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Innocent Tumwebaze
Department of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK

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Commentary
Published: 20 May 2021 in Sustainability
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User-friendly, evidence-based scientific tools to support sanitation decisions are still limited in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. This commentary provides lessons learned from the development of two sanitation decision support tools developed in collaboration with stakeholders in Uganda. We engaged with stakeholders in a variety of ways to effectively obtain their input in the development of the decision support tools. Key lessons learned included: tailoring tools to stakeholder decision-making needs; simplifying the tools as much as possible for ease of application and use; creating an enabling environment that allows active stakeholder participation; having a dedicated and responsive team to plan and execute stakeholder engagement activities; involving stakeholders early in the process; having funding sources that are flexible and long-term; and including resources for the acquisition of local data. This reflection provides benchmarks for future research and the development of tools that utilize scientific data and emphasizes the importance of engaging with stakeholders in the development process.

ACS Style

Innocent Tumwebaze; Joan Rose; Nynke Hofstra; Matthew Verbyla; Daniel Okaali; Panagis Katsivelis; Heather Murphy. Bridging Science and Practice-Importance of Stakeholders in the Development of Decision Support: Lessons Learned. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5744 .

AMA Style

Innocent Tumwebaze, Joan Rose, Nynke Hofstra, Matthew Verbyla, Daniel Okaali, Panagis Katsivelis, Heather Murphy. Bridging Science and Practice-Importance of Stakeholders in the Development of Decision Support: Lessons Learned. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent Tumwebaze; Joan Rose; Nynke Hofstra; Matthew Verbyla; Daniel Okaali; Panagis Katsivelis; Heather Murphy. 2021. "Bridging Science and Practice-Importance of Stakeholders in the Development of Decision Support: Lessons Learned." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5744.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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Shared sanitation is not currently accepted within the international normative definitions of “basic” or “safely managed” sanitation. We argue that pro-poor government strategies and investment plans must include high-quality shared sanitation as an intermediate step in some densely populated urban areas. User experience must be considered in establishing the definition of high quality. We call for additional research on effective interventions to reach these quality standards and for the development of rigorous measures applicable to global monitoring.

ACS Style

James B. Tidwell; Jenala Chipungu; Ian Ross; Prince Antwi-Agyei; Mahbub-Ul Alam; Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Guy Norman; Oliver Cumming; Sheillah Simiyu. Where Shared Sanitation is the Only Immediate Option: A Research Agenda for Shared Sanitation in Densely Populated Low-Income Urban Settings. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021, 104, 429 -432.

AMA Style

James B. Tidwell, Jenala Chipungu, Ian Ross, Prince Antwi-Agyei, Mahbub-Ul Alam, Innocent K. Tumwebaze, Guy Norman, Oliver Cumming, Sheillah Simiyu. Where Shared Sanitation is the Only Immediate Option: A Research Agenda for Shared Sanitation in Densely Populated Low-Income Urban Settings. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2021; 104 (2):429-432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James B. Tidwell; Jenala Chipungu; Ian Ross; Prince Antwi-Agyei; Mahbub-Ul Alam; Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Guy Norman; Oliver Cumming; Sheillah Simiyu. 2021. "Where Shared Sanitation is the Only Immediate Option: A Research Agenda for Shared Sanitation in Densely Populated Low-Income Urban Settings." The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 2: 429-432.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Social Science & Medicine
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Access to and use of hygienic shared sanitation facilities is fundamental in reducing the high risk of diseases such as diarrhoea and respiratory infections. We evaluated the effectiveness of group discussions and commitment in improving the cleaning behaviour of shared sanitation users in three urban slums in Kampala, Uganda. The study follows the risk, attitudes, norms, abilities and self-regulation (RANAS) model of behaviour change and some factors of the social dilemma theory. A pre-versus post-intervention survey was conducted in three slums of Kampala, Uganda, between December 2012 and September 2013. From the pre-intervention findings, users of dirty sanitation facilities were randomly assigned to discussions, discussions + commitment and control interventions. The interventions were implemented for 3 months with the aim of improving cleaning behaviour. This paper provides an analysis of 119 respondents who belonged to the intervention discussion-only (n = 38), discussions + commitment (n = 41) and the control (no intervention, n = 40) groups. Compared to the control, discussions and discussions + commitment significantly improved shared toilet users' cleaning behaviour. The rate of improvement was observed through behavioural determinants such as cleaning obligation, cleaning ease, cleaning approval and affective beliefs. Our study findings show that group discussions and commitment interventions derived from RANAS model of behaviour change are effective in improving the shared sanitation users' cleaning behaviour.

ACS Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Hans-Joachim Mosler. Effectiveness of group discussions and commitment in improving cleaning behaviour of shared sanitation users in Kampala, Uganda slums. Social Science & Medicine 2015, 147, 72 -79.

AMA Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze, Hans-Joachim Mosler. Effectiveness of group discussions and commitment in improving cleaning behaviour of shared sanitation users in Kampala, Uganda slums. Social Science & Medicine. 2015; 147 ():72-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Hans-Joachim Mosler. 2015. "Effectiveness of group discussions and commitment in improving cleaning behaviour of shared sanitation users in Kampala, Uganda slums." Social Science & Medicine 147, no. : 72-79.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2014 in BMC Public Health
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Dirty shared toilets are a health risk to users in urban slum settlements. For health and non-health benefits among users of shared toilets to be guaranteed, their cleanliness is important. The objective of this study was to investigate the cleanliness situation of shared toilets in Kampala’s slums and the psychological and social dilemma factors influencing users’ cleaning behaviour and commitment by using the risks, attitudes, norms, ability and self-regulation (RANAS) model and factors derived from the social dilemma theory. We conducted a cross-sectional study in three slums of Kampala between December 2012 and January 2013. Data were collected from 424 household respondents that were primarily using shared toilets. Semi-structured questionnaires administered through face-to-face interviews were used in data collection. Linear regression was done for the multivariate analysis to test for the association between respondent cleaning behaviour and a combination of RANAS and social dilemma predictors. Out of 424 respondents interviewed, 44.3% reported cleaning the shared toilet daily, 34.4% cleaned once or several times a week, 1.4% cleaned every second week, 5.4% cleaned once or several times a month and 14.4% did not participate in cleaning. The main RANAS factors significantly associated with respondents’ cleaning behaviour were: attitudinal affective belief associated with cleaning a shared toilet (β = −0.13, P = 0.00) and self-regulating factors, such as coping planning (β = 0.42, P = 0.00), commitment (β = 0.24, P = 0.00), and remembering (β = 0.10, P = 0.01). For social dilemma factors, only the social motive factor was statistically significant (β = 0.15, P = 0.00). The R square for the linear model on factors influencing cleaning behaviour was 0.77 and R square for factors influencing cleaning commitment was 0.70. The RANAS factors provide a more robust understanding of shared toilet users’ cleaning behaviour than social dilemma factors. Self-regulating factors and changing the negative affective cleaning feelings are shown to be very important for interventions to increase shared toilet users’ collective participation in their cleaning. In addition to RANAS, social dilemma factors have an important influence on slum residents’ commitment to clean their shared toilets. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1260) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ACS Style

Innocent K Tumwebaze; Hans-Joachim Mosler. Shared toilet users’ collective cleaning and determinant factors in Kampala slums, Uganda. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1260 .

AMA Style

Innocent K Tumwebaze, Hans-Joachim Mosler. Shared toilet users’ collective cleaning and determinant factors in Kampala slums, Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14 (1):1260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent K Tumwebaze; Hans-Joachim Mosler. 2014. "Shared toilet users’ collective cleaning and determinant factors in Kampala slums, Uganda." BMC Public Health 14, no. 1: 1260.

Review
Published: 17 May 2014 in Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
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Shared toilets are a common good in urban slums, but need to be maintained and cleaned for users to positively benefit from having access to them. Collective participation of the shared toilet users is required to keep them clean and ensure adequate hygiene. However, users' decisions on whether to participate or not in the cleaning of the shared toilets are a social dilemma. If each of the shared toilets' users decided not to participate in their cleaning, the facilities could end up in a deteriorated unhygienic state and become a health risk to them and to the community at large. In this paper, we provide an overview of the social dilemma approach and highlight how the factors important in the management of social dilemmas can be relevant to understanding the cleaning behaviour of shared toilet users in urban slums.

ACS Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Hans-Joachim Mosler. Why clean the toilet if others don't? Using a social dilemma approach to understand users of shared toilets' collective cleaning behaviour in urban slums: a review. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2014, 4, 359 -370.

AMA Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze, Hans-Joachim Mosler. Why clean the toilet if others don't? Using a social dilemma approach to understand users of shared toilets' collective cleaning behaviour in urban slums: a review. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 2014; 4 (3):359-370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Hans-Joachim Mosler. 2014. "Why clean the toilet if others don't? Using a social dilemma approach to understand users of shared toilets' collective cleaning behaviour in urban slums: a review." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 3: 359-370.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Habitat International
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ACS Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Charles B. Niwagaba; Isabel Günther; Hans-Joachim Mosler. Determinants of households' cleaning intention for shared toilets: Case of 50 slums in Kampala, Uganda. Habitat International 2014, 41, 108 -113.

AMA Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze, Charles B. Niwagaba, Isabel Günther, Hans-Joachim Mosler. Determinants of households' cleaning intention for shared toilets: Case of 50 slums in Kampala, Uganda. Habitat International. 2014; 41 ():108-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Charles B. Niwagaba; Isabel Günther; Hans-Joachim Mosler. 2014. "Determinants of households' cleaning intention for shared toilets: Case of 50 slums in Kampala, Uganda." Habitat International 41, no. : 108-113.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2013 in Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
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Access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation is a key public health measure to prevent outbreak of diseases such as diarrhoea. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 50 randomly selected slums of Kampala to assess the sources of water and sanitation facilities used in urban informal settlements. A total of 1,500 household respondents were interviewed. More than half (63.6%) of the respondents were using piped water for their domestic needs. The majority of the respondents (68.3%) had shared sanitation facilities and only 20% of the respondents had private ones. The factors influencing access to sanitation facilities included; household ownership, number of families sharing a toilet stand, cost of the sanitation facilities, stability of the income of household members and cleanliness of the facilities used. This paper thus provides knowledge insights on which more sustainable options for water and sanitation technologies in urban poor settlements can be based.

ACS Style

Innocent Kamara Tumwebaze; Christoph Lüthi. Households' access and use of water and sanitation facilities in poor urban areas of Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2013, 3, 96 -105.

AMA Style

Innocent Kamara Tumwebaze, Christoph Lüthi. Households' access and use of water and sanitation facilities in poor urban areas of Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 2013; 3 (2):96-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent Kamara Tumwebaze; Christoph Lüthi. 2013. "Households' access and use of water and sanitation facilities in poor urban areas of Kampala, Uganda." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 2: 96-105.

Original articles
Published: 01 June 2013 in International Journal of Environmental Health Research
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Access to improved sanitation is a key preventive measure against sanitary-related gastro-enteric diseases such as diarrhoea. We assessed the access to sanitation facilities and users' satisfaction in 50 randomly selected slums of Kampala through a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010. A total of 1500 household respondents were interviewed. Sixty-eight per cent of the respondents used shared toilets, 20% private, 11% public toilets and less than 1% reported using flying toilets or practising open defecation. More than half of the respondents (51.7%) were not satisfied with their sanitation facilities. Determinants for satisfaction with the facilities used included the nature and type of toilet facilities used, their cleanliness, and the number of families sharing them. The study findings showed that slum dwellers had high access to sanitation facilities. However, most of them were shared and majority of the respondents were not satisfied with their facilities, primarily due to cleanliness and over demand.

ACS Style

Innocent Kamara Tumwebaze; Christopher Garimoi Orach; Charles Niwagaba; Christoph Luthi; Hans-Joachim Mosler. Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users' satisfaction and determinant factors. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 2013, 23, 191 -204.

AMA Style

Innocent Kamara Tumwebaze, Christopher Garimoi Orach, Charles Niwagaba, Christoph Luthi, Hans-Joachim Mosler. Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users' satisfaction and determinant factors. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2013; 23 (3):191-204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent Kamara Tumwebaze; Christopher Garimoi Orach; Charles Niwagaba; Christoph Luthi; Hans-Joachim Mosler. 2013. "Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users' satisfaction and determinant factors." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 23, no. 3: 191-204.

Papers
Published: 08 April 2011 in International Journal of Environmental Health Research
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Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) is a relatively new concept being promoted in many developing countries to improve sanitation coverage and recycle nutrients in excreta for agricultural production. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Kabale municipality, western Uganda to determine the coverage of Ecosan and factors affecting its uptake. A total of 806 respondents were interviewed, randomly selected from 32 of 77 (42%) villages in Kabale municipality. We held six focus group discussions and 10 key informant interviews. Ecosan coverage was found to be 20% (163/806). The factors that were significantly associated with Ecosan coverage included education, occupation, religion and age. Our study found a relatively high Ecosan coverage in Kabale municipality compared to the targeted national coverage of 15% by 2018. Policy-makers and organizations in Ecosan development ought to take into consideration the influence of education and socio-economic factors for successful uptake of ecological sanitation.

ACS Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Christopher G. Orach; Joan K. Nakayaga; Charles Karamagi; Christoph Luethi; Charles Niwagaba. Ecological sanitation coverage and factors affecting its uptake in Kabale municipality, western Uganda. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 2011, 21, 294 -305.

AMA Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze, Christopher G. Orach, Joan K. Nakayaga, Charles Karamagi, Christoph Luethi, Charles Niwagaba. Ecological sanitation coverage and factors affecting its uptake in Kabale municipality, western Uganda. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2011; 21 (4):294-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent K. Tumwebaze; Christopher G. Orach; Joan K. Nakayaga; Charles Karamagi; Christoph Luethi; Charles Niwagaba. 2011. "Ecological sanitation coverage and factors affecting its uptake in Kabale municipality, western Uganda." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 21, no. 4: 294-305.