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This contribution analyzes the idea of frugality, which has increasingly been discussed lately. In short, frugality describes the idea of a simple life. It stands for a sustainability strategy and a vision for the future—a vision achieved through changing behavior (instead of only technology). The mainstream sustainability discourse is confronted with the question whether sustainability can be achieved by only (!) using technology. In view of interdisciplinary controversies on the empirical factors for change in societies, the next step is to ask why attempts to trigger substantial behavioral change have not been fruitful yet. Also, we will analyze in detail whether frugality is promising increased human happiness (as assumed by many). For this, we will draw from happiness and cooperation research. This question is relevant in light of the fact that frugality might (unintentionally) lead to an end of the growth-driven society as overarching development model of Western industrialized states. This would trigger immense follow-up questions for several subsystems of society. Yet, the question of the degree to which the debate on frugality must be critical with regard to capitalism is rather complex. Furthermore, we will discuss whether generally defining “the right degree”, and therefore what a “good life” entails, should be subject to state law in a post-enlightenment era. Finally, this contribution will look at the effectiveness of policy instruments.
Felix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding. The Grounds of Frugality: Policy Instruments, Limits to Technology and Growth, and the Difficult Role of the “Good Life”. Sustainable Management, Wertschöpfung und Effizienz 2021, 69 -86.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt, Jutta Wieding. The Grounds of Frugality: Policy Instruments, Limits to Technology and Growth, and the Difficult Role of the “Good Life”. Sustainable Management, Wertschöpfung und Effizienz. 2021; ():69-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding. 2021. "The Grounds of Frugality: Policy Instruments, Limits to Technology and Growth, and the Difficult Role of the “Good Life”." Sustainable Management, Wertschöpfung und Effizienz , no. : 69-86.
Agricultural practices require a comprehensive transformation to preserve natural resources and secure high-quality food supply. Conventional and organic farming practices offer different pathways to further develop the sector. In particular, blending organic and conventional practices appears to be a promising pathway. However, proposals for implementing the latter are widely missing. This article addresses this research gap. The article applies a qualitative governance analysis and develops a legal framework to enable the transformation of the agricultural sector. The European Union serves as example. The analysis finds that existing provisions for organic farming provide important benchmarks but require amendments. Precisely, the restriction of external inputs, including permitted fertiliser application and pest control, needs to be slightly softened to achieve long-term yield stability. In contrast, organic provisions on livestock densities require tightening in order to meet international environmental targets set by the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. In doing so, the article not only proposes a forward-looking governance approach to organic farming, but develops a legally binding regulatory framework valid to all farmers in the EU. As a consequence, the distinction between organic and conventional farming could be finally overcome, and the agricultural sector could be transformed to be truly sustainable.
Jessica Stubenrauch; Felix Ekardt; Katharine Heyl; Beatrice Garske; Valentina Louise Schott; Susanne Ober. How to legally overcome the distinction between organic and conventional farming - Governance approaches for sustainable farming on 100% of the land. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2021, 28, 716 -725.
AMA StyleJessica Stubenrauch, Felix Ekardt, Katharine Heyl, Beatrice Garske, Valentina Louise Schott, Susanne Ober. How to legally overcome the distinction between organic and conventional farming - Governance approaches for sustainable farming on 100% of the land. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2021; 28 ():716-725.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica Stubenrauch; Felix Ekardt; Katharine Heyl; Beatrice Garske; Valentina Louise Schott; Susanne Ober. 2021. "How to legally overcome the distinction between organic and conventional farming - Governance approaches for sustainable farming on 100% of the land." Sustainable Production and Consumption 28, no. : 716-725.
This article analyzes the environmental opportunities and limitations of digitalization in the agricultural sector by applying qualitative governance analysis. Agriculture is recognized as a key application area for digital technologies, including artificial intelligence. This is not least because it faces major sustainability challenges, especially with regard to meeting the climate and biodiversity targets set out in the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity, as well as the water-related objectives of EU environmental legislation. Based on an overview of the possible applications of digital technologies in agriculture, the article offers a status quo analysis of legal acts with relevance to digitalization in the EU agricultural sector. It is found that a reliable legal framework with regard to product liability and product safety, as well as data privacy, data access, and data security is important in this context. In addition, the European Common Agricultural Policy, as the most important funding instrument for digital innovations in the agricultural sector, should be designed in such a way that it links digitalization-related objectives more closely with sustainability targets. So far, the existing EU governance does not fully exploit the potentials of digitalization for environmental protection, and sight is lost of possible negative side effects such as rebound and shifting effects. Therefore, the article also offers proposals for the optimization of EU governance.
Beatrice Garske; Antonia Bau; Felix Ekardt. Digitalization and AI in European Agriculture: A Strategy for Achieving Climate and Biodiversity Targets? Sustainability 2021, 13, 4652 .
AMA StyleBeatrice Garske, Antonia Bau, Felix Ekardt. Digitalization and AI in European Agriculture: A Strategy for Achieving Climate and Biodiversity Targets? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4652.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeatrice Garske; Antonia Bau; Felix Ekardt. 2021. "Digitalization and AI in European Agriculture: A Strategy for Achieving Climate and Biodiversity Targets?" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4652.
Transnational trade holds opportunities for prosperity and development if accompanied by a robust political and legal framework. Yet, where such a framework is missing, transnational trade is frequently associated with, among others, negative impacts on the environment. Applying a legal comparison, this article assesses if recent free trade agreements, i.e., the Mercosur Agreement, CETA and the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, negotiated by the European Union, have been underpinned with effective environmental standards so that they are in line with global environmental goals and avoid detrimental effects on climate and biodiversity. Besides that, we evaluate the extent to which these agreements at least enable and incentivise environmental pioneering policies in the trading Parties. In particular, we discuss the likely impacts of the agreements on the agricultural sector. The analysis finds that, while a few mandatory standards concerning, e.g., deforestation have been established, overall, the agreements lack a comprehensive legal framework to uphold/enhance environmental protection. Moreover, weak dispute settlement mechanisms to ensure compliance with sustainability measures limits their effectiveness. In addition, the provisions on regulatory cooperation and investor-state dispute settlement are likely to negatively affect the decision-making processes and (thus) discourage ecological pioneering policies in the trading Parties. Hence, there is a long way to go so that transnational trade is compatible with global environmental goals.
Katharine Heyl; Felix Ekardt; Paula Roos; Jessica Stubenrauch; Beatrice Garske. Free Trade, Environment, Agriculture, and Plurilateral Treaties: The Ambivalent Example of Mercosur, CETA, and the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3153 .
AMA StyleKatharine Heyl, Felix Ekardt, Paula Roos, Jessica Stubenrauch, Beatrice Garske. Free Trade, Environment, Agriculture, and Plurilateral Treaties: The Ambivalent Example of Mercosur, CETA, and the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatharine Heyl; Felix Ekardt; Paula Roos; Jessica Stubenrauch; Beatrice Garske. 2021. "Free Trade, Environment, Agriculture, and Plurilateral Treaties: The Ambivalent Example of Mercosur, CETA, and the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3153.
: Most scenarios on instruments limiting global warming in line with the 1.5 °C temperature limit of the Paris Agreement rely on overshooting the emissions threshold, thus requiring the application of negative emission technologies later on. Subsequently, the debate on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM) (frequently subsumed under “geoengineering”) has been reinforced. Yet, it does not determine normatively whether those are legally valid approaches to climate protection. After taking a closer look at the scope of climate scenarios and SRM methods compiling current research and opinions on SRM, this paper analyses the feasibility of geoengineering and of SRM in particular under international law. It will be shown that from the perspective of human rights, the Paris Agreement, and precautionary principle the phasing-out of fossil fuels and the reduction in consumption of livestock products as well as nature-based approaches such as sustainable—and thus climate and biodiversity-smart—forest, peatland, and agricultural management strongly prevail before geoengineering and atmospheric SRM measures in particular. However, as all of the atmospheric SRM methods are in their development phase, governance options to effectively frame further exploration of SRM technologies are proposed, maintaining that respective technologies thus far are not a viable means of climate protection.
Jutta Wieding; Jessica Stubenrauch; Felix Ekardt. Human Rights and Precautionary Principle: Limits to Geoengineering, SRM, and IPCC Scenarios. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8858 .
AMA StyleJutta Wieding, Jessica Stubenrauch, Felix Ekardt. Human Rights and Precautionary Principle: Limits to Geoengineering, SRM, and IPCC Scenarios. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8858.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJutta Wieding; Jessica Stubenrauch; Felix Ekardt. 2020. "Human Rights and Precautionary Principle: Limits to Geoengineering, SRM, and IPCC Scenarios." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8858.
Food is wasted throughout the entire food supply chain—from agricultural production to the household level. This has negative impacts on natural resources and the environment. At the same time, food waste is undermining the global target of food security. In turn, reducing food waste can minimise the environmental effects of agriculture on climate, biodiversity, soils, water bodies and the atmosphere. All of this is reflected in the fact that food waste is subject to various legal acts of the European Union and that it is also a major subject in the new EU Farm to Fork Strategy from May 2020. Supported by an analysis of the diffuse empirical data on food waste, the purpose of this article is to analyse the current EU legislation on food waste and its reduction to answer the following research questions: How is food waste integrated into European policies? What is the impact of European legislation on food waste? Is European legislation sufficient to trigger not only food waste reduction but also comprehensive changes in the agricultural and food sector to support global climate and environmental targets as set in the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity? Which instruments are the most suitable to do so? Methodologically, a qualitative governance analysis is applied. It is found that relevant legal acts for governing food waste include circular economy and waste law, the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy as well as food law, while international environmental targets serve as an overarching measure for governance analysis. The legal analysis shows that existing legislation lacks steering effect to significantly reduce food waste. To overcome current governance problems, the article introduces economic policy instruments. It is concluded that quantity control focusing on overarching parameters such as fossil fuels or animal-derived products has not only the potential to reduce food waste by increasing food prices but can also address the multiple interlinked environmental challenges of the agricultural and food sector.
Beatrice Garske; Katharine Heyl; Felix Ekardt; Lea Moana Weber; Wiktoria Gradzka. Challenges of Food Waste Governance: An Assessment of European Legislation on Food Waste and Recommendations for Improvement by Economic Instruments. Land 2020, 9, 231 .
AMA StyleBeatrice Garske, Katharine Heyl, Felix Ekardt, Lea Moana Weber, Wiktoria Gradzka. Challenges of Food Waste Governance: An Assessment of European Legislation on Food Waste and Recommendations for Improvement by Economic Instruments. Land. 2020; 9 (7):231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeatrice Garske; Katharine Heyl; Felix Ekardt; Lea Moana Weber; Wiktoria Gradzka. 2020. "Challenges of Food Waste Governance: An Assessment of European Legislation on Food Waste and Recommendations for Improvement by Economic Instruments." Land 9, no. 7: 231.
Plastic pollution in soils pose a major threat to soil health and soil fertility that are directly linked to food security and human health. In contrast to marine plastic pollution, this ubiquitous problem is thus far scientifically poorly understood and policy approaches that tackle plastic pollution in soils comprehensively do not exist. In this article, we apply a qualitative governance analysis to assess the effectiveness of existing policy instruments to avoid harmful plastic pollution in (agricultural) soils against the background of international environmental agreements. In particular, environmental and fertiliser legislation relevant to soil protection in the European Union and in Germany are assessed. Regulatory weaknesses and gaps of the respective legislation are identified, and proposals for enhanced command-and-control provisions developed. However, the legal analysis furthermore shows that plastic pollution ecologically is also a problem of quantity, which is difficult to solve exclusively through command-and-control legislation. Instead, comprehensive quantity-control instruments to phase out fossil fuels (worldwide and in all sectors) as required by climate protection law can be effective approaches to tackle plastic pollution in environmental media like agricultural soils as well.
Jessica Stubenrauch; Felix Ekardt. Plastic Pollution in Soils: Governance Approaches to Foster Soil Health and Closed Nutrient Cycles. Environments 2020, 7, 38 .
AMA StyleJessica Stubenrauch, Felix Ekardt. Plastic Pollution in Soils: Governance Approaches to Foster Soil Health and Closed Nutrient Cycles. Environments. 2020; 7 (5):38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica Stubenrauch; Felix Ekardt. 2020. "Plastic Pollution in Soils: Governance Approaches to Foster Soil Health and Closed Nutrient Cycles." Environments 7, no. 5: 38.
Limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and better even to 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to Article 2 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement requires global zero emissions in a very short time. These targets imply that not only emissions from degraded peatlands have to be avoided, but conservation and rewetting of peatlands are also necessary to figure as sinks to compensate for unavoidable residual emissions. However, with regard to instruments for meeting these targets, measuring, depicting, and baseline definition are difficult for greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands. In the absence of an easily comprehensible control variable (such as fossil fuels), economic instruments reach their limits. This is remarkable in so far as economic instruments can otherwise handle governance problems and react to various behavioral motivational factors very well. Still, peatlands can be subject to certain regulations and prohibitions under command-and-control law even without precise knowledge of the emissions from peatland use, which will be shown using the example of the European Union (EU) and German legislation. This paper is a contribution to governance research and illustrates that even comprehensive quantity-control instruments for fossil fuels and livestock farming—which would address various environmental problems and reflect findings from behavioral research regarding motivation towards sustainability—require complementary fine-tuning through command-and-control law, e.g., for integrating peatland governance.
Felix Ekardt; Benedikt Jacobs; Jessica Stubenrauch; Beatrice Garske. Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments. Land 2020, 9, 83 .
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt, Benedikt Jacobs, Jessica Stubenrauch, Beatrice Garske. Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments. Land. 2020; 9 (3):83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt; Benedikt Jacobs; Jessica Stubenrauch; Beatrice Garske. 2020. "Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments." Land 9, no. 3: 83.
The production of animal food products is (besides fossil fuels) one of the most important noxae with regard to many of the environmental problems, such as climate change, biodiversity loss or globally disrupted nutrient cycles. This paper provides a qualitative governance analysis of which regulatory options there are to align livestock farming with the legally binding environmental objectives, in particular the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Two innovative governance approaches are developed and compared: a cap-and-trade scheme for animal products and a livestock-to-land ratio. Both instruments are measured against the above-mentioned environmental objectives, taking into account findings from behavioural sciences and typical governance problems. Both approaches are generally suitable as quantity governance in animal husbandry if they are properly designed. In the end, a combination of both approaches proved to be particularly effective ecologically. All of this simultaneously demonstrates, on the basis of a rarely considered but ecologically highly relevant sector, how a quantity governance approach that is based on an easily comprehensible governance unit can function across all sectors and regions.
Antonia Weishaupt; Felix Ekardt; Beatrice Garske; Jessica Stubenrauch; Jutta Wieding. Land Use, Livestock, Quantity Governance, and Economic Instruments—Sustainability Beyond Big Livestock Herds and Fossil Fuels. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2053 .
AMA StyleAntonia Weishaupt, Felix Ekardt, Beatrice Garske, Jessica Stubenrauch, Jutta Wieding. Land Use, Livestock, Quantity Governance, and Economic Instruments—Sustainability Beyond Big Livestock Herds and Fossil Fuels. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):2053.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonia Weishaupt; Felix Ekardt; Beatrice Garske; Jessica Stubenrauch; Jutta Wieding. 2020. "Land Use, Livestock, Quantity Governance, and Economic Instruments—Sustainability Beyond Big Livestock Herds and Fossil Fuels." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2053.
Die Erde steht, so lautet eine gut fundierte, von einem breiten naturwissenschaftlichen Konsens getragene Einschätzung (IPCC 2014; im Überblick Ekardt 2016: § 1 B.), vor einer einschneidenden globalen Erwärmung um drei bis sechs Grad Celsius im Laufe des 21. Jahrhunderts, die durch (primär) menschlich verursachte hohe Treibhausgasausstöße ausgelöst wird, im Kern – neben Landnutzungsaspekten – durch eine starke Nutzung fossiler Brennstoffe in Bereichen wie Energieerzeugung, Produktion, Landwirtschaft, Gebäudewärme, Stromversorgung und Mobilität. Allein um die Stromversorgung geht es also keinesfalls, auch wenn sich die Debatte in Deutschland darauf mitunter stark konzentriert. Ein Klimawandel in besagter Größenordnung droht nach dem zitierten naturwissenschaftlich-ökonomischen Kenntnisstand massive ökonomische Schäden, große Migrationsgefährdungen, existenzielle Gefährdungen für Millionen Menschen und in letzter Instanz gewaltsame Auseinandersetzungen um schwindende Ressourcen wie Nahrung und Wasser auszulösen.
Felix Ekardt. Das verkannte Ausmaß ökologischer Herausforderungen. Jahrbuch Stadterneuerung 2019, 191 -201.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt. Das verkannte Ausmaß ökologischer Herausforderungen. Jahrbuch Stadterneuerung. 2019; ():191-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt. 2019. "Das verkannte Ausmaß ökologischer Herausforderungen." Jahrbuch Stadterneuerung , no. : 191-201.
State aid law is a key element of EU competition law. It is currently the subject of a heated debate in the wake of the energy transition. The focus is particularly on support systems for renewable energies and on the EU Commission’s attempt to force the member states to make a consistent transition towards the tendering model. However, the idea that the tendering system is particularly competitive and cost-saving proves to be poorly documented. Under EU state aid law, it is also difficult to derive an obligation to a specific support system. Furthermore, various indirect subsidies in favour of fossil fuels are far more problematic in terms of state aid law. Overall, the discussion about the call for tenders can also be read as a continuation of the controversy over quantity control versus price control in energy policy—in which the former is slightly superior, but primarily if it is used to phase out fossil fuels (in a timely manner and in all sectors). Obligations under international climate law also point in this direction.
Felix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding. EU Competition Law, Renewable Energies and the Tendering Model: Quantity Control Versus Price Control in Climate Politics. New Developments in Competition Law and Economics 2019, 331 -352.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt, Jutta Wieding. EU Competition Law, Renewable Energies and the Tendering Model: Quantity Control Versus Price Control in Climate Politics. New Developments in Competition Law and Economics. 2019; ():331-352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding. 2019. "EU Competition Law, Renewable Energies and the Tendering Model: Quantity Control Versus Price Control in Climate Politics." New Developments in Competition Law and Economics , no. : 331-352.
The Paris Agreement of December 2015 is subject to much criticism of being inadequate. This however neglects its very ambitious objective, which limits legally-binding global warming to 1.5 to 1.8 degrees in comparison to pre-industrial levels. This article shows, based on the overlap of unanswered questions for prognoses in natural science and the legal precautionary principle, that this objective indicates a legal imperative towards zero emissions globally within a short timeframe. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that policies need to be focused on achieving the 1.5-degree temperature limit. From a legal standpoint with regard to existential matters, only those policies are justified that are fit to contribute to reaching the temperature limit with high certainty, without overshoot, without leaving the 1.5 limit aside and without geoengineering measures, in contrast to the tendencies of the IPCC. This creates a big challenge even for the alleged forerunners of climate policies, Germany and the EU; because, according to the objective, the EU and Germany have to raise the level of ambition in their climate policies rapidly and drastically.
Felix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding; Anika Zorn. Paris Agreement, Precautionary Principle and Human Rights: Zero Emissions in Two Decades? Sustainability 2018, 10, 2812 .
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt, Jutta Wieding, Anika Zorn. Paris Agreement, Precautionary Principle and Human Rights: Zero Emissions in Two Decades? Sustainability. 2018; 10 (8):2812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding; Anika Zorn. 2018. "Paris Agreement, Precautionary Principle and Human Rights: Zero Emissions in Two Decades?" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2812.
Das Pariser Klima-Abkommen vom Dezember 2015 erfährt öffentlich viel Kritik. Dabei wird seine äußerst ambitionierte Zielsetzung übersehen, die die globale Erwärmung verbindlich auf 1,5–1,8 Grad gegenüber vorindustriellem Niveau begrenzt. Der Beitrag zeigt in der Schnittmenge offener naturwissenschaftlicher Prognosefragen mit dem rechtlichen Vorsorgeprinzip auf, dass damit ein Weg zu globalen Nullemissionen innerhalb kürzerer Zeit als meist angenommen rechtsverbindlich vorgeschrieben ist. Ferner wird deutlich, dass die Politik sogar auf eine Einhaltung der 1,5-Grad-Grenze ausgerichtet werden muss – und dass rechtlich gesehen bei Existenzfragen wie dem Klimawandel nur eine Politik, die mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die Temperaturgrenze einhält, zulässig ist. Das stellt auch die vermeintlichen Klimavorreiter EU und Deutschland vor große Herausforderungen. Nach dem Gesagten müssen Deutschland und die EU im Rahmen der regelmäßigen Anpassung der eigenen Reduktionszusagen gemäß dem Paris-Abkommen ihre Verpflichtungen rasch und drastisch nachschärfen.
Felix Ekardt; Anika Zorn; Jutta Wieding. In 10 Jahren Nullemissionen? Widersprüche im Paris-Abkommen und ihre Auflösung. Zugleich zu Vorsorgeprinzip und überschätzten Klimaszenarien. Momentum Quarterly - Zeitschrift für sozialen Fortschritt 2018, 7, 73 -85.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt, Anika Zorn, Jutta Wieding. In 10 Jahren Nullemissionen? Widersprüche im Paris-Abkommen und ihre Auflösung. Zugleich zu Vorsorgeprinzip und überschätzten Klimaszenarien. Momentum Quarterly - Zeitschrift für sozialen Fortschritt. 2018; 7 (2):73-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt; Anika Zorn; Jutta Wieding. 2018. "In 10 Jahren Nullemissionen? Widersprüche im Paris-Abkommen und ihre Auflösung. Zugleich zu Vorsorgeprinzip und überschätzten Klimaszenarien." Momentum Quarterly - Zeitschrift für sozialen Fortschritt 7, no. 2: 73-85.
The scarcity of phosphorus (P) is a global concern that is not restricted to western industrialized nations. Until now, most countries in the world are highly dependent on importing mineral P fertilizers for agriculture. The industrialized nation of Germany, the emerging economy of Costa Rica, and the developing country of Nicaragua are examined with regard to their legislation in the field of environmental protection and agriculture, in particular with regard to soil protection and fertilizer law. Based on the structure of agriculture in each country, control weaknesses in legislation in the individual countries, which is largely determined by command-and-control law, are identified and compared. It becomes clear that soil protection in all three countries has not yet been adequately standardised in law and at the same time the efficient use of organic or recycled P fertilizers instead of (finite) mineral P fertilizers is inadequately regulated. In particular, frugality, i.e., the strategy of lower (and not only more efficient) consumption of P fertilizers, has so far played no regulatory role in land-use governance.
Jessica Stubenrauch; Beatrice Garske; Felix Ekardt. Sustainable Land Use, Soil Protection and Phosphorus Management from a Cross-National Perspective. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1988 .
AMA StyleJessica Stubenrauch, Beatrice Garske, Felix Ekardt. Sustainable Land Use, Soil Protection and Phosphorus Management from a Cross-National Perspective. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1988.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica Stubenrauch; Beatrice Garske; Felix Ekardt. 2018. "Sustainable Land Use, Soil Protection and Phosphorus Management from a Cross-National Perspective." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1988.
Felix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding; Beatrice Garske; Jessica Stubenrauch. Agriculture-related Climate Policies – Law and Governance Issues on the European and Global Level. Carbon & Climate Law Review 2018, 12, 316 -331.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt, Jutta Wieding, Beatrice Garske, Jessica Stubenrauch. Agriculture-related Climate Policies – Law and Governance Issues on the European and Global Level. Carbon & Climate Law Review. 2018; 12 (4):316-331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt; Jutta Wieding; Beatrice Garske; Jessica Stubenrauch. 2018. "Agriculture-related Climate Policies – Law and Governance Issues on the European and Global Level." Carbon & Climate Law Review 12, no. 4: 316-331.
Der deutsche Umweltschutz und aktuell besonders die deutsche Energiewende ist entgegen landläufiger Wahrnehmung eher keine Erfolgsgeschichte. Die Treibhausgasemissionen verharren etwa beim fünffachen Niveau dessen, was nachhaltig, also weltweit und dauerhaft durchhaltbar wäre. Und auch die angeblichen Emissionsreduktionen seit 1990 in der EU werden in Wirklichkeit überstiegen von den Emissionsverlagerungen nach außerhalb Europas, die sich durch die zunehmende Produktion von Konsumgütern in den Schwellenländern ergeben.
Felix Ekardt. Grenzen der Partizipation auf Politik- und Konsumentenebene. Handbuch Energiewende und Partizipation 2017, 453 -461.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt. Grenzen der Partizipation auf Politik- und Konsumentenebene. Handbuch Energiewende und Partizipation. 2017; ():453-461.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt. 2017. "Grenzen der Partizipation auf Politik- und Konsumentenebene." Handbuch Energiewende und Partizipation , no. : 453-461.
Ekardt und Hennig beleuchten die Ambivalenzen, Chancen und Risiken, die eine nachhaltige Biokraftstoffregulierung zu berücksichtigen und auszutarieren hat. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysieren sie das geltende Förder- und Regulierungsregime der Bioenergie, wobei sie den Schwerpunkt auf Biokraftstoffe und deren Nachhaltigkeitskriterien legen. Darauf aufbauend erörtert der Beitrag die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen politisch-rechtlicher Regulierung, die Ambivalenzen erneuerbarer Energien insgesamt und insbesondere der Biokraftstoffe, gerade in Hinblick darauf, wie die Klima- und Ressourcenpolitik insgesamt zu einem Erfolg geführt werden kann.
Felix Ekardt; Bettina Elisabeth Hennig. Darstellung der Biokraftstoffregulierung in der EU und Deutschland. Biokraftstoffe und Biokraftstoffprojekte 2014, 3 -33.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt, Bettina Elisabeth Hennig. Darstellung der Biokraftstoffregulierung in der EU und Deutschland. Biokraftstoffe und Biokraftstoffprojekte. 2014; ():3-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt; Bettina Elisabeth Hennig. 2014. "Darstellung der Biokraftstoffregulierung in der EU und Deutschland." Biokraftstoffe und Biokraftstoffprojekte , no. : 3-33.
Despite its impressive quantity current climate protection law is not suited to solve the climate problem – neither on a global level through public international law nor in the EU or Germany. In Germany, not only the absolute emission levels raise concerns. Relative development, too, is much worse than is often assumed. German climate law is characterized by a variety of rules, although a substantial part (more or less) implements EU law. The – internationally often copied – German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) contains a fixed tariff for renewable electricity similar to a subsidy. In addition to that and to a number of energy efficiency rules, there are a number of legal rules that directly flank the regulatory, financial, and informational regulations on efficiency, sufficiency, and renewable energies. It remains true, however, that renewable energies and energy efficiency do not per se reduce greenhouse gas emissions or replace fossil fuels; in fact there may also be shifts in emissions and fuel transfers to other countries and/or increases in overall energy consumption. These rebound and shifting effects are a common major barrier to effective climate policy, including energy efficiency policy. A completely new cap and trade approach on the EU level (combined with border adjustments) might be the best way to solve these problems.
Felix Ekardt. Climate Law in Germany. Climate Change and the Law 2012, 523 -536.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt. Climate Law in Germany. Climate Change and the Law. 2012; ():523-536.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt. 2012. "Climate Law in Germany." Climate Change and the Law , no. : 523-536.
A volume on climate law needs normative visions and principles to provide orientation and to line up normative requirements. This may enable to provide a comprehensive view on energy and climate topics. This contribution, while dealing with justice, gives a perspective from ethics respectively from a (re-)interpretation of national constitutions, the EU Charter of fundamental rights and the European convention on human rights in the light of sustainability. It takes us to human rights as the basic norm of any liberal democratic constitution (on national and transnational level), but criticizes the academic international law debate (unlike the practice of international law) which seems to be focused on the idea of even absolute, i.e. not subject to any balancing, environmental fundamental rights. Overall, it turns out that an interpretation of fundamental rights which is more multipolar and considers the conditions for freedom more heavily – as well as the freedom of future generations and of people in other parts of the world – develops a greater commitment to climate protection. Regarding the theory of balancing, for the purpose of a clear balance of powers the usual principle of proportionality also proves specifiable.
Felix Ekardt. Climate Change and Justice: Perspectives of Legal Theory. Climate Change and the Law 2012, 63 -79.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt. Climate Change and Justice: Perspectives of Legal Theory. Climate Change and the Law. 2012; ():63-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt. 2012. "Climate Change and Justice: Perspectives of Legal Theory." Climate Change and the Law , no. : 63-79.
Als eine, wenn nicht die wesentliche neue Leitidee moderner Politik wird (jedenfalls verbal) immer mehr das Nachhalti g keitsprinzip verstanden. In zahlreichen Diskursen hat das Prinzip Nachhaltigkeit bzw. sustainable development in den letzten Jahren Karriere gemacht – wenngleich die normative (philosophische und rechtstheoretische) Begründung, vor allem aber die praktische Durchsetzung dieses Prinzips im realen Verhalten noch nicht sehr weit gediehen ist. Die Eckdaten der Diskurse über Nachhaltigkeit (UN-Brundtland-Kommission mit Abschlussbericht 1987, Rio-Konferenz mit Verabschiedung der Agenda 21, Johannesburg-Folgekonferenz 2002 usw.) dürfen mittlerweile als allgemein bekannt vorausgesetzt werden. Nachhaltigkeit ist dabei eine Forderung, die sich letztlich an die gesamte Weltgemeinschaft adressiert und damit auf allen „föderalen“ Ebenen respektive national, europäisch bzw. kontinental und auch global – und national auch auf den Ebenen der bundesstaatlichen Glieder sowie der Kommunen – in hohem Maße relevant ist.
Felix Ekardt. §108 Nachhaltigkeit und Föderalismus – Verortung im globalen Mehrebenensystem. Handbuch Föderalismus - Föderalismus als demokratische Rechtsordnung und Rechtskultur in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt 2012, 957 -978.
AMA StyleFelix Ekardt. §108 Nachhaltigkeit und Föderalismus – Verortung im globalen Mehrebenensystem. Handbuch Föderalismus - Föderalismus als demokratische Rechtsordnung und Rechtskultur in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt. 2012; ():957-978.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Ekardt. 2012. "§108 Nachhaltigkeit und Föderalismus – Verortung im globalen Mehrebenensystem." Handbuch Föderalismus - Föderalismus als demokratische Rechtsordnung und Rechtskultur in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt , no. : 957-978.