Objective: The microbiota of dairy cow milk varies with the season, and this accounts in part for the seasonal variation in mastitis-causing bacteria and milk spoilage. The microbiota of the cowshed may be the most important factor because the teats of a dairy cow contact bedding material when the cow is resting. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the microbiota of the milk and the cowshed vary between seasons, and to elucidate the relationship between the microbiota.Methods: We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiota of milk, feces, bedding, and airborne dust collected at a dairy farm during summer and winter.Results: The seasonal differences in the milk yield and milk composition were marginal. The fecal microbiota was stable across the two seasons. Many bacterial taxa of the bedding and airborne dust microbiota exhibited distinctive seasonal variation. In the milk microbiota, the abundances of Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae were affected by the seasons; however, only Micrococcaceae had the same seasonal variation pattern as the bedding and airborne dust microbiota. Nevertheless, canonical analysis of principle coordinates revealed a distinctive group comprising the milk, bedding, and airborne dust microbiota.Conclusion: Although the milk microbiota is related to the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, the relationship may not account for the seasonal variation in the milk microbiota. Some major bacterial families stably found in the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, e.g., Staphylococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Bacteroidaceae, may have greater influences than those that varied between seasons.

The aim of this study was to characterize uterine, fecal, bedding, and airborne dust microbiota from postpartum dairy cows and their environment. The cows were managed by the free-stall housing system, and samples for microbiota and serum metabolite assessment were collected during summer and winter when the cows were at one and two months postpartum. Uterine microbiota varied between seasons; the five most prevalent taxa were Enterobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Lactobacillaceae during summer, and Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Clostridiaceae during winter. Although Actinomycetaceae and Mycoplasmataceae were detected at high abundance in several uterine samples, the relationship between the uterine microbiota and serum metabolite concentrations was unclear. The fecal microbiota was stable regardless of the season, whereas bedding and airborne dust microbiota varied between summer and winter. With regards to uterine, bedding, and airborne dust microbiota, Enterobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Lactobacillaceae were more abundant during summer, and Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Clostridiaceae were more abundant during winter. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates confirmed the relationship between uterine and cowshed microbiota. These results indicated that the uterine microbiota may vary when the microbiota in cowshed environments changes.

Background and Aim: Postpartum reproductive disorders, particularly metritis and placental retention, significantly compromise dairy herd productivity and calf viability. In Vietnam, where dairy production is expanding, limited data exist on the prevalence and consequences of such disorders under modern farm conditions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metritis and placental retention in dairy cows on an industrial farm in southern Vietnam from 2022 to mid-2024 and to evaluate their reproductive and neonatal health consequences. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on a dairy herd monitored through skin conductance responses activity sensors and DataFlow™ II software (Allflex Livestock Intelligence, MSD Animal Health Intelligence, USA). Health alerts triggered clinical examinations to identify genital infections. Metritic cows were treated using antibiotics and hormonal therapies and were monitored for recovery and subsequent breeding success. Neonatal calves were examined for respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders for 21 days post-birth. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square tests at a 95% confidence level. Results: Genital infections affected 23.5%–38.8% of cows annually, with metritis prevalence ranging from 7.2% to 9.8%. Placental retention remained consistent at approximately 13% across years. Quarter 2 consistently exhibited the highest incidence of reproductive disorders. Treatment success for metritis was high (85.8%–88.6%); however, post-treatment pregnancy rates declined over time (68.5% in 2022 and 54.8% in 2024). Neonatal respiratory infections (2.9%–4.4%) were more frequent than gastrointestinal infections (0.1%–0.8%), with calf mortality declining from 3.4% in 2022 to 0.7% in 2024. Conclusion: Metritis and placental retention remain prevalent challenges in Vietnamese dairy herds, adversely impacting reproductive efficiency and calf health despite high treatment efficacy. The seasonal spike in disease incidence underscores the need for tailored herd health management during hotter months. Although early detection through precision monitoring improved recovery outcomes, residual effects on fertility persisted. Strengthened periparturient care, postpartum surveillance, and colostrum management are recommended to enhance both maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Keywords: breeding success, calf mortality, dairy cows, metritis, placental retention, reproductive disorders, skin conductance responses monitoring, Vietnam.

Blood products have been widely used in emergencies and treatment, necessitating optimal storage conditions to maintain quality. The current study aimed to evaluate the blood quality during storage, transfusion effectiveness, and reactions during and after transfusion in dogs. Five Greyhounds, including three males and two females aged 2.5 years old, and with 25-30 kg bodyweight, were selected and randomly labeled N1, N2, N3, N4, and N5. Fresh whole blood, stored whole blood, and packed red blood cells from the samples dogs were used for transfusion in the study. The investigated parameters were total protein (TP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total carbon dioxide (tCO2¬), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine (CREA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose (GLU), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), plaletes (PLT), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), chloride (Cl), manganese (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). The results indicated that all parameters of stored blood samples were in the normal range during 28 days of storage in a refrigerator at 2-4°C. However, some parameters (TP, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, MCV, tCO2, and K) increased, while others (CK, CREA, BUN, GLU, WBC, RBC, HCT, PLT, Ca, P, Cl, Mg, and Na) decreased during the storage period, especially Ca, P, and Na were below the normal range. All dogs indicated no reactions during and 5 hours after transfusion. However, dogs had symptoms of inappetence and mild diarrhea in 1-2 days after transfusion. Dogs received fresh whole blood recovered on day 3, while dogs of the stored blood recipient group recovered on day 4. By day 5, all dogs were healthy with no abnormal signs. The findings indicated the presence of hematological and biochemical alterations in stored blood, highlighting the importance of considering transfusion of stored blood for patients with critical medical conditions.

| This study was conducted on the dairy cow farm in Gia Lai Province, Vietnam, from June 2022 to June 2023 using SCR chips and analyzing by DataFlow™ II management software. SCR chips were implanted in cow’s necks to monitor their rumination indexes and physical activities. Based on rumination time and milk yield data, the alerts of Health–milked from cows HIS < 75 units were reported daily. Of 250 cows 0-90 days of milking, 205 cows had at least one disease, and 45 were healthy. The SCR system sensitivity was 58.33%. Rumination alerts recorded 345 alerts, including 203 alerts of diseases after clinical examination, in which abomasal displacement was 100% alert effective, ketosis at 73.53% alerts, and mastitis at 63.83% alerts. However, the rates of mastitis, ketosis, and abomasal displacement were 24%, 13.6%, and 10%, respectively. On the alert day, rumination time and milk yield of diseased cows were lower than those of non-diseased cows (P<0.05). Rumination time and milk yield decreased markedly on the alert day compared to 7 days before the alert in diseased cows (P0.05). The HF breed had more variation in rumination time than HFxJS, while milk yield was affected more in HFxJS. The parity also affected rumination time and milk yield. SCR systems monitored rumination time and milk yield to identify health disorders and support early diagnosis of mastitis, ketosis, and abomasal displacement in the dairy cow farm.

This study aimed to determine subclinical mastitis (SCM) caused by bacterial species, using chromogenic culture media and to assess the antimicrobial resistance rate in the isolated bacteria. From March to December 2023, 143 milk samples were collected from 71 Holstein Friesian cows with SCM across seven dairy farms in Ho Chi Minh City and Binh Duong province. Milk samples were incubated in triplicate chromogenic culture media to identify SCM caused by microorganisms. Our study revealed that 39.2% (56/143) of the samples had the growth of a single morphology, 26.6% (38/143) exhibited growth of two distinct morphologies, 9.0% (13/143) were found to be contaminated, and 25.2% (36/143) showed no growth. The isolated Streptococcus species were Strep. agalactiae 34.3% (49/143), Strep. uberis 22.4% (32/143), and Enterococcus spp. 1.4% (2/143). Besides, S. epidermidis 20.3% (29/143), S. saprophyticus 14.7% (21/143), and S. aureus 4.2% (6/143) were frequently isolated among Staphylococcus species. For gram-negative bacteria causing SCM, E. coli 2.8% (4/143), Klebsiella spp. 1.4% (2/143), and Pseudomonas spp. 4.2% (6/143) were the most isolated. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the resistance rate of each bacterial species to each antibiotic tested differed for Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was not resistant to gentamycin, florfenicol, and marbofloxacin. The resistance rate of S. epidermidis to gentamycin, florfenicol, trimethoprim sulfadiazine, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid varied from 10.3% to 17.2%. Marbofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine were excellent choices in treating SCM caused by S. saprophyticus because of their low resistance rate (10.3 - 13.3%). Streptococcus uberis was sensitive to the combined antibiotic amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The resistance rate of Strep. agalactiae to this combined antibiotic (amoxicillin-clavuclanic acid) was the lowest (10%). Pseudomonas spp. was resistant to the tested antibiotics. Our study suggests that identifying bacterial species and conducting antimicrobial susceptibility tests play a crucial role in improving the treatment effectiveness for bovine SCM.