Coalbed methane (CBM) is an unconventional natural gas primarily stored in coal seams. The efficient recovery of CBM mainly depends on the desorption and diffusion process. In this study, a stepwise wetting–corrosion method employing a combination of surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine) and acid (hydrochloric acid) was proposed to promote the desorption and diffusion of CBM. The microstructure and CH₄ desorption–diffusion characteristics of the coal samples treated with the stepwise wetting–corrosion method were evaluated at varying concentrations of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The relationship between wettability, specific surface area, and CH₄ adsorption–desorption was identified, and the effect of pore connectivity on CH₄ diffusion was investigated. The results indicate that the stepwise wetting–corrosion treatment eliminated mineral blockages within the coal matrix, thereby clearing the microporous pathways and improving the overall pore connectivity for methane transport enhancement. By preventing the contact between the surfactant and the acid, the breakdown of surfactant molecules was inhibited. This enabled homogeneous acidizing throughout the coal matrix, which reduced the specific surface area and increased the methane desorption rate by 13.99%. In addition, a significant reduction in the mass transfer Biot number and a notable enhancement in methane diffusivity were obtained. Therefore, the stepwise wetting–corrosion method combining CAB and HCl shows a potential to increase gas production and will provide an alternative to traditional high-energy fracturing techniques, contributing to efficient and sustainable CBM extraction.