Biomaterials originate from natural substances and are widely used in medicine. Although they have to satisfy many conditions to be useful for treatment, more and more research is carried out with new types of biomaterials that can help replace various tissues such as tendons and bones. Chitosan is a very promising material, revealing unique features, which makes it useful for veterinary medicine - antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability. It is also known as good scaffold material, especially when combined with other polymers. This article describes chitosan as a biomaterial and tissue engineering scaffold with possible applications in veterinary medicine

Electroencephalography is a noninvasive method used for the measurement of central nervous system bioelectrical activity. Besides its use for neurological disorders diagnostics in humans and animals, it was found to be useful as a part of the anesthetic monitoring. Introducing the electroencephalography (EEG) measurement intraoperatively in humans and in animals, due to its high specificity and sensitivity (limited number of wave patterns and high number of variabilities influencing them), with comparison to cardiovascular parameters might significantly increase the quality of anesthesia. The use of EEG during equine anesthesia may help to maintain a proper depth of anesthesia in this species. Due to the fact that EEG analyzers were designed for humans, there are still limitations of their use in horses, and different methods of analysis are studied. The paper introduces the physiology of EEG, its use in animals during anesthesia, and specification for horses.

Management of equine anesthesia monitoring is still a challenge. Careful monitoring to provide guidelines for anesthesia depth assessment currently relies upon eye signs, cardiopulmonary responses, and the level of muscle relaxation. Electroencephalography, as a non-invasive brain activity monitor, may be used to complement the routinely monitored physiologic parameters. Six horses, undergoing various surgical procedures and anesthesia protocols, were monitored with the use of a Root with Sedline EEG monitor and a routine monitor of life parameters. The life parameters were compared to the changes on the EEG density spectral array observed live during anesthesia. During all procedures the level of awareness was monitored using the EEG, with higher frequency and power of waves indicating a higher level of awareness. It was evident from this that there were variations according to the type of procedure and the anesthetic protocol. Cerebral activity was elevated during painful moments of the surgery and recovery, requiring adjustments in anesthetic concentrations. Evaluation of changes in the spectral edge frequency (SEF) could show the periods when the patient is stabilized. EEG monitoring has the potential to be used in clinical anesthesiology of horses. It was shown that this system may be used in horses under general anesthesia but is currently less effective in a standing horse for diagnostic or minor procedures.

Most of the mandibular fractures occur as a result of accidents, kicks, or falls. The treatment of fractures located in the incisor region is quite successful with the use of the wiring method. Fractures that occur within the body of the mandible are more complicated. Some of them are open and infected and involve the cheek teeth, which makes treatment quite challenging. In these cases, using bone plates mounted directly on the bone would constitute poor technique. External skeletal fixators can be a good alternative for treatment of complicated fractures. In this article we present the construction and the possible use of a unilateral external fixator dedicated for the treatment of mandibular body fractures. The fixator consists of one rod having a diameter of 8 mm and a length of 20 cm, four booms, four connectors, and four self-threading apex pins with a diameter of 6 mm. Stainless steel was used in the production of the fixator. The device has been successfully used for the treatment of open mandible fractures. The stabilizer is light and is small in size, simple to use, and easily assembled and disassembled. It can be adjusted in three planes.

Melanomas in horses are most often associated with gray, older horses with an average age of over 16 years. Anaplastic malignant melanoma, however, can very rarely affect non-gray horses. Herein, we report a case of a 16-year-old Wielkopolski gelding with a chronic lameness caused by a mass in the hoof. The first resection of the lesion and histopathological examination confirmed the presence of a keratoma. The regrown mass and persistent lameness resulted in another mass resection. The second histopathological examination result suggested a neoplastic growth of melanocytic origin with a low histological malignancy. Less than 2 years after the first resection, the horse returned to the clinic with deformation of the hoof capsule and severe lameness. The result of the third histopathological examination indicated low-differentiated malignant neoplasm. The result of the immunohistochemically test indicates a tumor of melanocytic origin with high malignancy.

Details var a2a_config = a2a_config || {}; a2a_config.onclick = 1; a2a_config.locale = "pl"; a2a_config.color_main = "D7E5ED"; a2a_config.color_border = "9D9D9D"; a2a_config.color_link_text = "ffffff"; a2a_config.color_link_text_hover = "ffffff"; a2a_config.color_bg = "d9d9d9"; a2a_config.icon_color = "#4e4e4e"; a2a_config.exclude_services = ["dihitt", "delicious", "whatsapp", "dzone", "sms", "stumpedia", "viber", "yahoo_messenger", "google_plus"]; Details PDF BIBTEX RIS Title Biomechanical study in vitro on the use of self-designed external fixator in diaphyseal III metacarpal fractures in horses Journal title Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Yearbook 2015 Issue No 2 Authors Turek, B. ; Czopowicz, M. ; Potyński, A. ; Wajler, C. ; Szara, T. ; Drewnowska, O. Divisions of PAS Nauki Biologiczne i Rolnicze Publisher Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Veterinary Sciences ; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Date 2015[2015.01.01 AD - 2015.12.31 AD] Identifier DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0042 ; ISSN 1505-1773 Source Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2015; No 2 References Nemeth (1991), The use of the walking cast to repair fractures in horses and ponies, Equine Vet J, 23. ; Nunamaker (2008), A tapered - sleeve transcortical pin external skeletal fixation device for use in horses : development application , and experience, Vet Surg, 37. ; Aithal (2010), Management of tibial fractures using a circular external fixator in two calves, Vet Surg, 39. ; Cervantez (1996), An in vitro biomechanical study of a multiplanar circular external fixator applied to equine third metacarpal bones, Vet Surg, 25, 1, doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01370.x ; Sod (2005), An in vitro biomechanical comparison of a prototype equine metacarpal dynamic compression plate fixation with double dynamic compression plate fixation of osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones, Vet Surg, 34, 594, doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00093.x ; Aithal (2004), The use of a circular external skeletal fixation device for management of long bone osteotomies in large ruminants : an experimental study, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 51. ; Hopper (2000), In vitro comparison of transfixation and standard full - limb casts for prevention of displacement of a mid - diaphyseal third metacarpal osteotomy site in horses, Am J Vet Res, 61. ; Sod (2005), a An in vitro biomechanical comparison of a limited - contact dynamic compression plate fixation with a dynamic compression plate fixation of osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones, Vet Surg, 34, 579, doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00092.x ; Leskun (2007), Evaluation of transfixation casting for treatment of third metacarpal , third metatarsal , and phalangeal fractures in horses cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc, 37, 230. ; De Godoy (2009), Da Treatment of a periarticular tibial fracture in a foal with a hybrid external fixator, Vet Surg, 38. ; McClure (1994), a In vitro comparison of the effect of parallel and divergent transfixation pins on breaking strength of equine third metacarpal bones, Am J Vet Res, 55. ; Bilgili (2008), Use of a circular external skeletal fixator to treat comminuted metacarpal and tibial fractures in six calves, Vet Rec, 163. ; McClure (1996), In vitro evaluation of four methods of attaching transfixation pins into a fiberglass cast for use in horses, Am J Vet Res, 57. ; McDuffee (1994), An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail for fixation of diaphyseal tibial fractures in adult horses, Vet Surg, 23, 219, doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00476.x ; McClure (1994), In vitro comparison of the standard short limb cast and three configurations of short limb transfixation casts in equine forelimbs, Am J Vet Res, 55. ; Joyce (2006), Use of transfixation pin casts to treat adult horses with comminuted phalangeal fractures cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc, 20, 229. ; McClure (1998), Complete fractures of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone in horses cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc, 25, 1980. ; Sod (2008), In vitro biomechanical comparison of locking compression plate fixation and limited - contact dynamic compression plate fixation of osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones, Vet Surg, 37, 283, doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00378.x ; Bischofberger (2009), Surgical management of complete diaphyseal third metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures : clinical outcome in mature horses and foals, Equine Vet J, 10. ; Fitch (2001), An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an intramedullary nailing technique for repair of third metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in neonates and foals, Vet Surg, 30, 422, doi.org/10.1053/jvet.2001.25866 ; Galuppo (2002), An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an MP intramedullary interlocking nail system for repair of third metacarpal fractures in adult horses, Vet Surg, 35, 211, doi.org/10.1053/jvet.2002.32400