| The present study was conducted to estimate various species of Avifauna found at Chashma Lake during winters (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). As the birds are the best indicators for environmental changes, the migratory bird’s fauna was observed from September to March 2017-2019. The line-transect method was used to explore the avifauna diversity at the study site. 16371 individuals were observed belonging to 11 families belonging to approximately 38 species during the present study. The relative abundance was found to be 1, the Shannon-wiener diversity index (H´) was calculated as 3.43, the Simpson index (D) was 0.96, and the Evenness was 0.35. L ittle Cormorant ( Microcarbo niger ), Gadwall ( Mareca streper) , Great Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo ) were found as the dominant species with the relative abundance of 0.07, 0.07 and 0.06, respectively. As migratory birds indicate a freshwater ecosystem, healthy bird species indicate a healthy habitat, while declining bird populations indicate degraded habitat. Studies concluded that the diversity of migratory birds is decreasing at Chashma Lake due to deforestation and illegal hunting leading to habitat degradation, so there is a dire need to protect avifauna diversity for the proper functioning and stability of an ecosystem.

| This study aims to assess the avifauna diversity in Dhapchapak lake and forest areas. There is no previous record of any detailed research on bird species in Dhapchapak lake and the forest area.The study was conducted to estimate the diversity and abundance of avifauna species found in dhapchapak wetland and forest during winter (2017-18 and 2018-19). As birds are the best indicator for environmental changes hence the migratory birds fauna was observed during September to March of the year 2017-1019. Point transect method was used to explore the avifauna diversity at study site. In current study, total of 13,933 birds belonging to 39 species, 21 families were observed. Among these 39 species, 33 bird’s species were terrestrial and the rest of 21 bird’s species were aquatic. In water birds species, Great Egret is the most abundant specie of 2017-18 year, while in 2018-19 year, most abundant specie is Little Cormorant. In forest birds species, most abundant species of the study area were recorded as Little Cormorant and Northern Pintail. As migratory birds indicate ecosystem condition, healthy birds species indicate healthy habitat, while declining birds indicate degraded habitat. The objective of this study was to determine the bird species composition, species diversity, species richness, species evenness and status of bird species.

This study investigates the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats across three different locations: Barakhel, Tank, and Manzai. One hundred eighty goat samples were examined for trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes. Trematode infections were detected in 3.8% of the samples, with Paramphistomum sp. identified as the sole trematode species. Cestodes, specifically Moniezia sp., were found in 8.8% of the samples. Nematodes were the most prevalent, with four species in 60% of the samples. The nematode species identified included Trichurus ovis (38.8%), Dictyocaulus viviparus (16.11%), Haemonchus contortus (5.5%), and Trichostrongylus sp. (5%). In Barakhel, infection rates were 56.7% in males and 70% in females, while in Tank, infection rates were 43.3% and 30%, respectively. In Manzai, 83.3% of male goats and 80% of female goats were infected. The most common parasite in all areas was Trichuris ovis (whipworm). The results indicate a high burden of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in goats, with significant variation between sexes and locations, highlighting the need for targeted control measures in these regions.