were investigated in 325 urine samples from five occupational populations in South China. Besides BPS, ten emerging BPS analogues were newly identified and detected in the urine. It should be noted that urinary concentrations of dominant BPS analogues of 2,4'-bis(hydroxyphenyl)sulfone (2,4-BPS), bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone (TGSA) and diphenylsulfone (DPS) were 1.1-2.3 times higher than that of BPS, with overall detection frequencies at 74-91 %. The median sum concentrations of the target 12 bisphenols (ng/mL) were found highest in urine from cashiers (1.12), followed by water plant staffs (0.994), teachers (0.552), doctors (0.408) and power plant staffs (0.333). The composition profile of the urinary dominant bisphenols was occupational-dependent, with 2,4-BPS accounting for 45-73 % in cashiers and power plant staffs, and with DPS and TGSA for 74-82 % among doctors, teachers and water plant staffs. Significant correlations were found among the most frequently detected bisphenols in cashiers, indicating their common application and emission pathways. The median exposures based on estimated daily intakes (EDIs, ng/kg bw/day) for the 12 bisphenols in cashiers and water plant staffs (31.6-35.6) were 1.8-3.4 times higher than those of teachers, doctors and power plant staffs (10.6-17.5). This is the first study to identify multiple emerging BPS analogues in urine from occupational populations, especially cashiers and water plant staffs.

Objectives: The accuracy of blood glucose measurement in clinical laboratories is vital for diabetes diagnosis. Trueness Verification Plan was carried out and analyzed for evaluating the standardization of serum glucose among clinical laboratories. Methods: Trueness verification samples were distributed to clinical laboratories for three days measurement, and their target values were assigned by two certified reference laboratories. The relative bias, coefficient of variation (CV), and total error (TE) for each clinical laboratory were calculated and analyzed. Moreover, the Six Sigma metrics and Quality Goal Index were utilized to reflect the measurement quality of the clinical laboratories. Results: The pass rates evaluated by bias, CV, and TE ranged from 45.2 % to 64.8 %, 96.8 %–98.9 %, and 83.9 %–97.1 % over the six years. The matched systems used in clinical laboratories demonstrated better accuracy than the un-matched systems. The pass rate by bias of hexokinase method is 53.1 %–78.6 %, while the glucose oxidase method is 29.2 %–52.2 %. Overall, 74.2 %–85.7 % of clinical laboratories achieved an acceptable level (both σ>3), and 35.2 %–61.4 % of laboratories reached a “world-class” level (both σ>6). Conclusions: The quality for serum glucose measurement has been greatly improved. However, standardization among clinical systems still needs to be further promoted.