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Since 2006, multiple outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) have been reported in Nigeria involving different subtypes. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology have revealed the vital role of live bird markets (LBMs) in the dissemination of AI virus to commercial poultry farms. To better understand the ecology and epidemiology of AI in Nigeria, we performed whole-genome sequencing of nineteen H9N2 viruses recovered, from apparently healthy poultry species, during active surveillance conducted in nine LBMs across Nigeria in 2019. Analyses of the HA gene segment of these viruses showed that the H9N2 strains belong to the G1 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, and are clustered with contemporary H9N2 identified in Africa between 2016 and 2020. We observed two distinct clusters of H9N2 viruses in Nigeria, suggesting different introductions into the country. In view of the zoonotic potential of H9N2 and the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of AI virus in Nigeria, continuous monitoring of the LBMs across the country and molecular characterization of AIVs identified is advocated to mitigate economic losses and public health threats.
Lanre Sulaiman; Ismaila Shittu; Alice Fusaro; Bitrus Inuwa; Bianca Zecchin; Dorcas Gado; Alessia Schivo; Alice Bianco; Agnes Laleye; Federica Gobbo; Columba Vakuru; Tony Joannis; Isabella Monne; Clement Meseko. Live Bird Markets in Nigeria: A Potential Reservoir for H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2021, 13, 1445 .
AMA StyleLanre Sulaiman, Ismaila Shittu, Alice Fusaro, Bitrus Inuwa, Bianca Zecchin, Dorcas Gado, Alessia Schivo, Alice Bianco, Agnes Laleye, Federica Gobbo, Columba Vakuru, Tony Joannis, Isabella Monne, Clement Meseko. Live Bird Markets in Nigeria: A Potential Reservoir for H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLanre Sulaiman; Ismaila Shittu; Alice Fusaro; Bitrus Inuwa; Bianca Zecchin; Dorcas Gado; Alessia Schivo; Alice Bianco; Agnes Laleye; Federica Gobbo; Columba Vakuru; Tony Joannis; Isabella Monne; Clement Meseko. 2021. "Live Bird Markets in Nigeria: A Potential Reservoir for H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1445.
Outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD), a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of young chickens, are still reported globally despite vaccination efforts. This study investigated the genetic characteristics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from 26 reported outbreaks in 2019 in Nigeria. Nucleotide sequences of VP2 hypervariable (hvVP2) region (n=26) and VP1 (n=23) of Nigerian IBDVs were determined. Our results revealed the detection of reassortant strains with segment A related to very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) having virulence marker (222A, 242I, 256I, 294I and 299S), whereas their segment B were closely related to previously detected IBDV strains having QEG substitution at positions 145–147. Phylogenetic analysis of the hvVP2 region revealed that all the Nigerian IBDV clustered with vvIBDV (genogroup 3) and were independent of the Asian/European lineage. Interestingly, in the hvVP2, all the viruses had a G–S substitution at residue 254. Additionally, one isolate had an A321T substitution at the PHI loop, which has been suggested to play a key role in antigenicity. Four of the viruses (Bauchi=3 and Plateau=1) had a unique A–T substitution at residue 144 on the VP1 region. We also observed a T174S substitution in nine of the Nigerian viruses from Bauchi and Plateau state that were not found in any outbreak viruses from Oyo and Akwa Ibom. This report demonstrates the circulation of reassortant strains in commercial and backyard poultry farms in Nigeria despite sustained vaccination efforts. Our data suggest that the Nigerian outbreak viruses have mutations that may affect antigenicity and contribute to antigenic drift.
O. A. Arowolo; U. E. George; P. D. Luka; N. A. Maurice; Y. J. Atuman; J. J. Shallmizhili; I. Shittu; D. O. Oluwayelu. Infectious bursal disease in Nigeria: continuous circulation of reassortant viruses. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2021, 53, 1 -12.
AMA StyleO. A. Arowolo, U. E. George, P. D. Luka, N. A. Maurice, Y. J. Atuman, J. J. Shallmizhili, I. Shittu, D. O. Oluwayelu. Infectious bursal disease in Nigeria: continuous circulation of reassortant viruses. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2021; 53 (2):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleO. A. Arowolo; U. E. George; P. D. Luka; N. A. Maurice; Y. J. Atuman; J. J. Shallmizhili; I. Shittu; D. O. Oluwayelu. 2021. "Infectious bursal disease in Nigeria: continuous circulation of reassortant viruses." Tropical Animal Health and Production 53, no. 2: 1-12.
Among recurrent sanitary emergencies able to spread rapidly worldwide, avian influenza is one of the main constraints for animal health and food security. In West Africa, Nigeria has been experiencing repeated outbreaks of different strains of avian influenza virus (AIV) since 2006 and is also recognized as a hot spot in the region for the introduction of emerging strains by migratory wild birds. Here, we generated complete genomes of 20 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses collected during active surveillance in Nigerian live bird markets (LBM) and from outbreaks reported in the country between 2016 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the Nigerian viruses cluster into four separate genetic groups within HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b. The first group includes 2016–2017 Nigerian viruses with high genetic similarity to H5N8 viruses detected in Central African countries, while the second includes Nigerian viruses collected both in LBM and poultry farms (2018–2019), as well as in Cameroon, Egypt and Siberia. A natural reassortant strain identified in 2019 represents the third group: H5N8 viruses with the same gene constellation were identified in 2018 in South Africa. Finally, the fourth introduction represents the first detection in the African continent of the H5N6 subtype, which is related to European viruses. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses confirmed that the four introductions originated from different sources and provide evidence of the virus spread within Nigeria, as well as diffusion beyond its borders. The multiple epidemiological links between Nigeria, Central and Southern African countries highlight the need for harmonized and coordinated surveillance system to control AIV impact. Improved surveillance at the Wetlands, LBMs and early warning of outbreaks are crucial for prevention and control of AIV, which can be potentially zoonotic and be a threat to human health.
Agnes Tinuke Laleye; Alice Bianco; Ismaila Shittu; Lanre Sulaiman; Alice Fusaro; Bitrus Inuwa; Joshua Oyetunde; Bianca Zecchin; Judith Bakam; Ambra Pastori; Kayode Olawuyi; Alessia Schivo; Clement Meseko; Columba Vakuru; Andrea Fortin; Isabella Monne; Tony Joannis. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian Influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b reveals independent introductions in nigeria. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAgnes Tinuke Laleye, Alice Bianco, Ismaila Shittu, Lanre Sulaiman, Alice Fusaro, Bitrus Inuwa, Joshua Oyetunde, Bianca Zecchin, Judith Bakam, Ambra Pastori, Kayode Olawuyi, Alessia Schivo, Clement Meseko, Columba Vakuru, Andrea Fortin, Isabella Monne, Tony Joannis. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian Influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b reveals independent introductions in nigeria. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnes Tinuke Laleye; Alice Bianco; Ismaila Shittu; Lanre Sulaiman; Alice Fusaro; Bitrus Inuwa; Joshua Oyetunde; Bianca Zecchin; Judith Bakam; Ambra Pastori; Kayode Olawuyi; Alessia Schivo; Clement Meseko; Columba Vakuru; Andrea Fortin; Isabella Monne; Tony Joannis. 2021. "Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian Influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b reveals independent introductions in nigeria." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Herein, we describe the characteristics of the virus responsible for fatal epizootic in northern Nigeria. In December 2018, suspected outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) were observed in donkeys in Sokoto state, Nigeria bordering the Niger Republic. Nasal swabs were collected in virus transport medium from suspected donkeys and horses for laboratory analysis. Using real-time, conventional RT-PCR and sequencing of the partial haemagglutinin (HA) gene as well as a complete genome, equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype H3N8 was identified as the etiologic agent of the outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial and complete HA gene revealed closest nucleotide similarity (99.7%) with EIVs isolated in 2018 from Argentina and Chile belonging to the Florida clade 1 (Fc-1) of the American lineage. In the viral proteins, a total of 80 amino acid substitutions were observed when compared to the OIE-recommended Fc-1 vaccine strains. The HA and neuraminidase had 13 and 16 amino acid substitutions respectively. This study represents the first reported outbreak of EI caused by the Fc-1 in Nigeria and West Africa sub-region. Based on this report, extensive disease surveillance in equine is required to establish the lineages in circulation and design an effective control strategy to protect the teeming populations of horses and donkeys in the country.
Ismaila Shittu; Clement A. Meseko; Lanre P. Sulaiman; Bitrus Inuwa; Mohammad Mustapha; Pakachi S. Zakariya; Aliyu A. Muhammad; Umar Muhammad; Yakubu J. Atuman; Israel J. Barde; Bianca Zecchin; Erika G. Quaranta; David Shamaki; Olaniran Alabi; Isabella Monne; Alice Fusaro; Tony M. Joannis. Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa. Veterinary Microbiology 2020, 248, 108820 .
AMA StyleIsmaila Shittu, Clement A. Meseko, Lanre P. Sulaiman, Bitrus Inuwa, Mohammad Mustapha, Pakachi S. Zakariya, Aliyu A. Muhammad, Umar Muhammad, Yakubu J. Atuman, Israel J. Barde, Bianca Zecchin, Erika G. Quaranta, David Shamaki, Olaniran Alabi, Isabella Monne, Alice Fusaro, Tony M. Joannis. Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa. Veterinary Microbiology. 2020; 248 ():108820.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaila Shittu; Clement A. Meseko; Lanre P. Sulaiman; Bitrus Inuwa; Mohammad Mustapha; Pakachi S. Zakariya; Aliyu A. Muhammad; Umar Muhammad; Yakubu J. Atuman; Israel J. Barde; Bianca Zecchin; Erika G. Quaranta; David Shamaki; Olaniran Alabi; Isabella Monne; Alice Fusaro; Tony M. Joannis. 2020. "Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa." Veterinary Microbiology 248, no. : 108820.
Since November 2018, several countries in West and Central Africa have reported mortalities in donkeys and horses. Specifically, more than 66,000 horses and donkeys have succumbed to disease in Burkina Faso, Chad, Cameroon, The Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. Strangles caused by Streptococcus equi subsp equi , African Horse Sickness (AHS) virus and Equine influenza virus (EIV) were all suspected as potential causative agents. This study reports the identification of EIV in field samples collected in Niger and Senegal. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that the identified viruses belonged to clade 1 of the Florida sublineage and were very similar to viruses identified in Nigeria in 2019. Interestingly, they were also more similar to EIVs from recent outbreaks in South America than to those in Europe and the USA. This is one of the first reports providing detailed description and characterization of EIVs in West and Central Africa region.
Alpha Amadou Diallo; Maman Moutari Souley; Abdoulkarim Issa Ibrahim; Abdou Alassane; Rahila Issa; Haladou Gagara; Bachir Yaou; Abdou Issiakou; Mariame Diop; Racky Oumar Ba Diouf; Fatou Tall Lo; Modou Moustapha Lo; Thierno Bakhoum; Mamadou Sylla; Momar Talla Seck; Clement Meseko; Ismaila Shittu; Ann Cullinane; Tirumala B. K. Settypalli; Charles E. Lamien; William G. Dundon; Giovanni Cattoli. Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 68, 1253 -1262.
AMA StyleAlpha Amadou Diallo, Maman Moutari Souley, Abdoulkarim Issa Ibrahim, Abdou Alassane, Rahila Issa, Haladou Gagara, Bachir Yaou, Abdou Issiakou, Mariame Diop, Racky Oumar Ba Diouf, Fatou Tall Lo, Modou Moustapha Lo, Thierno Bakhoum, Mamadou Sylla, Momar Talla Seck, Clement Meseko, Ismaila Shittu, Ann Cullinane, Tirumala B. K. Settypalli, Charles E. Lamien, William G. Dundon, Giovanni Cattoli. Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 68 (3):1253-1262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlpha Amadou Diallo; Maman Moutari Souley; Abdoulkarim Issa Ibrahim; Abdou Alassane; Rahila Issa; Haladou Gagara; Bachir Yaou; Abdou Issiakou; Mariame Diop; Racky Oumar Ba Diouf; Fatou Tall Lo; Modou Moustapha Lo; Thierno Bakhoum; Mamadou Sylla; Momar Talla Seck; Clement Meseko; Ismaila Shittu; Ann Cullinane; Tirumala B. K. Settypalli; Charles E. Lamien; William G. Dundon; Giovanni Cattoli. 2020. "Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68, no. 3: 1253-1262.
Since 2013, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4) has been reported in wild birds and poultry in Asia as well as in other parts of the globe. In Africa, information on the presence of this virus subtype is lacking. This study reports the first detection of a HPAI (H5N6) virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) in a duck from a live bird market in Nigeria, whose genome is closely related to the European 2017-2018 H5N6 viruses, indicating a recent virus introduction into the African continent.
Ismaila Shittu; Alice Bianco; Dorcas Gado; Nicodemus Mkpuma; Lanre Sulaiman; Agnes Laleye; Federica Gobbo; Alessio Bortolami; Francesco Bonfante; Columba Vakuru; Clement Meseko; Alice Fusaro; David Shamaki; Olaniran Alabi; Calogero Terregino; Tony Joannis. First detection of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus on the African continent. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020, 9, 886 -888.
AMA StyleIsmaila Shittu, Alice Bianco, Dorcas Gado, Nicodemus Mkpuma, Lanre Sulaiman, Agnes Laleye, Federica Gobbo, Alessio Bortolami, Francesco Bonfante, Columba Vakuru, Clement Meseko, Alice Fusaro, David Shamaki, Olaniran Alabi, Calogero Terregino, Tony Joannis. First detection of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus on the African continent. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020; 9 (1):886-888.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaila Shittu; Alice Bianco; Dorcas Gado; Nicodemus Mkpuma; Lanre Sulaiman; Agnes Laleye; Federica Gobbo; Alessio Bortolami; Francesco Bonfante; Columba Vakuru; Clement Meseko; Alice Fusaro; David Shamaki; Olaniran Alabi; Calogero Terregino; Tony Joannis. 2020. "First detection of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus on the African continent." Emerging Microbes & Infections 9, no. 1: 886-888.
Several Avian paramyxoviruses 1 (synonymous with Newcastle disease virus or NDV, used hereafter) classification systems have been proposed for strain identification and differentiation. These systems pioneered classification efforts; however, they were based on different approaches and lacked objective criteria for the differentiation of isolates. These differences have created discrepancies among systems, rendering discussions and comparisons across studies difficult. Although a system that used objective classification criteria was proposed by Diel and co-workers in 2012, the ample worldwide circulation and constant evolution of NDV, and utilization of only some of the criteria led to identical naming and/or incorrect assigning of new sub/genotypes. To address these issues, an international consortium of experts was convened to undertake in-depth analyses of NDV genetic diversity. This consortium generated curated, up-to-date, complete fusion gene class I and class II datasets of all known NDV for public use, performed comprehensive phylogenetic Neighbor-Joining, maximum-likelihood, Bayesian and nucleotide distance analyses, and compared these inference methods. An updated NDV classification and nomenclature system that incorporates phylogenetic topology, genetic distances, branch support, and epidemiological independence was developed. This new consensus system maintains two NDV classes and existing genotypes, identifies three new genotypes, and reduces the number of sub-genotypes. In order to track the ancestry of viruses, a dichotomous naming system for designating sub-genotypes was introduced. In addition, a pilot dataset and sub-trees rooting guidelines for rapid preliminary genotype identification of new isolates are provided. Guidelines for sequence dataset curation and phylogenetic inference, and a detailed comparison between the updated and previous systems are included. To increase the speed of phylogenetic inference and ensure consistency between laboratories, detailed guidelines for the use of a supercomputer are also provided. The proposed unified classification system will facilitate future studies of NDV evolution and epidemiology, and comparison of results obtained across the world.
Kiril M. Dimitrov; Celia Abolnik; Claudio L. Afonso; Emmanuel Albina; Justin Bahl; Mikael Berg; Francois-Xavier Briand; Ian H. Brown; Kang-Seuk Choi; Ilya Chvala; Diego G. Diel; Peter A. Durr; Helena L. Ferreira; Alice Fusaro; Patricia Gil; Gabriela V. Goujgoulova; Christian Grund; Joseph T. Hicks; Tony M. Joannis; Mia Kim Torchetti; Sergey Kolosov; Bénédicte Lambrecht; Nicola S. Lewis; Haijin Liu; Hualei Liu; Sam McCullough; Patti J. Miller; Isabella Monne; Claude P. Muller; Muhammad Munir; Dilmara Reischak; Mahmoud Sabra; Siba K. Samal; Renata Servan de Almeida; Ismaila Shittu; Chantal J. Snoeck; David L. Suarez; Steven Van Borm; Zhiliang Wang; Frank Y.K. Wong. Updated unified phylogenetic classification system and revised nomenclature for Newcastle disease virus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2019, 74, 103917 .
AMA StyleKiril M. Dimitrov, Celia Abolnik, Claudio L. Afonso, Emmanuel Albina, Justin Bahl, Mikael Berg, Francois-Xavier Briand, Ian H. Brown, Kang-Seuk Choi, Ilya Chvala, Diego G. Diel, Peter A. Durr, Helena L. Ferreira, Alice Fusaro, Patricia Gil, Gabriela V. Goujgoulova, Christian Grund, Joseph T. Hicks, Tony M. Joannis, Mia Kim Torchetti, Sergey Kolosov, Bénédicte Lambrecht, Nicola S. Lewis, Haijin Liu, Hualei Liu, Sam McCullough, Patti J. Miller, Isabella Monne, Claude P. Muller, Muhammad Munir, Dilmara Reischak, Mahmoud Sabra, Siba K. Samal, Renata Servan de Almeida, Ismaila Shittu, Chantal J. Snoeck, David L. Suarez, Steven Van Borm, Zhiliang Wang, Frank Y.K. Wong. Updated unified phylogenetic classification system and revised nomenclature for Newcastle disease virus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2019; 74 ():103917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiril M. Dimitrov; Celia Abolnik; Claudio L. Afonso; Emmanuel Albina; Justin Bahl; Mikael Berg; Francois-Xavier Briand; Ian H. Brown; Kang-Seuk Choi; Ilya Chvala; Diego G. Diel; Peter A. Durr; Helena L. Ferreira; Alice Fusaro; Patricia Gil; Gabriela V. Goujgoulova; Christian Grund; Joseph T. Hicks; Tony M. Joannis; Mia Kim Torchetti; Sergey Kolosov; Bénédicte Lambrecht; Nicola S. Lewis; Haijin Liu; Hualei Liu; Sam McCullough; Patti J. Miller; Isabella Monne; Claude P. Muller; Muhammad Munir; Dilmara Reischak; Mahmoud Sabra; Siba K. Samal; Renata Servan de Almeida; Ismaila Shittu; Chantal J. Snoeck; David L. Suarez; Steven Van Borm; Zhiliang Wang; Frank Y.K. Wong. 2019. "Updated unified phylogenetic classification system and revised nomenclature for Newcastle disease virus." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 74, no. : 103917.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a wide avian host range and a high degree of genetic variability, and virulent strains cause Newcastle disease (ND), a worldwide concern for poultry health. Although NDV has been studied in Nigeria, genetic information about the viruses involved in the endemicity of the disease and the transmission that likely occurs at the poultry-wildlife interface is still largely incomplete. Next-generation and Sanger sequencing was performed to provide complete (n = 73) and partial genomic sequence data (n = 38) for NDV isolates collected from domestic and wild birds in Nigeria during 2002-2015, including the first complete genome sequences of genotype IV and subgenotype VIh from the African continent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that viruses of seven different genotypes circulated in that period, demonstrating high genetic diversity of NDV for a single country. In addition, a high degree of similarity between NDV isolates from domestic and wild birds was observed, suggesting that spillovers had occurred, including to three species that had not previously been shown to be susceptible to NDV infection. Furthermore, the first spillover of a mesogenic Komarov vaccine virus is documented, suggesting a previous spillover and evolution of this virus. The similarities between viruses from poultry and multiple bird species and the lack of evidence for host adaptation in codon usage suggest that transmission of NDV between poultry and non-poultry birds occurred recently. This is especially significant when considering that some viruses were isolated from species of conservation concern. The high diversity of NDV observed in both domestic and wild birds in Nigeria emphasizes the need for active surveillance and epidemiology of NDV in all bird species.
Catharine N. Welch; Ismaila Shittu; Celia Abolnik; Ponman Solomon; Kiril M. Dimitrov; Tonya L. Taylor; Dawn Williams-Coplin; Iryna Goraichuk; Clement A. Meseko; John O. Ibu; Dorcas A. Gado; Tony M. Joannis; Claudio L. Afonso. Genomic comparison of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Nigeria between 2002 and 2015 reveals circulation of highly diverse genotypes and spillover into wild birds. Archives of Virology 2019, 164, 2031 -2047.
AMA StyleCatharine N. Welch, Ismaila Shittu, Celia Abolnik, Ponman Solomon, Kiril M. Dimitrov, Tonya L. Taylor, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Iryna Goraichuk, Clement A. Meseko, John O. Ibu, Dorcas A. Gado, Tony M. Joannis, Claudio L. Afonso. Genomic comparison of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Nigeria between 2002 and 2015 reveals circulation of highly diverse genotypes and spillover into wild birds. Archives of Virology. 2019; 164 (8):2031-2047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatharine N. Welch; Ismaila Shittu; Celia Abolnik; Ponman Solomon; Kiril M. Dimitrov; Tonya L. Taylor; Dawn Williams-Coplin; Iryna Goraichuk; Clement A. Meseko; John O. Ibu; Dorcas A. Gado; Tony M. Joannis; Claudio L. Afonso. 2019. "Genomic comparison of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Nigeria between 2002 and 2015 reveals circulation of highly diverse genotypes and spillover into wild birds." Archives of Virology 164, no. 8: 2031-2047.
A flock of 54 wk-old layer birds exhibiting signs of respiratory distress, greenish diarrhea, and drop in egg production was investigated. A marked drop in egg production (55%) was recorded with eggs appearing white and soft-shelled. Mortality was in the range of 1%–2% with post-mortem lesions revealing cloudy air sacs, frothy, and congested lungs. Viral RNA was extracted from pooled tissue samples (trachea, lungs, spleen, and liver) and tested for Avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, virus isolation was attempted in 9–11 day-old embryonating chicken eggs (ECE). In order to determine the prevalence of IBV serotype(s) in the flock, serum samples were screened by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using IBV antigens and antisera (Arkansas, Connecticut, and Massachusetts). Neither AIV nor NDV but IBV was detected in the tissue samples by RT-PCR. In addition, virus isolate obtained after four serial passages in ECE produced dwarfed, stunted, and hemorrhagic embryos, and the isolate was confirmed by RT-PCR to be IBV. The serum samples were 100% seropositive for three serotypes with HI titres ranging from 5 to 12 Log2 . In this study, IBV was confirmed as the causative agent of the observed respiratory distress and drop in egg production. Also, the evidence of co-circulation of multiple IBV serotypes was established, this to the best of our knowledge is the first of such report in Nigeria. We recommend extensive molecular and sero-epidemiology of circulating IBV genotypes and serotypes in Nigeria with the aim of developing better control strategies, including vaccination.Keywords: Drop in egg production, Infectious bronchitis, Respiratory distress, Serotypes, Virus isolation.
Ismaila Shittu; Dorcas A. Gado; Clement A. Meseko; Davou C. Nyam; Kayode A. Olawuyi; Gyang D. Moses; Chinonoyerem N. Chinyere; Tony M. Joannis. Occurrence of infectious bronchitis in layer birds in Plateau state, north central Nigeria. Open Veterinary Journal 2019, 9, 76 -80.
AMA StyleIsmaila Shittu, Dorcas A. Gado, Clement A. Meseko, Davou C. Nyam, Kayode A. Olawuyi, Gyang D. Moses, Chinonoyerem N. Chinyere, Tony M. Joannis. Occurrence of infectious bronchitis in layer birds in Plateau state, north central Nigeria. Open Veterinary Journal. 2019; 9 (1):76-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaila Shittu; Dorcas A. Gado; Clement A. Meseko; Davou C. Nyam; Kayode A. Olawuyi; Gyang D. Moses; Chinonoyerem N. Chinyere; Tony M. Joannis. 2019. "Occurrence of infectious bronchitis in layer birds in Plateau state, north central Nigeria." Open Veterinary Journal 9, no. 1: 76-80.
Globally, vaccines are used to prevent and control the menace of infectious diseases in livestock with some reported to be inadvertently contaminated with extraneous agents (EAs). With the aim of screening and characterizing for some selected EAs, 44 live viral poultry vaccines were randomly selected based on availability. The vaccines comprised 14 manufacturers in 10 different countries including Nigeria were screened by Polymerase Chain Reaction. In 9% (4/44) of the vaccines, contamination with only avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup J (ALV-J) was recorded. Other exogenous ALV subgroups, chicken infectious anemia and infectious laryngotracheitis viruses were absent. The EAs was found in infectious bursal disease (n = 1), Fowlpox (n = 2) and Mareks disease (n = 1) vaccines. Phylogenetic analysis of the ALV-J env gene showed clustering with contemporary group I and II. The result underscores the importance of screening vaccines to avoid the introduction and spread of EAs that could pose a threat to poultry production.
Ismaila Shittu; Adeyinka J. Adedeji; Pam D. Luka; Olayinka O. Asala; Nancy M. Sati; Ijeoma O. Nwagbo; Chinonyerem N. Chinyere; Oluwadamilola O. Arowolo; Jolly Amoche Adole; Paulinus Emennaa; Paul A. Abdu; Tony M. Joannis. Avian leukosis virus subgroup – J as a contaminant in live commercially available poultry vaccines distributed in Nigeria. Biologicals 2018, 57, 29 -33.
AMA StyleIsmaila Shittu, Adeyinka J. Adedeji, Pam D. Luka, Olayinka O. Asala, Nancy M. Sati, Ijeoma O. Nwagbo, Chinonyerem N. Chinyere, Oluwadamilola O. Arowolo, Jolly Amoche Adole, Paulinus Emennaa, Paul A. Abdu, Tony M. Joannis. Avian leukosis virus subgroup – J as a contaminant in live commercially available poultry vaccines distributed in Nigeria. Biologicals. 2018; 57 ():29-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaila Shittu; Adeyinka J. Adedeji; Pam D. Luka; Olayinka O. Asala; Nancy M. Sati; Ijeoma O. Nwagbo; Chinonyerem N. Chinyere; Oluwadamilola O. Arowolo; Jolly Amoche Adole; Paulinus Emennaa; Paul A. Abdu; Tony M. Joannis. 2018. "Avian leukosis virus subgroup – J as a contaminant in live commercially available poultry vaccines distributed in Nigeria." Biologicals 57, no. : 29-33.
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a devastating disease of poultry worldwide. The pathogenesis of ND in quail is poorly documented. To characterize the ability of virulent NDV strains to replicate and cause disease in quail, groups of 14 two-week-old Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica) were experimentally inoculated with 108 EID50 (embryo infectious dose 50%) units of 1 of 4 virulent NDV strains: 2 isolated from quail ( N2, N23) and 2 from chickens ( Israel, Pakistan). At day 2 postinfection, noninfected quail (contact group) were added to each infection group to assess the efficacy of virus transmission. Tested NDV strains showed moderate pathogenicity, with highest mortality being 28% for the N2 strain and below 10% for the others. Two N2-inoculated birds showed neurological signs, such as head tremor and ataxia. Microscopic lesions were present in N2-, Israel-, and Pakistan-inoculated birds and consisted of nonsuppurative encephalitis. Contact birds showed no clinical signs or lesions. In both inoculated and contact birds, virus replication was moderate to minimal, respectively, as observed by immunohistochemistry in tissues and virus isolation from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Strains originally isolated from quail resulted in higher numbers of birds shedding in the inoculation group; however, transmission appeared slightly more efficient with chicken-derived isolates. This study shows that virulent NDV strains have limited replicative potential and mild to moderate disease-inducing ability in Japanese quail.
Leonardo Susta; Diego Segovia; Timothy L. Olivier; Kiril M. Dimitrov; Ismaila Shittu; Valerie Marcano; Patti J. Miller. Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Quail. Veterinary Pathology 2018, 55, 682 -692.
AMA StyleLeonardo Susta, Diego Segovia, Timothy L. Olivier, Kiril M. Dimitrov, Ismaila Shittu, Valerie Marcano, Patti J. Miller. Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Quail. Veterinary Pathology. 2018; 55 (5):682-692.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeonardo Susta; Diego Segovia; Timothy L. Olivier; Kiril M. Dimitrov; Ismaila Shittu; Valerie Marcano; Patti J. Miller. 2018. "Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Quail." Veterinary Pathology 55, no. 5: 682-692.
Here, we present the draft genome sequences of five multidrug-resistant novel Ochrobactrum species strains isolated from a pigeon, a duck, and chickens from Nigeria in 2009.
Poonam Sharma; Lindsay F. Killmaster; Jeremy D. Volkening; Stivalis Cardenas Garcia; Ismaila Shittu; Clement A. Meseko; Lanre K. Sulaiman; Tony M. Joannis; Patti J. Miller; Claudio L. Afonso. Draft Genome Sequences of Five Novel Ochrobactrum spp. Isolated from Different Avian Hosts in Nigeria. Genome Announcements 2018, 6, 1 .
AMA StylePoonam Sharma, Lindsay F. Killmaster, Jeremy D. Volkening, Stivalis Cardenas Garcia, Ismaila Shittu, Clement A. Meseko, Lanre K. Sulaiman, Tony M. Joannis, Patti J. Miller, Claudio L. Afonso. Draft Genome Sequences of Five Novel Ochrobactrum spp. Isolated from Different Avian Hosts in Nigeria. Genome Announcements. 2018; 6 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePoonam Sharma; Lindsay F. Killmaster; Jeremy D. Volkening; Stivalis Cardenas Garcia; Ismaila Shittu; Clement A. Meseko; Lanre K. Sulaiman; Tony M. Joannis; Patti J. Miller; Claudio L. Afonso. 2018. "Draft Genome Sequences of Five Novel Ochrobactrum spp. Isolated from Different Avian Hosts in Nigeria." Genome Announcements 6, no. 11: 1.
Phylogenetic analyses of the complete genomes of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) 2.3.2.1c H5N1 virus strains causing outbreaks in Nigeria's poultry population from 2014 to 2016 showed evidence of distinct co-circulating genotypes and the emergence of reassortant viruses. One of these reassortants became the predominant strain by 2016, and the NA protein of this strain possessed the V96A substitution known to confer reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibiting antiviral drugs. Our findings also demonstrated evolutionary relationships between Nigerian isolates and European and Middle Eastern strains of H5N1 which provides further evidence for the proposed role of migratory birds in spreading the virus, although the involvement of the live poultry trade cannot be excluded. Efforts must be directed towards improving biosecurity and gaining the cooperation of poultry farmers for more effective control of HPAI, in order to mitigate the emergence of HPAI strains in Nigeria with biological properties that are potentially even more dangerous to animals and humans.
Agnes Laleye; Tony Joannis; Ismaila Shittu; Clement Meseko; Gianpiero Zamperin; Adelaide Milani; Bianca Zecchin; Alice Fusaro; Isabella Monne; Celia Abolnik. A two-year monitoring period of the genetic properties of clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 viruses in Nigeria reveals the emergence and co-circulation of distinct genotypes. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2018, 57, 98 -105.
AMA StyleAgnes Laleye, Tony Joannis, Ismaila Shittu, Clement Meseko, Gianpiero Zamperin, Adelaide Milani, Bianca Zecchin, Alice Fusaro, Isabella Monne, Celia Abolnik. A two-year monitoring period of the genetic properties of clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 viruses in Nigeria reveals the emergence and co-circulation of distinct genotypes. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2018; 57 ():98-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnes Laleye; Tony Joannis; Ismaila Shittu; Clement Meseko; Gianpiero Zamperin; Adelaide Milani; Bianca Zecchin; Alice Fusaro; Isabella Monne; Celia Abolnik. 2018. "A two-year monitoring period of the genetic properties of clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 viruses in Nigeria reveals the emergence and co-circulation of distinct genotypes." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 57, no. : 98-105.
This study investigated whether prior cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment influenced the susceptibility of young broiler chickens to velogenic Newcastle disease (vND) virus (vNDV) challenge. Broiler chickens treated with CY at 4 weeks of age showed a loss of weight, severe atrophy of the bursa and thymus and severe lymphocytic depletion in the bursa, spleen and thymus and lymphopaenia. On challenge at 6 weeks of age with vNDV, there were significant (p < .05) weight loss, severe depression, diarrhoea, coughing and sero-mucous nasal discharges and torticollis. Lesions included severe atrophy of the lymphoid organs and congested lungs. Proventricular, intestinal and caecal tonsil haemorrhages and ulcers were more severe in the CY-untreated than the treated broilers. Histopathology showed severe necrosis and depletion of the lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs, perivascular cuffin and endotheliosis in the brain. Total mortalities in the CY-treated and untreated broilers were 100% and 94.44%, respectively, by day 6 post-challenge. There was no statistical difference (p < .05) between the mortalities. These results show that CY treatment may not have an effect on the susceptibility of broilers to an acute disease like vND.
Amarachukwu O. Igwe; Ismaila Shittu; John O. A. Okoye. Response of cyclophosphamide-treated broiler chickens to challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2018, 46, 938 -946.
AMA StyleAmarachukwu O. Igwe, Ismaila Shittu, John O. A. Okoye. Response of cyclophosphamide-treated broiler chickens to challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2018; 46 (1):938-946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmarachukwu O. Igwe; Ismaila Shittu; John O. A. Okoye. 2018. "Response of cyclophosphamide-treated broiler chickens to challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus." Journal of Applied Animal Research 46, no. 1: 938-946.
Anthony N Egbuji; John O. Ibu; Ismaila A. Shittu; Dauda G. Bwala; Anne. S. Lohlum; Josephine Kiagama; Evelyn D. Dung; Enurah L. Uwanibe; Fatima B Mukaila; Dung S Lokason; Chinemerem. R Obene; Choji A Kwanga; Nicodemus M. Useh; Paul A Abdul; Usman Musa; John A. Okoye; Jude S. Rabo. IMMUNE PROFILING OF GRAIN ADAPTED I-2 (GAI-2) PELLETED FEED VACCINE IN 6 WEEKS OLD COCKERELS IN VOM NIGERIA. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 2017, 5, 599 -605.
AMA StyleAnthony N Egbuji, John O. Ibu, Ismaila A. Shittu, Dauda G. Bwala, Anne. S. Lohlum, Josephine Kiagama, Evelyn D. Dung, Enurah L. Uwanibe, Fatima B Mukaila, Dung S Lokason, Chinemerem. R Obene, Choji A Kwanga, Nicodemus M. Useh, Paul A Abdul, Usman Musa, John A. Okoye, Jude S. Rabo. IMMUNE PROFILING OF GRAIN ADAPTED I-2 (GAI-2) PELLETED FEED VACCINE IN 6 WEEKS OLD COCKERELS IN VOM NIGERIA. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. 2017; 5 (5):599-605.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnthony N Egbuji; John O. Ibu; Ismaila A. Shittu; Dauda G. Bwala; Anne. S. Lohlum; Josephine Kiagama; Evelyn D. Dung; Enurah L. Uwanibe; Fatima B Mukaila; Dung S Lokason; Chinemerem. R Obene; Choji A Kwanga; Nicodemus M. Useh; Paul A Abdul; Usman Musa; John A. Okoye; Jude S. Rabo. 2017. "IMMUNE PROFILING OF GRAIN ADAPTED I-2 (GAI-2) PELLETED FEED VACCINE IN 6 WEEKS OLD COCKERELS IN VOM NIGERIA." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 5: 599-605.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows ultra-deep sequencing of nucleic acids. The use of sequence-independent amplification of viral nucleic acids without utilization of target-specific primers provides advantages over traditional sequencing methods and allows detection of unsuspected variants and co-infecting agents. However, NGS is not widely used for small RNA viruses because of incorrectly perceived cost estimates and inefficient utilization of freely available bioinformatics tools. In this study, we have utilized NGS-based random sequencing of total RNA combined with barcode multiplexing of libraries to quickly, effectively and simultaneously characterize the genomic sequences of multiple avian paramyxoviruses. Thirty libraries were prepared from diagnostic samples amplified in allantoic fluids and their total RNAs were sequenced in a single flow cell on an Illumina MiSeq instrument. After digital normalization, data were assembled using the MIRA assembler within a customized workflow on the Galaxy platform. Twenty-eight avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), one APMV-13, four avian influenza and two infectious bronchitis virus complete or nearly complete genome sequences were obtained from the single run. The 29 avian paramyxovirus genomes displayed 99.6% mean coverage based on bases with Phred quality scores of 30 or more. The lower and upper quartiles of sample median depth per position for those 29 samples were 2984 and 6894, respectively, indicating coverage across samples sufficient for deep variant analysis. Sample processing and library preparation took approximately 25–30 h, the sequencing run took 39 h, and processing through the Galaxy workflow took approximately 2–3 h. The cost of all steps, excluding labor, was estimated to be 106 USD per sample. This work describes an efficient multiplexing NGS approach, a detailed analysis workflow, and customized tools for the characterization of the genomes of RNA viruses. The combination of multiplexing NGS technology with the Galaxy workflow platform resulted in a fast, user-friendly, and cost-efficient protocol for the simultaneous characterization of multiple full-length viral genomes. Twenty-nine full-length or near-full-length APMV genomes with a high median depth were successfully sequenced out of 30 samples. The applied de novo assembly approach also allowed identification of mixed viral populations in some of the samples.
Kiril M. Dimitrov; Poonam Sharma; Jeremy D. Volkening; Iryna V. Goraichuk; Abdul Wajid; Shafqat Fatima Rehmani; Asma Basharat; Ismaila Shittu; Tony M. Joannis; Patti J. Miller; Claudio L. Afonso. A robust and cost-effective approach to sequence and analyze complete genomes of small RNA viruses. Virology Journal 2017, 14, 1 -14.
AMA StyleKiril M. Dimitrov, Poonam Sharma, Jeremy D. Volkening, Iryna V. Goraichuk, Abdul Wajid, Shafqat Fatima Rehmani, Asma Basharat, Ismaila Shittu, Tony M. Joannis, Patti J. Miller, Claudio L. Afonso. A robust and cost-effective approach to sequence and analyze complete genomes of small RNA viruses. Virology Journal. 2017; 14 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiril M. Dimitrov; Poonam Sharma; Jeremy D. Volkening; Iryna V. Goraichuk; Abdul Wajid; Shafqat Fatima Rehmani; Asma Basharat; Ismaila Shittu; Tony M. Joannis; Patti J. Miller; Claudio L. Afonso. 2017. "A robust and cost-effective approach to sequence and analyze complete genomes of small RNA viruses." Virology Journal 14, no. 1: 1-14.
To characterize field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from outbreaks in nine states in Nigeria through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequence analysis of portions of the VP2 and VP1 genes and to determine the presence or absence of reassortant viruses. A total of 377 bursa samples were collected from 201 suspected IBD outbreaks during 2009 to 2014 from nine states in Nigeria. Samples were subjected to RT-PCR using VP2 and VP1 gene specific primers, and the resulting PCR products were sequenced. A total of 143 samples were positive for IBDV by RT-PCR. These assays amplified a 743 bp fragment from nt 701 to 1444 in the IBDV VP2 hypervariable region (hvVP2) of segment A and a 722 bp fragment from nt 168 to 889 in the VP1 gene of segment B. RT-PCR products were sequenced, aligned and compared with reference IBDV sequences obtained from GenBank. All but one hvVP2 sequence showed similarity to very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) reference strains, yet only 3 of the VP1 67 VP1 sequences showed similarity to the VP1 gene of vvIBDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a new lineage of Nigerian reassortant IBDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of genome segment A and B of IBDV in Nigeria confirmed the existence of vvIBDV in Nigeria. In addition, we noted the existence of reassortant IBDV strains with novel triplet amino acid motifs at positions 145, 146 and 147 in the reassorted Nigerian IBDV.
Ijeoma O. Nwagbo; Ismaila Shittu; Chika I. Nwosuh; George O. Ezeifeka; Frederick J. C. Odibo; Linda O. Michel; Daral J. Jackwood. Molecular characterization of field infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Nigeria. Veterinary World 2016, 9, 1420 -1428.
AMA StyleIjeoma O. Nwagbo, Ismaila Shittu, Chika I. Nwosuh, George O. Ezeifeka, Frederick J. C. Odibo, Linda O. Michel, Daral J. Jackwood. Molecular characterization of field infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Nigeria. Veterinary World. 2016; 9 (12):1420-1428.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIjeoma O. Nwagbo; Ismaila Shittu; Chika I. Nwosuh; George O. Ezeifeka; Frederick J. C. Odibo; Linda O. Michel; Daral J. Jackwood. 2016. "Molecular characterization of field infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Nigeria." Veterinary World 9, no. 12: 1420-1428.
Genetic analysis of the complete haemagglutinin (HA) gene of fourteen Nigerian avian influenza isolates showed multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site (321PQRERRRKdelR*GLF333), characteristic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Substitution of Gln to Lys at position 322 (H5-specific numbering) was identified in one isolate. In some isolates, amino acid substitutions were observed across the HA gene, however the receptor binding, antigenic and glycosylation sites were conserved in all. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two clusters of the HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c. Cluster I has close genetic relatedness (97.8–99.8%) with viruses circulating in some West Africa countries. Cluster II shared close identity (98.9–100.0%) with isolates from Europe, Côte d’Ivoire and Niger and viruses from this cluster were detected in five of the eleven states investigated in Nigeria. In view of the continuous HPAI outbreaks being recorded in Nigerian poultry and the zoonotic potential of the virus, extensive and continued characterization of HPAI isolates is advocated.
Ismaila Shittu; Clement A. Meseko; Dorcas A. Gado; Abraham K. Olawuyi; Chinonyerem N. Chinyere; Emmanuel Anefu; Ponman Solomon; Philip A. Okewole; David Shamaki; Tony M. Joannis. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Nigeria in 2015: evidence of widespread circulation of WA2 clade 2.3.2.1c. Archives of Virology 2016, 162, 841 -847.
AMA StyleIsmaila Shittu, Clement A. Meseko, Dorcas A. Gado, Abraham K. Olawuyi, Chinonyerem N. Chinyere, Emmanuel Anefu, Ponman Solomon, Philip A. Okewole, David Shamaki, Tony M. Joannis. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Nigeria in 2015: evidence of widespread circulation of WA2 clade 2.3.2.1c. Archives of Virology. 2016; 162 (3):841-847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaila Shittu; Clement A. Meseko; Dorcas A. Gado; Abraham K. Olawuyi; Chinonyerem N. Chinyere; Emmanuel Anefu; Ponman Solomon; Philip A. Okewole; David Shamaki; Tony M. Joannis. 2016. "Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Nigeria in 2015: evidence of widespread circulation of WA2 clade 2.3.2.1c." Archives of Virology 162, no. 3: 841-847.
Over the years, Newcastle disease (ND) has defied all available control measures. The disease has remained at the forefront of infectious diseases afflicting poultry production after avian influenza. Despite the continuous global use of million doses of ND vaccine annually, the causative pathogen, avian paramyxovirus type 1 also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has continued to evolve causing, even more, a threat not only to the unvaccinated but the vaccinated flocks inclusive. The disease has been well studied in the developed countries where the virus is found in circulation. However, limited information exists on the epizootiology and circulating genotypes of the virus in developing countries where the majority of the flocks are raised on the extensive management system. Identification of virulent NDV in apparently healthy free-range ducks in this system calls for concern and pragmatic approach to investigate factor(s) that favour the virus inhabiting the ducks without clinical manifestation of the disease. Recently, novel genotypes (XIV, XVII, and XVIII) with peculiarity to West and Central African countries have been discovered and due to lack or poor surveillance system possibility of hitherto unreported genotypes are likely. This review elucidates and discusses available literature on the diversity of the circulating NDV genotypes across the West Africa countries and the epizootiology (molecular) of the disease in Nigeria with the view of identifying gaps in knowledge that can assist in the development of effective vaccines and control strategies to combat the peril of the disease.
Ismaila Shittu; Tony M. Joannis; Georgina N. Odaibo; Olufemi D. Olaleye. Newcastle disease in Nigeria: epizootiology and current knowledge of circulating genotypes. VirusDisease 2016, 27, 329 -339.
AMA StyleIsmaila Shittu, Tony M. Joannis, Georgina N. Odaibo, Olufemi D. Olaleye. Newcastle disease in Nigeria: epizootiology and current knowledge of circulating genotypes. VirusDisease. 2016; 27 (4):329-339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaila Shittu; Tony M. Joannis; Georgina N. Odaibo; Olufemi D. Olaleye. 2016. "Newcastle disease in Nigeria: epizootiology and current knowledge of circulating genotypes." VirusDisease 27, no. 4: 329-339.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens with outbreaks resulting in high economic losses due to increased mortality and drop in egg production. This study reports a survey of ILT virus antibody conducted in nine local government areas (LGAs) of Plateau State involving 67 randomly selected commercial poultry flocks. In all, 938 sera were tested using the Agar Gel Immuno-diffusion (AGID) technique. Overall prevalence of 1.2% (N = 11) was recorded. ILT virus antibody was found in 2.5% (n = 9) and 7.1% (n = 2) of the tested sera from Jos South and Langtang North LGAs, respectively. No detectable ILT virus antibody was found from the other seven LGAs. This is the first report of ILT infection in poultry from the North central part of Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that the economic implication of ILT infection in Nigerian poultry population be conducted in order to know if vaccination should be adopted for control.
Ismaila Shittu; Lanre K. Sulaiman; Dorcas A. Gado; Anthony N. Egbuji; Mwapu. D. Ndahi; Ezekiel Pam; Tony M. Joannis. Sero-epizootiological investigation of infectious laryngotracheitis infection in commercial poultry of Plateau State, north central Nigeria. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry 2016, 37, 368 -375.
AMA StyleIsmaila Shittu, Lanre K. Sulaiman, Dorcas A. Gado, Anthony N. Egbuji, Mwapu. D. Ndahi, Ezekiel Pam, Tony M. Joannis. Sero-epizootiological investigation of infectious laryngotracheitis infection in commercial poultry of Plateau State, north central Nigeria. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry. 2016; 37 (4):368-375.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaila Shittu; Lanre K. Sulaiman; Dorcas A. Gado; Anthony N. Egbuji; Mwapu. D. Ndahi; Ezekiel Pam; Tony M. Joannis. 2016. "Sero-epizootiological investigation of infectious laryngotracheitis infection in commercial poultry of Plateau State, north central Nigeria." Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry 37, no. 4: 368-375.