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Herein we report a route to sulfur–starch composites by the modification of corn starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and its subsequent reaction with elemental sulfur to generate OSSx (where x = wt% sulfur, either 90 or 95).
Moira K. Lauer; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Inverse vulcanization of octenyl succinate-modified corn starch as a route to biopolymer–sulfur composites. Materials Advances 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMoira K. Lauer, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Inverse vulcanization of octenyl succinate-modified corn starch as a route to biopolymer–sulfur composites. Materials Advances. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoira K. Lauer; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2021. "Inverse vulcanization of octenyl succinate-modified corn starch as a route to biopolymer–sulfur composites." Materials Advances , no. : 1.
This paper is review with 119 references. Approaches to supplant currently used plastics with materials made from more sustainably-sourced monomers is one of the great contemporary challenges in sustainable chemistry. Fatty acids are attractive candidates as polymer precursors because they can be affordably produced on all inhabited continents, and they are also abundant as underutilized by-products of other industries. In surveying the array of synthetic approaches to convert fatty acids into polymers, those routes that produce organosulfur polymers stand out as being especially attractive from a sustainability standpoint. The first well-explored synthetic approach to fatty acid-derived organosulfur polymers employs the thiol-ene click reaction or the closely-related thiol-yne variation. This approach is high-yielding under mild conditions with up to 100% atom economy and high functional group tolerance. More recently, inverse vulcanization has been employed to access high sulfur-content polymers by the reaction of fatty acid-derived olefins with elemental sulfur. This approach is attractive not only because it is theoretically 100% atom economical but also because elemental sulfur is itself an underutilized by-product of fossil fuel refining. The thiol-ene, inverse vulcanization, and mechanistically-related thiol-yne and classic vulcanization are therefore discussed as promising routes to access polymers and composites from fatty acid-derived precursors.
Ashlyn D. Smith; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Sulfur-Containing Polymers Prepared from Fatty Acid-Derived Monomers: Application of Atom-Economical Thiol-ene/Thiol-yne Click Reactions and Inverse Vulcanization Strategies. Sustainable Chemistry 2020, 1, 209 -237.
AMA StyleAshlyn D. Smith, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Sulfur-Containing Polymers Prepared from Fatty Acid-Derived Monomers: Application of Atom-Economical Thiol-ene/Thiol-yne Click Reactions and Inverse Vulcanization Strategies. Sustainable Chemistry. 2020; 1 (3):209-237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAshlyn D. Smith; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Sulfur-Containing Polymers Prepared from Fatty Acid-Derived Monomers: Application of Atom-Economical Thiol-ene/Thiol-yne Click Reactions and Inverse Vulcanization Strategies." Sustainable Chemistry 1, no. 3: 209-237.
Lignocellulosic biomass holds a tremendous opportunity for transformation into carbon-negative materials, yet the expense of separating biomass into its cellulose and lignin components remains a primary economic barrier to biomass utilization.
Moira K. Lauer; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Robust, remeltable and remarkably simple to prepare biomass–sulfur composites. Materials Advances 2020, 1, 2271 -2278.
AMA StyleMoira K. Lauer, Menisha S. Karunarathna, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Robust, remeltable and remarkably simple to prepare biomass–sulfur composites. Materials Advances. 2020; 1 (7):2271-2278.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoira K. Lauer; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Robust, remeltable and remarkably simple to prepare biomass–sulfur composites." Materials Advances 1, no. 7: 2271-2278.
A simple approach to a high sulfur-content material from biomass-derived guaiacol and waste sulfur is introduced.
Menisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Rhett C. Smith. Facile route to an organosulfur composite from biomass-derived guaiacol and waste sulfur. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2020, 8, 20318 -20322.
AMA StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna, Moira K. Lauer, Rhett C. Smith. Facile route to an organosulfur composite from biomass-derived guaiacol and waste sulfur. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2020; 8 (39):20318-20322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Facile route to an organosulfur composite from biomass-derived guaiacol and waste sulfur." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 39: 20318-20322.
Interest in starch‐based films has increased precipitously in response to a growing demand for more sustainable and environmentally sourced food packaging materials. Starch is an optimal candidate for these applications given its ability to form thermoplastic materials and films with affordable and often sustainably sourced plasticizers like those produced as waste byproducts by biodiesel and agricultural industries. Starch is also globally ubiquitous, affordable, and environmentally benign. Although the process of producing starch films is relatively straightforward, numerous factors, including starch source, extraction method, film formulation, processing methods, and curing procedures, drastically impact the ultimate material properties. The significant strides made from 2015 to early 2020 toward elucidating how these variables can be leveraged to improve mechanical and barrier properties as well as the implementation of various additives or procedural modifications are cataloged in this review. Advances toward the development of functional films containing antioxidant, antibacterial, or spoilage indicating components to prevent or signal the degradation of food products are also discussed.
Moira K. Lauer; Rhett C. Smith. Recent advances in starch‐based films toward food packaging applications: Physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2020, 19, 3031 -3083.
AMA StyleMoira K. Lauer, Rhett C. Smith. Recent advances in starch‐based films toward food packaging applications: Physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020; 19 (6):3031-3083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoira K. Lauer; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Recent advances in starch‐based films toward food packaging applications: Physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19, no. 6: 3031-3083.
Fossil fuel refining produces over 70 Mt of excess sulfur annually from for which there is currently no practical use. Recently, methods to convert waste sulfur to recyclable and biodegradable polymers have been delineated. In this report, a commercial bisphenol A (BPA) derivative, 2,2′,5,5′-tetrabromo(bisphenol A) (Br4BPA), is explored as a potential organic monomer for copolymerization with elemental sulfur by RASP (radical-induced aryl halide-sulfur polymerization). Resultant copolymers, BASx (x = wt% sulfur in the monomer feed, screened for values of 80, 85, 90, and 95) were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Analysis of early stage reaction products and depolymerization products support proposed S–Caryl bond formation and regiochemistry, while fractionation of BASx reveals a sulfur rank of 3–6. Copolymers having less organic cross-linker (5 or 10 wt%) in the monomer feed were thermoplastics, whereas thermosets were accomplished when 15 or 20 wt% of organic cross-linker was used. The flexural strengths of the thermally processable samples (>3.4 MPa and >4.7 for BAS95 and BAS90, respectively) were quite high compared to those of familiar building materials such as portland cement (3.7 MPa). Furthermore, copolymer BAS90 proved quite resistant to degradation by oxidizing organic acid, maintaining its full flexural strength after soaking in 0.5 M H2SO4 for 24 h. BAS90 could also be remelted and recast into shapes over many cycles without any loss of mechanical strength. This study on the effect of monomer ratio on properties of materials prepared by RASP of small molecular aryl halides confirms that highly cross-linked materials with varying physical and mechanical properties can be accessed by this protocol. This work is also an important step towards potentially upcycling BPA from plastic degradation and sulfur from fossil fuel refining.
Timmy Thiounn; Moira K. Lauer; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Copolymerization of a Bisphenol a Derivative and Elemental Sulfur by the RASP Process. Sustainable Chemistry 2020, 1, 183 -197.
AMA StyleTimmy Thiounn, Moira K. Lauer, Menisha S. Karunarathna, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Copolymerization of a Bisphenol a Derivative and Elemental Sulfur by the RASP Process. Sustainable Chemistry. 2020; 1 (2):183-197.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimmy Thiounn; Moira K. Lauer; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Copolymerization of a Bisphenol a Derivative and Elemental Sulfur by the RASP Process." Sustainable Chemistry 1, no. 2: 183-197.
This report details how sequential crosslinking processes can be applied to develop properties in sulfur‐bisphenol A composites. Olefinic carbons were first crosslinked by inverse vulcanization (InV) at 180°C and then aryl carbon crosslinking was affected via radical‐induced aryl halide‐sulfur polymerization (RASP) at 220°C. To demonstrate that these two crosslinking mechanisms are orthogonal and can be used to affect stepwise property changes, O,O′‐diallyl‐2,2′,5,5′‐tetrabromobisphenol A was selected as a comonomer. After InV of the monomer with 90 wt% sulfur, a flexible plastic material having an elongation at break of 89% was obtained, whereas after heating this premade polymer to initiate RASP, the polymer develops a threefold increase in its tensile strength and has an elongation at break of only 29%. The sequential crosslinking strategy demonstrated herein thus provides an innovative approach to tuning the properties of high sulfur‐content materials.
Timmy Thiounn; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Lauren M. Slann; Moira K. Lauer; Rhett C. Smith. Sequential crosslinking for mechanical property development in high sulfur content composites. Journal of Polymer Science 2020, 58, 2943 -2950.
AMA StyleTimmy Thiounn, Menisha S. Karunarathna, Lauren M. Slann, Moira K. Lauer, Rhett C. Smith. Sequential crosslinking for mechanical property development in high sulfur content composites. Journal of Polymer Science. 2020; 58 (20):2943-2950.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimmy Thiounn; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Lauren M. Slann; Moira K. Lauer; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Sequential crosslinking for mechanical property development in high sulfur content composites." Journal of Polymer Science 58, no. 20: 2943-2950.
Herein we report a green route to thermoplastics from cellulose, the terpenoid geraniol, and fossil fuel byproduct sulfur with an overall atom economy of 90% over three steps. The only stoichiometric byproducts are NaCl and water. The process involves (1) oxidation of cellulose, (2) amino acid-catalyzed esterification, and (3) cross-linking of olefins with sulfur to give GCSx (x = wt % sulfur, varied from 80–90%). The thermoplastics exhibit flexural strengths and moduli competitive with some commercial materials and are recyclable without loss of strength. The method delineated herein should be applicable to many combinations of saccharide and terpenoid precursors to facilitate similarly green routes to a range of sustainably sourced materials.
Moira K. Lauer; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Green Synthesis of Thermoplastic Composites from a Terpenoid-Cellulose Ester. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2020, 2, 3761 -3765.
AMA StyleMoira K. Lauer, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Green Synthesis of Thermoplastic Composites from a Terpenoid-Cellulose Ester. ACS Applied Polymer Materials. 2020; 2 (9):3761-3765.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoira K. Lauer; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Green Synthesis of Thermoplastic Composites from a Terpenoid-Cellulose Ester." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2, no. 9: 3761-3765.
Terpenoid cyclization reactions were observed in the course of reacting terpenes and sulfur to yield durable composites.
Charini P. Maladeniya; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Claudia V. Lopez; Timmy Thiounn; Rhett C. Smith. A role for terpenoid cyclization in the atom economical polymerization of terpenoids with sulfur to yield durable composites. Materials Advances 2020, 1, 1665 -1674.
AMA StyleCharini P. Maladeniya, Menisha S. Karunarathna, Moira K. Lauer, Claudia V. Lopez, Timmy Thiounn, Rhett C. Smith. A role for terpenoid cyclization in the atom economical polymerization of terpenoids with sulfur to yield durable composites. Materials Advances. 2020; 1 (6):1665-1674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharini P. Maladeniya; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Claudia V. Lopez; Timmy Thiounn; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "A role for terpenoid cyclization in the atom economical polymerization of terpenoids with sulfur to yield durable composites." Materials Advances 1, no. 6: 1665-1674.
Here are reported composites made by crosslinking unsaturated units in canola, sunflower, or linseed oil with sulfur to yield CanS , SunS , and LinS , respectively. These plant oils were selected because the average number of crosslinkable unsaturated units per triglyceride vary from 1.3 for canola to 1.5 for sunflower and 1.8 for linseed oil. The remeltable composites show compressive strengths that increase with increasing unsaturation number from CanS (9.3 MPa) to SunS (17.9 MPa) to LinS (22.9 MPa). These values for SunS and LinS are competitive when compared with the value of 17 MPa required for residential building using traditional Portland cement. The plant oil composites are recyclable over many cycles and can retain up to 100% of strength after 24 hr in oxidizing acid under conditions where Portland cement is dissolved in under 30 min. Infusion of the composites into premade cement blocks affords them with significantly improved acid resistance as well. This work thus provides a simple, nearly 100% atom economical route to convert plant oils and waste sulfur to composites having enhanced performance over commercial structural materials.
Claudia V. Lopez; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Charini P. Maladeniya; Timmy Thiounn; Edward D. Ackley; Rhett C. Smith. High strength, acid‐resistant composites from canola, sunflower, or linseed oils: Influence of triglyceride unsaturation on material properties. Journal of Polymer Science 2020, 58, 2259 -2266.
AMA StyleClaudia V. Lopez, Menisha S. Karunarathna, Moira K. Lauer, Charini P. Maladeniya, Timmy Thiounn, Edward D. Ackley, Rhett C. Smith. High strength, acid‐resistant composites from canola, sunflower, or linseed oils: Influence of triglyceride unsaturation on material properties. Journal of Polymer Science. 2020; 58 (16):2259-2266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia V. Lopez; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Charini P. Maladeniya; Timmy Thiounn; Edward D. Ackley; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "High strength, acid‐resistant composites from canola, sunflower, or linseed oils: Influence of triglyceride unsaturation on material properties." Journal of Polymer Science 58, no. 16: 2259-2266.
A review with 132 references. Societal and regulatory pressures are pushing industry towards more sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, while the growing popularity of portable cordless electronic devices continues. These trends necessitate the ability to store large amounts of power efficiently in rechargeable batteries that should also be affordable and long-lasting. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have recently gained renewed interest for their potential low cost and high energy density, potentially over 2600 Wh kg−1. The current review will detail the most recent advances in early 2020. The focus will be on reports published since the last review on Li-S batteries. This review is meant to be helpful for beginners as well as useful for those doing research in the field, and will delineate some of the cutting-edge adaptations of many avenues that are being pursued to improve the performance and safety of Li-S batteries.
Claudia V. Lopez; Charini P. Maladeniya; Rhett C. Smith. Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends. Electrochem 2020, 1, 226 -259.
AMA StyleClaudia V. Lopez, Charini P. Maladeniya, Rhett C. Smith. Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends. Electrochem. 2020; 1 (3):226-259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia V. Lopez; Charini P. Maladeniya; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends." Electrochem 1, no. 3: 226-259.
A composite was prepared from biomass and waste sulfur from fossil fuel refining.
Moira K. Lauer; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Recyclable, sustainable, and stronger than portland cement: a composite from unseparated biomass and fossil fuel waste. Materials Advances 2020, 1, 590 -594.
AMA StyleMoira K. Lauer, Menisha S. Karunarathna, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Recyclable, sustainable, and stronger than portland cement: a composite from unseparated biomass and fossil fuel waste. Materials Advances. 2020; 1 (4):590-594.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoira K. Lauer; Menisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Recyclable, sustainable, and stronger than portland cement: a composite from unseparated biomass and fossil fuel waste." Materials Advances 1, no. 4: 590-594.
The global production and consumption of plastics has increased at an alarming rate over the last few decades. The accumulation of pervasive and persistent waste plastic has concomitantly increased in landfills and the environment. The societal, ecological, and economic problems of plastic waste/pollution demand immediate and decisive action. In 2015, only 9% of plastic waste was successfully recycled in the United States. The major current recycling processes focus on the mechanical recycling of plastic waste; however, even this process is limited by the sorting/pretreatment of plastic waste and degradation of plastics during the process. An alternative to mechanical processes is chemical recycling of plastic waste. Efficient chemical recycling would allow for the production of feedstocks for various uses including fuels and chemical feedstocks to replace petrochemicals. This review focuses on the most recent advances for the chemical recycling of three major polymers found in plastic waste: PET, PE, and PP. Commercial processes for recycling hydrolysable polymers like polyesters or polyamides, polyolefins, or mixed waste streams are also discussed.
Timmy Thiounn; Rhett C. Smith. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2020, 58, 1347 -1364.
AMA StyleTimmy Thiounn, Rhett C. Smith. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2020; 58 (10):1347-1364.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimmy Thiounn; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58, no. 10: 1347-1364.
RASP (radical-induced aryl halide-sulfur polymerization) is reported as a new route to high sulfur-content materials.
Menisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Copolymerization of an aryl halide and elemental sulfur as a route to high sulfur content materials. Polymer Chemistry 2020, 11, 1621 -1628.
AMA StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna, Moira K. Lauer, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Copolymerization of an aryl halide and elemental sulfur as a route to high sulfur content materials. Polymer Chemistry. 2020; 11 (9):1621-1628.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Copolymerization of an aryl halide and elemental sulfur as a route to high sulfur content materials." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 9: 1621-1628.
Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer and is the sustainable feedstock most likely to supplant petroleum-derived aromatics and downstream products. Rich in functional groups, lignin is largely peerless in its potential for chemical modification towards attaining target properties. Lignin’s crosslinked network structure can be exploited in composites to endow them with remarkable strength, as exemplified in timber and other structural elements of plants. Yet lignin may also be depolymerized, modified, or blended with other polymers. This review focuses on substituting petrochemicals with lignin derivatives, with a particular focus on applications more significant in terms of potential commercialization volume, including polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde resins, lignin-based carbon fibers, and emergent melt-processable waste-derived materials. This review will illuminate advances from the last eight years in the prospective utilization of such lignin-derived products in a range of application such as adhesives, plastics, automotive components, construction materials, and composites. Particular technical issues associated with lignin processing and emerging alternatives for future developments are discussed.
Menisha S. Karunarathna; Rhett C. Smith. Valorization of Lignin as a Sustainable Component of Structural Materials and Composites: Advances from 2011 to 2019. Sustainability 2020, 12, 734 .
AMA StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna, Rhett C. Smith. Valorization of Lignin as a Sustainable Component of Structural Materials and Composites: Advances from 2011 to 2019. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (2):734.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna; Rhett C. Smith. 2020. "Valorization of Lignin as a Sustainable Component of Structural Materials and Composites: Advances from 2011 to 2019." Sustainability 12, no. 2: 734.
Chlorolignin can be copolymerized with sulfur in different ratios to form durable, recyclable materials.
Menisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Facile new approach to high sulfur-content materials and preparation of sulfur–lignin copolymers. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2019, 8, 548 -553.
AMA StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Facile new approach to high sulfur-content materials and preparation of sulfur–lignin copolymers. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2019; 8 (2):548-553.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2019. "Facile new approach to high sulfur-content materials and preparation of sulfur–lignin copolymers." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 2: 548-553.
Two tetraarylphosphonium polyelectrolytes having perfluorocyclobutyl units in their backbones have been prepared in which the counteranion is either bromide (PFP·Br) or bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonimide (PFP·NTf2). These polymers exhibit high thermal stability as assessed by thermogravimetric analysis, with a decomposition temperature of 460 °C for PFP·NTf2. Even after heating at 300 °C for 72 h, PFP·NTf2 shows no signs of degradation detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. As is typical for many tetraarylphosphonium species, films of these polymers can be quite resistant to degradation by alkaline solution. Upon alkaline challenge by exposure to 6 M NaOH at 65 °C for 24 h, for example, only 16% of the phosphonium centers in PFP·NTf2 are degraded, making PFP·NTf2 one of the most alkaline‐stable phosphonium polymers to date. Despite having ionic backbones, PFP·Br and PFP·NTf2 exhibit very low critical surface energies of 26.1 and 22.9 mJ m−1, respectively. These values are on par with the values for poly(vinylene fluoride) and dimethylsiloxane. Such low surface energy polycations capable of high alkaline stability may find application as components of alkaline fuel cell membranes. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019
Wang Wan; Monte S. Bedford; Rhett C. Smith. Tetraarylphosphonium perfluorocyclobutyl polyelectrolyte with low critical surface energy, high thermal stability, and high alkaline resistance. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2019, 57, 2267 -2272.
AMA StyleWang Wan, Monte S. Bedford, Rhett C. Smith. Tetraarylphosphonium perfluorocyclobutyl polyelectrolyte with low critical surface energy, high thermal stability, and high alkaline resistance. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 2019; 57 (22):2267-2272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang Wan; Monte S. Bedford; Rhett C. Smith. 2019. "Tetraarylphosphonium perfluorocyclobutyl polyelectrolyte with low critical surface energy, high thermal stability, and high alkaline resistance." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 57, no. 22: 2267-2272.
Copolymers of waste sulfur and bacterially-produced tyrosine are reported.
Timmy Thiounn; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Durable, acid-resistant copolymers from industrial by-product sulfur and microbially-produced tyrosine. RSC Advances 2019, 9, 31460 -31465.
AMA StyleTimmy Thiounn, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Durable, acid-resistant copolymers from industrial by-product sulfur and microbially-produced tyrosine. RSC Advances. 2019; 9 (54):31460-31465.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimmy Thiounn; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2019. "Durable, acid-resistant copolymers from industrial by-product sulfur and microbially-produced tyrosine." RSC Advances 9, no. 54: 31460-31465.
Moira K. Lauer; Tatiana A. Estrada‐Mendoza; Colin D. McMillen; George Chumanov; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. Durable Cellulose–Sulfur Composites Derived from Agricultural and Petrochemical Waste. Advanced Sustainable Systems 2019, 3, 1 .
AMA StyleMoira K. Lauer, Tatiana A. Estrada‐Mendoza, Colin D. McMillen, George Chumanov, Andrew G. Tennyson, Rhett C. Smith. Durable Cellulose–Sulfur Composites Derived from Agricultural and Petrochemical Waste. Advanced Sustainable Systems. 2019; 3 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoira K. Lauer; Tatiana A. Estrada‐Mendoza; Colin D. McMillen; George Chumanov; Andrew G. Tennyson; Rhett C. Smith. 2019. "Durable Cellulose–Sulfur Composites Derived from Agricultural and Petrochemical Waste." Advanced Sustainable Systems 3, no. 10: 1.
Lignin is the second-most abundant biopolymer in nature and remains a severely underutilized waste product of agriculture and paper production.
Menisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Timmy Thiounn; Rhett C. Smith; Andrew G. Tennyson. Valorisation of waste to yield recyclable composites of elemental sulfur and lignin. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2019, 7, 15683 -15690.
AMA StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna, Moira K. Lauer, Timmy Thiounn, Rhett C. Smith, Andrew G. Tennyson. Valorisation of waste to yield recyclable composites of elemental sulfur and lignin. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2019; 7 (26):15683-15690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenisha S. Karunarathna; Moira K. Lauer; Timmy Thiounn; Rhett C. Smith; Andrew G. Tennyson. 2019. "Valorisation of waste to yield recyclable composites of elemental sulfur and lignin." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 26: 15683-15690.