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Heidi Leskinen
Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Jokioinen Finland

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Original article
Published: 19 May 2021 in Aquaculture Research
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Camelina (Camelina sativa) is a robust crop to cultivate and a potential source of protein, oil and n-3 fatty acids for aquaculture. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of camelina seed in feed on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) performance and nutritional composition of the muscle. A mixture of faba bean, wheat gluten meal and rapeseed oil was gradually replaced by camelina seed (0%, 10% and 20% camelina in the diet). Fifty 0+ old fish were placed in each of the 12 recirculation aquaculture tanks to enable three treatments with four replicates. Camelina seed inclusion did not affect the growth performance, crude protein or fat content of fish body. The moisture content was the lowest (p = 0.021) with 20% camelina. The vitamin D3 contents in fish muscle were low, indicating that camelina may slightly impair the absorption of vitamin D3 (p = 0.055). Camelina diets decreased (p < 0.001) the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids and increased (p < 0.001) polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids, particularly α-linolenic acid, in fish muscle. Camelina seed proved to be a potential plant-based ingredient for rainbow trout feed.

ACS Style

Juha Koskela; Heidi Leskinen; Pirjo Mattila; Susanna Airaksinen; Marketta Rinne; Juha‐Matti Pihlava; Anne Pihlanto. The effect of gradual addition of camelina seeds in the diet of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on growth, feed efficiency and meat quality. Aquaculture Research 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Juha Koskela, Heidi Leskinen, Pirjo Mattila, Susanna Airaksinen, Marketta Rinne, Juha‐Matti Pihlava, Anne Pihlanto. The effect of gradual addition of camelina seeds in the diet of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on growth, feed efficiency and meat quality. Aquaculture Research. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juha Koskela; Heidi Leskinen; Pirjo Mattila; Susanna Airaksinen; Marketta Rinne; Juha‐Matti Pihlava; Anne Pihlanto. 2021. "The effect of gradual addition of camelina seeds in the diet of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on growth, feed efficiency and meat quality." Aquaculture Research , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2021 in Animals
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Four multiparous dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to examine how starch level and oil mixture impact dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility, milk yield and composition, rumen fermentation, ruminal methane (CH4) emissions, and microbial diversity. Experimental treatments comprised high (HS) or low (LS) levels of starch containing 0 or 30 g of a mixture of sunflower and fish oils (2:1 w/w) per kg diet DM (LSO and HSO, respectively). Intake of DM did not differ between cows fed LS and HS diets while oil supplementation reduced DM intake. Dietary treatments did not affect milk and energy corrected milk yields. There was a tendency to have a lower milk fat concentration due to HSO compared with other treatments. Both high starch level and oil supplementation increased digestibility of gross energy. Cows receiving HS diets had higher levels of total rumen VFA while acetate was lower than LS without any differences in rumen pH, or ruminal CH4 emissions. Although dietary oil supplementation had no impact on rumen fermentation, decreased CH4 emissions (g/day and g/kg milk) were observed with a concomitant increase in Anoplodinium-Diplodinium sp. and Epidinium sp. but a decrease in Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcus sp., Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Mbb. gottschalkii clades.

ACS Style

Babak Darabighane; Ilma Tapio; Laura Ventto; Piia Kairenius; Tomasz Stefański; Heidi Leskinen; Kevin Shingfield; Johanna Vilkki; Ali-Reza Bayat. Effects of Starch Level and a Mixture of Sunflower and Fish Oils on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Ruminal Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows. Animals 2021, 11, 1310 .

AMA Style

Babak Darabighane, Ilma Tapio, Laura Ventto, Piia Kairenius, Tomasz Stefański, Heidi Leskinen, Kevin Shingfield, Johanna Vilkki, Ali-Reza Bayat. Effects of Starch Level and a Mixture of Sunflower and Fish Oils on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Ruminal Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1310.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Babak Darabighane; Ilma Tapio; Laura Ventto; Piia Kairenius; Tomasz Stefański; Heidi Leskinen; Kevin Shingfield; Johanna Vilkki; Ali-Reza Bayat. 2021. "Effects of Starch Level and a Mixture of Sunflower and Fish Oils on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Ruminal Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows." Animals 11, no. 5: 1310.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2020 in Animals
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This study determined production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk composition of dairy ewes supplemented with crushed sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) and sunflower seed silage in corn silage-based diets. Six ewes were grouped in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design with three periods of 21 days. All treatments were based on ad libitum corn silage. Control diet was based on alfalfa hay (333 g/kg DM), sorghum grain (253 g/kg DM), triticale grain (200 g/kg DM), soybean meal (167 g /kg DM), and vitamin and mineral premix (47 g/kg DM). Sunflower seeds (SF) and sunflower seed silage (SFS) treatments consisted of alfalfa hay (333 g/kg DM), sorghum grain (267 g/kg DM), triticale grain (100 g/kg DM), soybean meal (167 g /kg DM), SF or SFS (87 g/kg DM) and vitamin and mineral premix (47 g/kg DM). Compared to control, SF and SFS increased intake and digestibility of fiber components, such as neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Body weight, nitrogen balance, milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, lactose yield and milk urea N were similar between treatments. Overall, results demonstrated that crushed sunflower seeds and ensiled seeds do not change significantly productive parameters of dairy sheep.

ACS Style

Eduardo Cardoso-Gutiérrez; Alondra Cristel Narváez-López; Lizbeth E. Robles-Jiménez; Andrés Morales Osorio; María De Guadalupe Gutierrez-Martinez; Heidi Leskinen; Marcello Mele; Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Manuel González-Ronquillo. Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Milk Composition of Dairy Ewes Supplemented with Crushed Sunflower Seeds and Sunflower Seed Silage in Corn Silage-Based Diets. Animals 2020, 10, 2354 .

AMA Style

Eduardo Cardoso-Gutiérrez, Alondra Cristel Narváez-López, Lizbeth E. Robles-Jiménez, Andrés Morales Osorio, María De Guadalupe Gutierrez-Martinez, Heidi Leskinen, Marcello Mele, Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Manuel González-Ronquillo. Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Milk Composition of Dairy Ewes Supplemented with Crushed Sunflower Seeds and Sunflower Seed Silage in Corn Silage-Based Diets. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Cardoso-Gutiérrez; Alondra Cristel Narváez-López; Lizbeth E. Robles-Jiménez; Andrés Morales Osorio; María De Guadalupe Gutierrez-Martinez; Heidi Leskinen; Marcello Mele; Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Manuel González-Ronquillo. 2020. "Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Milk Composition of Dairy Ewes Supplemented with Crushed Sunflower Seeds and Sunflower Seed Silage in Corn Silage-Based Diets." Animals 10, no. 12: 2354.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in The Journal of Nutrition
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Background The APOE ε4 allele is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer disease than ε3 and ε2. Objectives We studied the effectiveness of dietary and lifestyle guidance and personal genetic risk information [ε4 carrier (ε4+); ε4 noncarrier (ε4−)] as motivators for a healthier lifestyle. Methods A total of 188 healthy Finnish volunteers (82.4% women; mean ± SD age: 51.0 ± 5.6 y; BMI: 26.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2; total cholesterol: 5.2 ± 0.9 mmol/L) participated in our randomized intervention study. The participants were genotyped for APOE and divided into intervention (INT; INTε4+, n = 33; INTε4−, n = 57) and control groups (CTRL; CTRLε4+, n = 36; CTRLε4−, n = 62). Blood samples, measured observations, and questionnaire data were obtained at baseline and at 1 and 1.5 y. INT participants received their ε4 carrier status at baseline. Monthly Internet-based guidance based on the Finnish Dietary guidelines was provided for all. Results The proportion of SFAs in plasma over time fluctuated less in INTε4+ than in the other groups (P-interaction < 0.05; primary outcome). The lifestyle guidance increased vegetable consumption from 3.5 to 3.6 portions/d, improved the dietary fat quality score by 5.3%, increased the plasma n–3 (ω-3) FA proportion by 7.3%, and decreased the consumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods from 7.3 to 6.5 portions/wk and total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations by 4.3% and 6.1%, respectively, in the entire participant population (P < 0.05; secondary outcome). Compared with the ε4− participants, ε4+ participants had 2.4% higher plasma n–6 (ω-6) FA, lower C-peptide (3.9 compared with 4.2 nmol/L × h) and sensitive C-reactive protein values, and decreased plasma malondialdehyde concentrations over time (P < 0.05; secondary outcome). Conclusions Lifestyle guidance given to healthy Finnish participants yielded small but beneficial changes. The INTε4+ group did not seem markedly more responsive to the guidance than the other groups. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03794141.

ACS Style

Heidi M Leskinen; Maaria Tringham; Heli Karjalainen; Terhi K Iso-Touru; Hanna-Leena Hietaranta-Luoma; Pertti J Marnila; Juha-Matti Pihlava; Timo Hurme; Santeri J Kankaanpää; Hannu Puolijoki; Kari Åkerman; Laura Tanner; Mari Sandell; Kirsi Vähäkangas; Anu Hopia; Raija Tahvonen; L Susanna Rokka. APOE Genotype Disclosure and Lifestyle Advice in a Randomized Intervention Study with Finnish Participants. The Journal of Nutrition 2020, 151, 85 -97.

AMA Style

Heidi M Leskinen, Maaria Tringham, Heli Karjalainen, Terhi K Iso-Touru, Hanna-Leena Hietaranta-Luoma, Pertti J Marnila, Juha-Matti Pihlava, Timo Hurme, Santeri J Kankaanpää, Hannu Puolijoki, Kari Åkerman, Laura Tanner, Mari Sandell, Kirsi Vähäkangas, Anu Hopia, Raija Tahvonen, L Susanna Rokka. APOE Genotype Disclosure and Lifestyle Advice in a Randomized Intervention Study with Finnish Participants. The Journal of Nutrition. 2020; 151 (1):85-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heidi M Leskinen; Maaria Tringham; Heli Karjalainen; Terhi K Iso-Touru; Hanna-Leena Hietaranta-Luoma; Pertti J Marnila; Juha-Matti Pihlava; Timo Hurme; Santeri J Kankaanpää; Hannu Puolijoki; Kari Åkerman; Laura Tanner; Mari Sandell; Kirsi Vähäkangas; Anu Hopia; Raija Tahvonen; L Susanna Rokka. 2020. "APOE Genotype Disclosure and Lifestyle Advice in a Randomized Intervention Study with Finnish Participants." The Journal of Nutrition 151, no. 1: 85-97.

Original article
Published: 08 October 2020 in Journal of Applied Microbiology
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Aims The aim of the study was to investigate the isomerization of linoleic (LA) and linolenic acids (LNAs) into their conjugated isomers by Propionibacterium freudenreichii DSM 20270 and utilize this feature for microbial enrichment of blackcurrant press residue (BCPR) with health‐beneficial conjugated fatty acids. Methods and Results First, the ability of P. freudenreichii to isomerize 0.4 mg ml‐1 of LA and LNA was studied in lactate growth medium. Free LA and α‐LNA were efficiently converted into conjugated linoleic (CLA) and α‐linolenic acid (α‐CLNA), being the predominant isomers c9,t11‐CLA and c9,t11,c15‐CLNA, respectively. The bioconversion of α‐LNA by P. freudenreichii was more efficient in terms of formation rate, yield and isomer‐specificity. Thereafter, free LA and LNAs obtained from hydrolyzed BCPR neutral lipids, by lipolytically active oat flour, were subjected to microbial isomerization in BCPR slurries. In 10% (w/v) slurries, a simultaneous enrichment in c9,t11‐CLA and c9,t11,c15‐CLNA of up to 0.51 and 0.29 mg ml‐1 was observed from starting levels of 0.96 mg LA ml‐1 and 0.37 mg α‐LNA ml‐1, respectively. Conclusions This study shows that growing cultures of P. freudenreichii DSM 20270 are able to simultaneously enrich BCPR with health‐beneficial conjugated isomers of LA and α‐LNA. Significance and Impact of Study This study demonstrates that microbial isomerization technique can be utilized to enrich lipid‐containing plant materials with bioactive compounds and thereby enable valorization of low value plant‐based side streams from food industry into value‐added food ingredients.

ACS Style

Marjatta Vahvaselkä; Heidi Leskinen; Leenamaija Mäkilä; Heikki Kallio; Simo Laakso; Baoru Yang. Microbial enrichment of blackcurrant press residue with conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2020, 130, 1602 -1610.

AMA Style

Marjatta Vahvaselkä, Heidi Leskinen, Leenamaija Mäkilä, Heikki Kallio, Simo Laakso, Baoru Yang. Microbial enrichment of blackcurrant press residue with conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2020; 130 (5):1602-1610.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marjatta Vahvaselkä; Heidi Leskinen; Leenamaija Mäkilä; Heikki Kallio; Simo Laakso; Baoru Yang. 2020. "Microbial enrichment of blackcurrant press residue with conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids." Journal of Applied Microbiology 130, no. 5: 1602-1610.

Journal article
Published: 09 September 2020 in Scientific Reports
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The objective of this study was to compare the effect of contrasting sources of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA on expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in dairy cows. During 63 days, fifteen lactating cows were assigned to a control or basal diet containing no added lipid (n = 5 cows); and treatment diets supplemented with SO (n = 5 cows; unrefined soybean oil; 2.9% of DM) or FO (n = 5 cows; fish oil manufactured from salmon oil; 2.9% of DM). Plasma for fatty acid (FA) analysis and milk somatic cells (MSC) were obtained from all cows at the beginning of the study (day 0) and on days 21, 42 and 63. Plasma was used to determine FA transport dynamics. Compared with control and FO, plasma from SO had increased contents of C18:1 cis-9, C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 and total monounsaturated FA. On the other hand, compared with control and SO, FO increased plasma contents of C20:3 n-3, C20:3 n-6, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3 and total polyunsaturated FA. Moreover, plasma C18:3 n-3 and C20:5 n-3 increased over time for all diets. Compared with control, SO downregulated ACACA, INSIG1, and DGAT1, whereas FO downregulated ACACA, PPARGC1, LPIN1 and FABP3 on day 63, in MSC. At different time-points, SO and FO downregulated genes related to synthesis and intracellular transport of FA, synthesis of triglycerides, and transcription factors.

ACS Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza; María Sol Morales; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor; Jaime Romero. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid sources on expression of lipid-related genes in bovine milk somatic cells. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Nathaly Cancino-Padilla, Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza, María Sol Morales, Heidi Leskinen, Philip C. Garnsworthy, Juan J. Loor, Jaime Romero. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid sources on expression of lipid-related genes in bovine milk somatic cells. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza; María Sol Morales; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor; Jaime Romero. 2020. "Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid sources on expression of lipid-related genes in bovine milk somatic cells." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-11.

Research article
Published: 06 August 2020 in PLOS ONE
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We evaluated the between-cow (b-cow) variation and repeatability in omasal and milk fatty acids (FA) related to methane (CH4) emission. The dataset was originated from 9 studies with rumen-cannulated dairy cows conducted using either a switch-back or a Latin square design. Production of CH4 per mole of VFA (Y_CH4VFA) was calculated based on VFA stoichiometry. Experiment, diet within experiment, period within experiment, and cow within experiment were considered as random factors. Empirical models were developed between the variables of interest by univariate and bivariate mixed model regression analysis. The variation associated with diet was higher than the b-cow variation with low repeatability (< 0.25) for milk odd- and branch-chain FA (OBCFA). Similarly, for de novo synthesized milk FA, diet variation was ~ 3-fold greater than the b-cow variation; repeatability for these FA was moderate to high (0.34–0.58). Also, for both cis-9 C18:1 and cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 C18:3 diet variation was more than double the b-cow variation, but repeatability was moderate. Among the de novo milk FA, C4:0 was positively related with stoichiometric Y_CH4VFA, while for OBCFA, anteiso C15:0 and C15:0 were negatively related with it. Notably, when analyzing the relationship between omasal FA and milk FA we observed positive intercept estimates for all the OBCFA, which may indicate endogenous post-ruminal synthesis of these FA, most likely in the mammary gland. For milk iso C13:0, iso C15:0, anteiso C15:0, and C15:0 were positively influenced by omasal proportion of their respective FA and by energy balance. In contrast, the concentration of milk C17:0, iso C18:0, C18:0, cis-11 C18:1, and cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 C18:3 were positively influenced by omasal proportion of their respective FA but negatively related to calculated energy balance. Our findings demonstrate that for most milk FA examined, a larger variation is attributed to diet than b-cow differences with low to moderate repeatability. While some milk FA were positively or negatively related with Y_CH4VFA, there was a pronounced effect of calculated energy balance on these estimates. Additionally, even though OBCFA have been indicated as markers of rumen function, our results suggest that endogenous synthesis of these FA may occur, which therefore, may limit the utilization of milk FA as a proxy for CH4 predictions for cows fed the same diet.

ACS Style

J. De Souza; H. Leskinen; A. L. Lock; K. J. Shingfield; P. Huhtanen. Between-cow variation in milk fatty acids associated with methane production. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0235357 .

AMA Style

J. De Souza, H. Leskinen, A. L. Lock, K. J. Shingfield, P. Huhtanen. Between-cow variation in milk fatty acids associated with methane production. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (8):e0235357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. De Souza; H. Leskinen; A. L. Lock; K. J. Shingfield; P. Huhtanen. 2020. "Between-cow variation in milk fatty acids associated with methane production." PLOS ONE 15, no. 8: e0235357.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2019 in Animals
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This study analyzed effects of vegetable oils fed to dairy cows on abundance of genes related to lipid metabolism in milk somatic cells (MSC). During 63 days, 15 cows were allocated to 3 treatments: a control diet with no added lipid the same diet supplemented with olive oil (OO, 30 g/kg DM) or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO, 30 g/kg DM). On days 21, 42 and 63, MSC were obtained from all cows. Relative abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism in MSC from cows fed control on days 42 and 63 was compared with relative abundance at day 21 to evaluate fold-changes. Those genes without changes over the time were selected to analyze effects of OO and HVO. Compared with control, on day 42, PLIN2 and THRSP were upregulated by OO. Compared with control, on day 21, HVO up regulated ACACA, down regulated FABP3, and on day 63 THRSP and FABP4 were down regulated. Dietary oil supplementation (3% DM) had a modest nutrigenomic effect on different biological functions such as acetate and FA activation and intra-cellular transport, lipid droplet formation, and transcription regulation in MSC.

ACS Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; María Sol Morales; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor; Jaime Romero. Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oils on Mammary Lipid-Related Genes in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals 2019, 10, 57 .

AMA Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza, Nathaly Cancino-Padilla, María Sol Morales, Heidi Leskinen, Philip C. Garnsworthy, Juan J. Loor, Jaime Romero. Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oils on Mammary Lipid-Related Genes in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals. 2019; 10 (1):57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; María Sol Morales; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor; Jaime Romero. 2019. "Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oils on Mammary Lipid-Related Genes in Holstein Dairy Cows." Animals 10, no. 1: 57.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2019 in Animals
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term supplementation of unsaturated oil on lipid metabolism and transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of mid-lactating dairy cows. The objective was achieved by supplementing dairy cows with soybean oil (SO; high in linoleic acid) or fish oil (FO; high in EPA and DHA) for 63 days (nine weeks). Cows were fed a control diet with no added lipid, or diets containing SO or FO (n = 5 cows/group). At the onset of the experiment (day 0) and on days 21, 42, and 63 of supplementation, blood and SAT samples were collected from each animal. Oil supplementation increased cholesterol and NEFA in plasma, with a greater effect of SO compared to FO. Concentration of BUN was lower in SO compared to control and FO at the end of the trial. Transcription of few genes was affected by dietary lipids: FABP4 had lowest expression in FO followed by SO and control. ACACA and FASN had higher expression in FO. Transcription of SCAP was higher but expression of INSIG1 was lower in SO. Overall, results revealed that compared to control, SO and FO had lipogenic effect in SAT.

ACS Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Massimo Bionaz; Macarena Garrido-Sartore; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; María Sol Morales; Jaime Romero; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor. Effect of Soybean Oil and Fish Oil on Lipid-Related Transcripts in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows. Animals 2019, 10, 54 .

AMA Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Massimo Bionaz, Macarena Garrido-Sartore, Nathaly Cancino-Padilla, María Sol Morales, Jaime Romero, Heidi Leskinen, Philip C. Garnsworthy, Juan J. Loor. Effect of Soybean Oil and Fish Oil on Lipid-Related Transcripts in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows. Animals. 2019; 10 (1):54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Massimo Bionaz; Macarena Garrido-Sartore; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; María Sol Morales; Jaime Romero; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor. 2019. "Effect of Soybean Oil and Fish Oil on Lipid-Related Transcripts in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows." Animals 10, no. 1: 54.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Journal of Dairy Science
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We examined the effects of 2 grass silage-based diets differing in forage:concentrate (FC) ratio and those of a red clover silage-based diet on intake, milk production, ruminal fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation, milk FA composition, and milk fat globule (MFG) size distribution. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows received the following treatments: grass silage-based diets containing high (70:30, HG) or low (30:70, LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet with an FC ratio of 50:50 (RC) on a dry matter basis. Determinations of MFG were performed from fresh milk samples without addition of EDTA so the results of fat globules >1 µm in diameter are emphasized instead of the entire globule population. Lower FC ratio in grass silage-based diets increased milk production with no effect on daily fat yield, leading to 13% lower milk fat concentration. The effect of FC ratio on MFG size was moderate. It did not affect the volume-weighted diameter in grass silage-based diets, although LG lowered the volume-surface diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm compared with HG. Compared with HG, feeding LG moderately decreased the biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6, leading to a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Feeding RC lowered milk fat concentration and daily milk fat yield compared with grass silage-based diets. The volume-weighted diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm was smaller in RC milk compared with grass silage-based diets. Feeding RC increased the flow of 18:3n-3 at the omasum by 2.4-fold and decreased the apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation compared with grass silage-based diets despite similar intake of 18:3n-3. It also resulted in the lowest amount of saturated FA and the highest amounts of cis-9 18:1, 18:3n-3, and polyunsaturated FA in milk. In conclusion, LG decreased milk fat content and induced minor changes in MFG size distribution compared with HG, whereas RC lowered milk fat production, altered milk FA composition to nutritionally more beneficial direction, and led to smaller MFG compared with grass silage-based diets.

ACS Style

Mari J. Jaakamo; Tytti J. Luukkonen; Piia K. Kairenius; Ali R. Bayat; Seppo A. Ahvenjärvi; Tuomo M. Tupasela; Johanna H. Vilkki; Kevin J. Shingfield; Heidi M. Leskinen. The effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and forage type on milk fatty acid composition and milk fat globule size of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 8825 -8838.

AMA Style

Mari J. Jaakamo, Tytti J. Luukkonen, Piia K. Kairenius, Ali R. Bayat, Seppo A. Ahvenjärvi, Tuomo M. Tupasela, Johanna H. Vilkki, Kevin J. Shingfield, Heidi M. Leskinen. The effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and forage type on milk fatty acid composition and milk fat globule size of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (10):8825-8838.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mari J. Jaakamo; Tytti J. Luukkonen; Piia K. Kairenius; Ali R. Bayat; Seppo A. Ahvenjärvi; Tuomo M. Tupasela; Johanna H. Vilkki; Kevin J. Shingfield; Heidi M. Leskinen. 2019. "The effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and forage type on milk fatty acid composition and milk fat globule size of lactating cows." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 10: 8825-8838.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2019 in Veterinary Sciences
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The objective of this study was to characterize the long-term transcriptomic effects of lipogenic genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of dairy cows supplemented with unsaturated (olive oil; OO) and saturated (hydrogenated vegetable oil; HVO) lipids. Cows were fed a control diet with no added lipid, or diets containing OO or HVO (n = 5 cows/group) for 63 days. SAT was obtained from the tail-head area at the onset of the study and after 21, 42, and 63 days of supplementation. Treatments had minor effects on expression of measured genes. Both fat supplements reduced expression of PPARG, HVO decreased transcription of the desaturase FADS2 and lipid droplet formation PLIN2, and OO increased transcription of FABP3. Both lipid treatments decreased expression of the transcription regulator SREBF1 and its chaperone (SCAP) during the first 21 days of treatment. Our data indicated that long-term feeding of OO and HVO have a relatively mild effect on expression of lipogenic genes in SAT of mid-lactating cows.

ACS Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Massimo Bionaz; Pietro Sciarresi-Arechabala; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; María Sol Morales; Jaime Romero; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor. Long-Term Effects of Dietary Olive Oil and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil on Expression of Lipogenic Genes in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows. Veterinary Sciences 2019, 6, 74 .

AMA Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Massimo Bionaz, Pietro Sciarresi-Arechabala, Nathaly Cancino-Padilla, María Sol Morales, Jaime Romero, Heidi Leskinen, Philip C. Garnsworthy, Juan J. Loor. Long-Term Effects of Dietary Olive Oil and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil on Expression of Lipogenic Genes in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows. Veterinary Sciences. 2019; 6 (3):74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Massimo Bionaz; Pietro Sciarresi-Arechabala; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; María Sol Morales; Jaime Romero; Heidi Leskinen; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Juan J. Loor. 2019. "Long-Term Effects of Dietary Olive Oil and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil on Expression of Lipogenic Genes in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows." Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 3: 74.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Livestock Science
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M. Sadeghi; G.R. Ghorbani; E. Ghasemi; S. Kargar; H. Leskinen; A.R. Bayat; M. H. Ghaffari. Source of supplemental dietary fat interacts with relative proportion of forage source in Holstein dairy cows: Production responses, milk fat composition, and rumen fermentation. Livestock Science 2019, 227, 143 -152.

AMA Style

M. Sadeghi, G.R. Ghorbani, E. Ghasemi, S. Kargar, H. Leskinen, A.R. Bayat, M. H. Ghaffari. Source of supplemental dietary fat interacts with relative proportion of forage source in Holstein dairy cows: Production responses, milk fat composition, and rumen fermentation. Livestock Science. 2019; 227 ():143-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Sadeghi; G.R. Ghorbani; E. Ghasemi; S. Kargar; H. Leskinen; A.R. Bayat; M. H. Ghaffari. 2019. "Source of supplemental dietary fat interacts with relative proportion of forage source in Holstein dairy cows: Production responses, milk fat composition, and rumen fermentation." Livestock Science 227, no. : 143-152.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2019 in Animals
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of dairy cows with different fatty acid sources (soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO)) on milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. During 63 days, fifteen Holstein cows averaging 198 ± 35 days in milk were assigned to three groups: control diet with no added lipid (n = 5 cows); and supplemented diets with SO (n = 5 cows; unrefined SO; 30 g/kg DM) or FO (n = 5 cows; FO from unrefined salmon oil; 30 g/kg DM). Milk production, milk fat, and milk protein were not affected by treatments. Saturated fatty acids in milk fat were decreased with SO and FO compared with control. C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 was increased with SO whereas C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, C20:3n-3, C20:3n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were the highest with FO. Draw temperature and firmness were higher in SO compared to control and FO ice creams. Melting resistance was higher in FO compared with control and SO ice creams. Supplementation of cow diets with SO and FO did not have detrimental effects on milk production, or ice cream physicochemical and sensory characteristics.

ACS Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza; Stefanie Vyhmeister; María Sol Morales; Heidi Leskinen; Jaime Romero; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Rodrigo A. Ibáñez. Effect of Feeding Cows with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Sources on Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Ice Cream. Animals 2019, 9, 568 .

AMA Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Nathaly Cancino-Padilla, Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza, Stefanie Vyhmeister, María Sol Morales, Heidi Leskinen, Jaime Romero, Philip C. Garnsworthy, Rodrigo A. Ibáñez. Effect of Feeding Cows with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Sources on Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Ice Cream. Animals. 2019; 9 (8):568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez; Nathaly Cancino-Padilla; Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza; Stefanie Vyhmeister; María Sol Morales; Heidi Leskinen; Jaime Romero; Philip C. Garnsworthy; Rodrigo A. Ibáñez. 2019. "Effect of Feeding Cows with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Sources on Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Ice Cream." Animals 9, no. 8: 568.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in lactating cows has been attributed to alterations in ruminal lipid metabolism leading to the formation of specific fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation intermediates that directly inhibit milk fat synthesis. However, the mechanisms responsible for decreased lipid synthesis in the mammary gland over time are not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet on milk FA composition and milk fat production over time, especially during MFD, and explore the associations between MFD and FA biohydrogenation intermediates in omasal digesta and milk. Four lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d experimental periods were fed diets formulated to cause differences in ruminal and mammary lipid metabolism. Treatments consisted of an iso-nitrogenous total mixed ration based on grass silage with a forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 without added oil, or with sunflower oil at 50 g/kg of diet dry matter. The high-concentrate diet with sunflower oil (HSO) induced a 2-stage drop in milk fat synthesis that was accompanied by specific temporal changes in the milk FA composition. The MFD on HSO was associated especially with trans-10 18:1 and also with trans-9,cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and omasal digesta across all diets and was accompanied by the appearance of trans-10,cis-15 18:2. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA was increased in HSO, but milk fat secretion was not associated with omasal or milk trans-10,cis-12 CLA. The temporal changes in milk fat content and yield and milk FA composition reflect the shift from the predominant ruminal biohydrogenation pathway to an alternative pathway. The ambiguous role of trans-10,cis-12 CLA suggests that trans-10 18:1, trans-9,cis-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-15 18:2 or additional mechanisms contributed to the diet-induced MFD in lactating cows.

ACS Style

H. Leskinen; L. Ventto; P. Kairenius; K.J. Shingfield; J. Vilkki. Temporal changes in milk fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 5148 -5160.

AMA Style

H. Leskinen, L. Ventto, P. Kairenius, K.J. Shingfield, J. Vilkki. Temporal changes in milk fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (6):5148-5160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Leskinen; L. Ventto; P. Kairenius; K.J. Shingfield; J. Vilkki. 2019. "Temporal changes in milk fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression in lactating cows." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 6: 5148-5160.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Journal of Dairy Science
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To investigate the metabolic changes in the adipose tissue (AT) of dairy cows under milk fat depression (MFD), 30 cows were randomly allocated to a control diet, a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-supplemented diet, or a high-starch diet supplemented with a mixture of sunflower and fish oil (2:1; as HSO diet) from 1 to 112 d in milk. Performance of animals, milk yield, milk composition, energy balance, and blood metabolites were measured during lactation. Quantitative PCR analyses were conducted on the AT samples collected at wk 3 and 15 of lactation. The CLA and HSO diets considerably depressed milk fat yield and milk fat content at both wk 3 and 15 in the absence of significant changes in milk protein and lactose contents. In addition, the HSO diet lowered milk yield at wk 15 and decreased dry matter intake of cows from wk 3 to 15. Compared with the control, both CLA and HSO groups showed reduced body weight loss, improved energy balance, and decreased plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate at early lactation. The gene expression analyses reflected suppressed lipolysis in AT of the CLA and HSO groups compared with the control at wk 3, as suggested by the downregulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and fatty acid binding protein 4 and the upregulation of perilipin 2. In addition, the HSO diet promoted lipogenesis in AT at wk 15 through the upregulation of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, perilipin 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. The CLA diet likely regulated insulin sensitivity in AT as it upregulated the transcription of various genes involved in insulin signaling, inflammatory responses, and ceramide metabolism, including protein kinase B2, nuclear factor κ B1, toll-like receptor 4, caveolin 1, serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1, and N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1. In contrast, the HSO diet resulted in little or no change in the pathways relevant to insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the CLA and HSO diets induced a shift in energy partitioning toward AT instead of mammary gland during lactation through the regulation of different pathways.

ACS Style

Nanbing Qin; Ali-Reza Bayat; Erminio Trevisi; Andrea Minuti; Piia Kairenius; Sirja Viitala; Mervi Mutikainen; Heidi Leskinen; Kari Elo; Tuomo Kokkonen; Johanna Vilkki. Dietary supplement of conjugated linoleic acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids suppressed the mobilization of body fat reserves in dairy cows at early lactation through different pathways. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 7954 -7970.

AMA Style

Nanbing Qin, Ali-Reza Bayat, Erminio Trevisi, Andrea Minuti, Piia Kairenius, Sirja Viitala, Mervi Mutikainen, Heidi Leskinen, Kari Elo, Tuomo Kokkonen, Johanna Vilkki. Dietary supplement of conjugated linoleic acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids suppressed the mobilization of body fat reserves in dairy cows at early lactation through different pathways. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (9):7954-7970.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nanbing Qin; Ali-Reza Bayat; Erminio Trevisi; Andrea Minuti; Piia Kairenius; Sirja Viitala; Mervi Mutikainen; Heidi Leskinen; Kari Elo; Tuomo Kokkonen; Johanna Vilkki. 2018. "Dietary supplement of conjugated linoleic acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids suppressed the mobilization of body fat reserves in dairy cows at early lactation through different pathways." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 9: 7954-7970.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Journal of Dairy Science
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P.G. Toral; G. Hervas; H. Leskinen; K.J. Shingfield; P. Frutos. In vitro ruminal biohydrogenation of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cows and ewes: Intermediate metabolites and pathways. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 6109 -6121.

AMA Style

P.G. Toral, G. Hervas, H. Leskinen, K.J. Shingfield, P. Frutos. In vitro ruminal biohydrogenation of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cows and ewes: Intermediate metabolites and pathways. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (7):6109-6121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P.G. Toral; G. Hervas; H. Leskinen; K.J. Shingfield; P. Frutos. 2018. "In vitro ruminal biohydrogenation of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cows and ewes: Intermediate metabolites and pathways." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 7: 6109-6121.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Fish oil (FO) alters ruminal biohydrogenation causing trans fatty acid (FA) intermediates to accumulate, but the effects of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA supply on ruminal long-chain FA metabolism and microbial communities in cattle fed FO are not well established. Four cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods to evaluate the effects of FO alone or in combination with plant oils high in 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 on rumen microbial ecology and flow of FA at the omasum. Treatments comprised a basal grass silage-based diet containing no additional oil (control) or supplements of FO (200 g/d) or FO (200 g/d) plus 500 g/d of sunflower oil (SFO) or linseed oil (LFO). Flow of FA was determined using the omasal sampling technique. The relative abundance of key biohydrogenating bacteria was assessed by quantitative PCR on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta. Fish oil-supplemented treatments increased the amounts of trans-18:1, trans-18:2, and 20- to 22-carbon polyunsaturated FA escaping the rumen. Relative to the control, oil supplements had no effect on the amount of 18:0 leaving the rumen, but LFO decreased the flow of 18:0 at the omasum compared with SFO. Both SFO and LFO increased trans-18:1 relative to FO, whereas LFO resulted in the highest trans-18:2 and 20- to 22-carbon FA flow. Supplements of FO plus plant oils shifted biohydrogenation toward trans-10 18:1 formation. Compared with FO alone, the ruminal metabolism of 22:6n-3 in the rumen of lactating cows is more extensive on diets containing higher amounts of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA. However, the biohydrogenation of 22:5n-3 was less extensive in LFO than SFO, but showed no difference between FO and diets containing plant oils. Ruminal outflow of 20:5n-3 was not altered when plant oils were added to FO. Alterations in the amount of intermediates at the omasum or ruminal biohydrogenation pathways were not accompanied by major changes in analyzed bacterial populations. In conclusion, dietary supplements of FO alone or in combination with plant oils increase the amount of biohydrogenation intermediates containing 1 or more trans double bonds escaping the rumen, which may have implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods.

ACS Style

P. Kairenius; Heidi Leskinen; V. Toivonen; S. Muetzel; S. Ahvenjärvi; Aila Vanhatalo; P. Huhtanen; R.J. Wallace; K.J. Shingfield. Effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 3021 -3035.

AMA Style

P. Kairenius, Heidi Leskinen, V. Toivonen, S. Muetzel, S. Ahvenjärvi, Aila Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen, R.J. Wallace, K.J. Shingfield. Effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (4):3021-3035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Kairenius; Heidi Leskinen; V. Toivonen; S. Muetzel; S. Ahvenjärvi; Aila Vanhatalo; P. Huhtanen; R.J. Wallace; K.J. Shingfield. 2018. "Effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 4: 3021-3035.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Four lipid supplements varying in chain length or degree of unsaturation were examined for their effects on milk yield and composition, ruminal CH4 emissions, rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and microbial ecology in lactating dairy cows. Five Nordic Red cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square with five 28-d periods. Treatments comprised total mixed rations based on grass silage with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 60:40 supplemented with no lipid (CO) or 50 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM) of myristic acid (MA), rapeseed oil (RO), safflower oil (SO), or linseed oil (LO). Feeding MA resulted in the lowest DM intake, and feeding RO reduced DM intake compared with CO. Feeding MA reduced the yields of milk, milk constituents, and energy-corrected milk. Plant oils did not influence yields of milk and milk constituents, but reduced milk protein content compared with CO. Treatments had no effect on rumen fermentation characteristics, other than an increase in ammonia-N concentration due to feeding MA, RO, and SO compared with CO. Lipid supplements reduced daily ruminal CH4 emission; however, the response was to some extent a result of lower feed intake. Lipids modified microbial community structure without affecting total counts of bacteria, archaea, and ciliate protozoa. Dietary treatments had no effect on the apparent total tract digestibility of organic matter, fiber, and gross energy. Treatments did not affect either energy secreted in milk as a proportion of energy intake or efficiency of dietary N utilization. All lipids lowered de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland. Plant oils increased proportions of milk fat 18:0, cis 18:1, trans and monounsaturated fatty acids, and decreased saturated fatty acids compared with CO and MA. Both SO and LO increased the proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total conjugated linolenic acid, and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Feeding MA clearly increased the Δ9 desaturation of fatty acids. Our results provide compelling evidence that plant oils supplemented to a grass silage-based diet reduce ruminal CH4 emission and milk saturated fatty acids, and increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and total conjugated linoleic acid while not interfering with digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial quantities, or milk production.

ACS Style

A.R. Bayat; Ilma Tapio; J. Vilkki; K.J. Shingfield; Heidi Leskinen. Plant oil supplements reduce methane emissions and improve milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets without affecting milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 1136 -1151.

AMA Style

A.R. Bayat, Ilma Tapio, J. Vilkki, K.J. Shingfield, Heidi Leskinen. Plant oil supplements reduce methane emissions and improve milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets without affecting milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (2):1136-1151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.R. Bayat; Ilma Tapio; J. Vilkki; K.J. Shingfield; Heidi Leskinen. 2018. "Plant oil supplements reduce methane emissions and improve milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets without affecting milk yield." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 2: 1136-1151.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Translational Animal Science
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The effects of supplementing high- or low-concentrate diets with sunflower oil (SO) on rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and ruminal methane (CH4) emissions in lactating cows were examined. Four multiparous Nordic Red dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d periods. Experimental treatments comprised iso-nitrogenous total mixed rations based on grass silage with forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 supplemented with 0 or 50 g/kg diet DM of SO. Apparent ruminal OM and starch digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) with high- than low-concentrate diets but was unaffected by SO. Inclusion of SO in high-concentrate diet decreased (P ≤ 0.05) apparent total tract OM, fiber, and GE, and apparent ruminal fiber digestibility. High-concentrate diets and SO shifted (P < 0.05) fiber digestion from rumen to the hindgut. High-concentrate diet resulted in a lower rumen pH and elevated total rumen VFA concentration compared with low-concentrate diet, whereas SO increased rumen pH and decreased rumen VFA concentration when included in high-, but not low-concentrate diet (P < 0.05 for interaction). High-concentrate diet reduced rumen ammonia-N (P < 0.01) and molar proportion of acetate to propionate (P < 0.01), and decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal CH4 emissions when expressed as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen. With both low- and high-concentrate diets, SO reduced (P < 0.05) daily emissions of CH4 as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen, but SO reduced CH4 emissions expressed as g/kg OM intake, OM digested in total digestive tract, energy-corrected milk or % of GE intake only with low-concentrate diet (P ≤ 0.05 for interaction). In conclusion, replacing grass silage with concentrates led to a reduction in daily ruminal CH4 emissions that were accompanied by a shift in rumen fermentation toward the synthesis of propionate, and decreases in rumen pH and fiber digestion. Sunflower oil was effective in reducing daily CH4 emissions in lactating cows which was accompanied by a noticeable lower feed intake with high- but not low-concentrate diet. Overall the effects of SO and greater proportion of concentrates in the diet on daily CH4 emissions were additive but the additivity declined or vanished when different indices of CH4 emission intensity were considered. Consequently, SO was more effective in reducing CH4 emissions when low-concentrate diet was fed.

ACS Style

A. R. Bayat; Laura Ventto; Piia Kairenius; Tomasz Stefanski; Heidi Leskinen; Ilma Tapio; Enyew Negussie; Johanna Vilkki; K. J. Shingfield. Dietary forage to concentrate ratio and sunflower oil supplement alter rumen fermentation, ruminal methane emissions, and nutrient utilization in lactating cows1. Translational Animal Science 2017, 1, 277 -286.

AMA Style

A. R. Bayat, Laura Ventto, Piia Kairenius, Tomasz Stefanski, Heidi Leskinen, Ilma Tapio, Enyew Negussie, Johanna Vilkki, K. J. Shingfield. Dietary forage to concentrate ratio and sunflower oil supplement alter rumen fermentation, ruminal methane emissions, and nutrient utilization in lactating cows1. Translational Animal Science. 2017; 1 (3):277-286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. R. Bayat; Laura Ventto; Piia Kairenius; Tomasz Stefanski; Heidi Leskinen; Ilma Tapio; Enyew Negussie; Johanna Vilkki; K. J. Shingfield. 2017. "Dietary forage to concentrate ratio and sunflower oil supplement alter rumen fermentation, ruminal methane emissions, and nutrient utilization in lactating cows1." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 3: 277-286.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Journal of Dairy Science
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The modulation of milk fat nutritional quality through fish oil supplementation seems to be largely explained by the action of n-3 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of C18 fatty acids (FA). However, relationships among this action, disappearance of those PUFA in the rumen, and potential detrimental consequences on ruminal fermentation remain uncertain. This study compared the effect of 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid; DPA), and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) on rumen fermentation and BH of C18 FA and was conducted simultaneously in cows and sheep to provide novel insights into interspecies differences. The trial was performed in vitro using batch cultures of rumen microorganisms with inocula collected from cannulated cows and ewes. The PUFA were added at a dose of 2% incubated dry matter, and treatment effects on ruminal C18 FA concentrations, PUFA disappearances, and fermentation parameters (gas production, ammonia and volatile FA concentrations, and dry matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearances) were examined after 24 h of incubation. A principal component analysis suggested that responses to PUFA treatments explained most of the variability; those of ruminant species were of lower relevance. Overall, EPA and DHA were equally effective for inhibiting the saturation of trans-11 18:1 to 18:0 and had a similar influence on ruminal fermentation in cows and sheep (e.g., reductions in gas production and acetate:propionate ratio). Nevertheless, DHA further promoted alternative BH pathways that lead to trans-10 18:1 accumulation, and EPA seemed to have specific effects on 18:3n-3 metabolism. Only minor variations attributable to DPA were observed in the studied parameters, suggesting a low contribution of this FA to the action of marine lipids. Although most changes due to the added PUFA were comparable in bovine and ovine, there were also relevant specificities, such as a stronger inhibition of 18:0 formation in cows and a greater increase in 18:3n-3 metabolites in sheep. No direct relationship between in vitro disappearance of the incubated PUFA and effect on BH (in particular, inhibition of the last step) was found in either cows or ewes, calling into question a putative link between extent of disappearance and toxicity for microbiota. Conversely, an association between the influence of these PUFA on ruminal lipid metabolism and fermentation may exist in both species. In vivo verification of these findings would be advisable. The modulation of milk fat nutritional quality through fish oil supplementation seems to be largely explained by the action of n-3 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of C18 fatty acids (FA). However, relationships among this action, disappearance of those PUFA in the rumen, and potential detrimental consequences on ruminal fermentation remain uncertain. This study compared the effect of 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid; DPA), and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) on rumen fermentation and BH of C18 FA and was conducted simultaneously in cows and sheep to provide novel insights into interspecies differences. The trial was performed in vitro using batch cultures of rumen microorganisms with inocula collected from cannulated cows and ewes. The PUFA were added at a dose of 2% incubated dry matter, and treatment effects on ruminal C18 FA concentrations, PUFA disappearances, and fermentation parameters (gas production, ammonia and volatile FA concentrations, and dry matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearances) were examined after 24 h of incubation. A principal component analysis suggested that responses to PUFA treatments explained most of the variability; those of ruminant species were of lower relevance. Overall, EPA and DHA were equally effective for inhibiting the saturation of trans-11 18:1 to 18:0 and had a similar influence on ruminal fermentation in cows and sheep (e.g., reductions in gas production and acetate:propionate ratio). Nevertheless, DHA further promoted alternative BH pathways that lead to trans-10 18:1 accumulation, and EPA seemed to have specific effects on 18:3n-3 metabolism. Only minor variations attributable to DPA were observed in the studied parameters, suggesting a low contribution of this FA to the action of marine lipids. Although most changes due to the added PUFA were comparable in bovine and ovine, there were also relevant specificities, such as a stronger inhibition of 18:0 formation in cows and a greater increase in 18:3n-3 metabolites in sheep. No direct relationship between in vitro disappearance of the incubated PUFA and effect on BH (in particular, inhibition of the last step) was found in either cows or ewes, calling into question a putative link between extent of disappearance and toxicity for microbiota. Conversely, an association between the influence of these PUFA on ruminal lipid metabolism and fermentation may exist in both species. In vivo verification of these findings would be advisable.

ACS Style

Pablo G. Toral; Gonzalo Hervás; D. Carreño; H. Leskinen; Alvaro Belenguer; K.J. Shingfield; Pilar Frutos. In vitro response to EPA, DPA, and DHA: Comparison of effects on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation of 18-carbon fatty acids in cows and ewes. Journal of Dairy Science 2017, 100, 6187 -6198.

AMA Style

Pablo G. Toral, Gonzalo Hervás, D. Carreño, H. Leskinen, Alvaro Belenguer, K.J. Shingfield, Pilar Frutos. In vitro response to EPA, DPA, and DHA: Comparison of effects on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation of 18-carbon fatty acids in cows and ewes. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017; 100 (8):6187-6198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo G. Toral; Gonzalo Hervás; D. Carreño; H. Leskinen; Alvaro Belenguer; K.J. Shingfield; Pilar Frutos. 2017. "In vitro response to EPA, DPA, and DHA: Comparison of effects on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation of 18-carbon fatty acids in cows and ewes." Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 8: 6187-6198.