Polyphenols are natural compounds with promising prophylactic and therapeutic applications. However, their methods of extraction, using organic solvents, may prove to be unsuitable for daily consumption or for certain medical indications. Here, we describe the neuroprotective effects of grape polyphenols extracted in an eco-sustainable manner in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (NHI). Polyphenols (resveratrol, pterostilben and viniferin) were obtained using a subcritical water extraction technology to avoid organic solvents and heavy metals associated with chemical synthesis processes. A resveratrol or a polyphenol cocktail were administered to pregnant females at a nutritional dose and different time windows, prior to induction of NHI in pups. Reduced brain edema and lesion volumes were observed in rat pups whose mothers were supplemented with polyphenols. Moreover, the preservation of motor and cognitive functions (including learning and memory) was evidenced in the same animals. Our results pave the way to the use of polyphenols to prevent brain lesions and their associated deficits that follow NHI, which is a major cause of neonatal death and disabilities.

Due to the rate of occurrence of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, its neuronal sequelae, and the lack of effective therapies, the development of new neuroprotective strategies is required. Polyphenols (including resveratrol) are molecules whose anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties could be effective against the damage induced by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. In this review article, very recent data concerning the neuroprotective role of polyphenols and the mechanisms at play are detailed, including a boost in brain energy metabolism. The results obtained with innovative approaches, such as maternal supplementation at nutritional doses, suggest that polyphenols could be a promising prophylactic treatment for neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.

Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (nHI) is a major cause of death or subsequent disabilities in infants. Hypoxia-ischemia causes brain lesions, which are induced by a strong reduction in oxygen and nutrient supply. Hypothermia is the only validated beneficial intervention, but not all newborns respond to it and today no pharmacological treatment exists. Among possible therapeutic agents to test,trans-resveratrol is an interesting candidate as it has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects in some neurodegenerative diseases. This experimental study aimed to investigate a possible neuroprotection by resveratrol in rat nHI, when administered to the pregnant rat female, at a nutritional dose. Several groups of pregnant female rats were studied in which resveratrol was added to drinking water either during the last week of pregnancy, the first week of lactation, or both. Then, 7-day old pups underwent a hypoxic-ischemic event. Pups were followed longitudinally, using both MRI and behavioral testing. Finally, a last group was studied in which breastfeeding females were supplemented 1 week with resveratrol just after the hypoxic-ischemic event of the pups (to test the curative rather than the preventive effect). To decipher the molecular mechanisms of this neuroprotection, RT-qPCR and Western blots were also performed on pup brain samples. Data clearly indicated that when pregnant and/or breastfeeding females were supplemented with resveratrol, hypoxic-ischemic offspring brain lesions were significantly reduced. Moreover, maternal resveratrol supplementation allowed to reverse sensorimotor and cognitive deficits caused by the insult. The best recoveries were observed when resveratrol was administered during both gestation and lactation (2 weeks before the hypoxic-ischemic event in pups). Furthermore, neuroprotection was also observed in the curative group, but only at the latest stages examined. Our hypothesis is that resveratrol, in addition to the well-known neuroprotective benefitsviathe sirtuin’s pathway (antioxidant properties, inhibition of apoptosis), has an impact on brain metabolism, and more specifically on the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) as suggested by RT-qPCR and Western blot data, that contributes to the neuroprotective effects.

Les Rhabdomyosarcomes (RMS) sont des sarcomes qui touchent préférentiellement les enfants et les adolescents. Les RMS sont à l'origine de nombreuses métastases qui sont responsables d'une réduction importante de l'espérance de vie du malade. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-tendant la migration et l'invasion des RMS pourrait orienter vers de nouvelles thérapies visant à enrayer le développement de métastases. La dissémination métastatique fait intervenir de nombreuses protéases dont la µ- et la m-calpaïne, cystéine-protéases, constituant avec leur inhibiteur endogène, la calpastatine, le système protéolytique neutre calcium-dépendant. Dans différents travaux, l'activité de ces calpaïnes a été montrée comme dérégulée, notamment dans le cancer du rein, de la peau ou encore les adénocarcinomes colorectaux. Une connaissance approfondie de l'impact de la dérégulation de l'activité des calpaïnes sur la dissémination métastatique pourrait en faire des cibles thérapeutiques de choix. L’étude de l’activité, de l’expression et de la localisation des différents composants du système protéolytique neutre calcium-dépendant a permis de mettre en évidence une activité dérégulée des calpaïnes dans les RMS. Cette forte activité serait due à une expression très faible de la calpastatine. L’analyse comparative des caractéristiques adhésives et cinétiques des RMS par rapport aux cellules témoins, des myoblastes humains (LHCN-M2) montre un faible taux d’adhésion associé à une vitesse de migration élevée des RMS. L’activité calpaïne présente une corrélation linéaire positive avec la vitesse de migration ; les calpaïnes se présentent donc comme marqueur de l’agressivité tumorale. L’inhibition des calpaïnes par la calpeptine réduit fortement cette vitesse. Le cytosquelette des RMS est désorganisé et ne présente pas, contrairement à celui des cellules non-tumorales, de fibres de stress. À ce niveau, les études pour tenter de discriminer le rôle de la µ-calpaïne et de la m-calpaïne, utilisant des oligonucléotides antisens, montrent que dans les LHCN-M2, la µ-calpaïne jouerait un rôle prépondérant dans la régulation de l’alpha-actine en régulant de manière négative son expression. Quant à la béta-actine, elle serait régulée, aussi de manière négative, mais, uniquement par la m-calpaïne. Dans les ARMS, la µ-calpaïne et la m-calpaïne jouent un rôle similaire en stimulant l’expression des deux isoformes. De plus, le pouvoir invasif important des RMS est fortement diminué lorsque l’activité calpaïne est inhibée. L’implication des calpaïnes tant au niveau de l’adhésion, de la migration que de l’invasion des RMS font de ces dernières une cible d’étude importante pour tenter de contrecarrer le développement de métastases.