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Diogo Fleury Azevedo Costa; Simon Paul Quigley; Peter Isherwood; Stuart Ross McLennan; Xiao Qiao Sun; Steven James Gibbs; Dennis Paul Poppi. Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation increased the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen fluid of cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 2020, 49, 1 .
AMA StyleDiogo Fleury Azevedo Costa, Simon Paul Quigley, Peter Isherwood, Stuart Ross McLennan, Xiao Qiao Sun, Steven James Gibbs, Dennis Paul Poppi. Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation increased the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen fluid of cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2020; 49 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiogo Fleury Azevedo Costa; Simon Paul Quigley; Peter Isherwood; Stuart Ross McLennan; Xiao Qiao Sun; Steven James Gibbs; Dennis Paul Poppi. 2020. "Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation increased the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen fluid of cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 49, no. : 1.
The effects of lucerne (Medicago sativa) post-grazing residual pasture height on pasture utilisation (vertical and horizontal), pasture intake and animal production were investigated in a sub-tropical partial mixed ration dairy system. The study took place at the Gatton Research Dairy, Southeast Queensland (−27.552, 152.333), with a 26-day adaptation period followed by two 8-day measurement periods during August and September 2018. A quantity of 30 multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were offered two levels of mixed ration, 7 and 14 kg dry matter (DM)/cow/day for low and high levels respectively, and five levels of pasture allocation, to achieve decreasing residual pasture heights. Pasture allocations measured from 5 cm above ground level for the low mixed ration groups averaged 12.7, 15.9, 19.8, 35.3 and 49.2 kg DM/cow/day, and for the high mixed ration groups averaged 5.0, 8.3, 10.3, 18.6, and 25.2 kg DM/cow/day, respectively. As pasture allocation decreased, cows were forced to graze further down into the pasture sward, and therefore residual pasture height declined. Total intake (kg DM/cow/day) declined as residual pasture height (expressed as % of the initial height) declined, irrespective of mixed ration level, decreasing by 0.5 kg DM/cow/day for every 10% decrease in residual pasture height. Low total intakes were associated with high non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels in plasma, indicating mobilisation of fat tissue to maintain milk production. In the high allocation treatments, an area of pasture remained ungrazed and cows were only grazing the top leafy stratum where pasture intake rate and intake were highest. Therefore, to maximise intake in sub-tropical partial mixed ration (PMR) systems, lucerne pasture should be allocated so that cows are always grazing the top leafy stratum. This can be achieved by ensuring the pasture around faecal patches remains ungrazed.
Kieran A. D. Ison; Marcelo A. Benvenutti; David G. Mayer; Simon Quigley; David G. Barber. Maximising Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Pasture Intake of Dairy Cows: 2—The Effect of Post-Grazing Pasture Height and Mixed Ration Level. Animals 2020, 10, 904 .
AMA StyleKieran A. D. Ison, Marcelo A. Benvenutti, David G. Mayer, Simon Quigley, David G. Barber. Maximising Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Pasture Intake of Dairy Cows: 2—The Effect of Post-Grazing Pasture Height and Mixed Ration Level. Animals. 2020; 10 (5):904.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKieran A. D. Ison; Marcelo A. Benvenutti; David G. Mayer; Simon Quigley; David G. Barber. 2020. "Maximising Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Pasture Intake of Dairy Cows: 2—The Effect of Post-Grazing Pasture Height and Mixed Ration Level." Animals 10, no. 5: 904.
The effect of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pre-grazing pasture height on pasture intake and milk production was investigated in a sub-tropical partial mixed ration (PMR) dairy system in south-east Queensland, Australia. The experiment involved a 26-day adaptation period followed by an eight-day measurement period during April and May 2018. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were offered a mixed ration at either 7 (low) or 14 (high) kg dry matter (DM)/cow/day and allocated pastures at pre-grazing heights ranging from 23 to 39 cm. The targeted pasture intake was 14 and 7 kg DM/cow/day for cows offered the low and high mixed ration allowances respectively, with a total intake target of 21 kg DM/cow/day. Pasture structure did not limit pasture intake as the all groups left at least 12% of the allocated area ungrazed, and therefore could selectively graze pasture. There was no significant difference in intake between mixed ration levels, however intake had a positive linear relationship with pre-grazing pasture height. For every one cm increase in pasture height, intake increased by 0.3 kg DM/cow/day. Using a grazing strategy that ensures the some pasture remains ungrazed and the pre-grazing height of lucerne is approximately 39 cm above ground level will maximise pasture intake in sub-tropical PMR dairy systems.
Kieran A. D. Ison; Marcelo A. Benvenutti; David G. Mayer; Simon Quigley; David G. Barber. Maximizing Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Pasture Intake of Dairy Cows: 1-the Effect of Pre-Grazing Pasture Height and Mixed Ration Level. Animals 2020, 10, 860 .
AMA StyleKieran A. D. Ison, Marcelo A. Benvenutti, David G. Mayer, Simon Quigley, David G. Barber. Maximizing Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Pasture Intake of Dairy Cows: 1-the Effect of Pre-Grazing Pasture Height and Mixed Ration Level. Animals. 2020; 10 (5):860.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKieran A. D. Ison; Marcelo A. Benvenutti; David G. Mayer; Simon Quigley; David G. Barber. 2020. "Maximizing Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Pasture Intake of Dairy Cows: 1-the Effect of Pre-Grazing Pasture Height and Mixed Ration Level." Animals 10, no. 5: 860.
Diogo Costa; Simon Quigley; P. Isherwood; S.R. McLennan; Xiaoqin Sun; S.J. Gibbs; D.P. Poppi. The inclusion of low quantities of lipids in the diet of ruminants fed low quality forages has little effect on rumen function. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2017, 234, 20 -28.
AMA StyleDiogo Costa, Simon Quigley, P. Isherwood, S.R. McLennan, Xiaoqin Sun, S.J. Gibbs, D.P. Poppi. The inclusion of low quantities of lipids in the diet of ruminants fed low quality forages has little effect on rumen function. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2017; 234 ():20-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiogo Costa; Simon Quigley; P. Isherwood; S.R. McLennan; Xiaoqin Sun; S.J. Gibbs; D.P. Poppi. 2017. "The inclusion of low quantities of lipids in the diet of ruminants fed low quality forages has little effect on rumen function." Animal Feed Science and Technology 234, no. : 20-28.
Dose response curves to various supplements were established in two pen-feeding experiments (Exp1 and Exp2) with Bos indicus crossbred steers of two age groups (Young, 10–12 months; Old, 33–36 months) fed low-quality tropical grass hays ad libitum. Diets included supplements based on (Exp1) cottonseed meal (CSM; intake (as fed) 0–10 g/kg liveweight (W).day) and a barley mix (Bar; 0–20 g/kg W.day) and (Exp2) a molasses mix (MUP) and a Bar mix, both fed at 0–20 g/kg W.day. Urea was provided with the Bar mixes and urea/copra meal with the MUP mix. Growth rates of Young steers increased linearly with Bar and MUP supplements but asymptotically with CSM whereas those of Old steers increased asymptotically with all supplement types. With supplement intake expressed on a liveweight basis (g/kg W.day), responses were greater for both steer age groups with CSM compared with Bar (Young, P < 0.001; Old, P < 0.01) and Bar compared with MUP treatments (Young, P < 0.01; Old, P < 0.05). Furthermore, Old steers outperformed their Young counterparts with both CSM (P < 0.05) and Bar (P < 0.001) supplements fed in Exp1 and with Bar and MUP supplements (P < 0.01) fed in Exp2. When supplement intake was expressed in absolute terms (kg/day), growth responses were not different between age groups for different supplements except that Old steers had a higher daily W gain on Bar than their Young counterparts (P < 0.05). Intake of hay (W-corrected) was higher for Young compared with Old steers without supplement but was variably reduced for both steer groups with increasing supplement intake. The results of these experiments have implications for supplement formulation for steers at different stages of maturity grazing low-quality forages.
S. R. McLennan; J. M. Campbell; C. H. Pham; K. A. Chandra; Simon Quigley; D. P. Poppi. Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 2. Effect of stage of maturity of steers. Animal Production Science 2017, 57, 489 -504.
AMA StyleS. R. McLennan, J. M. Campbell, C. H. Pham, K. A. Chandra, Simon Quigley, D. P. Poppi. Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 2. Effect of stage of maturity of steers. Animal Production Science. 2017; 57 (3):489-504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. R. McLennan; J. M. Campbell; C. H. Pham; K. A. Chandra; Simon Quigley; D. P. Poppi. 2017. "Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 2. Effect of stage of maturity of steers." Animal Production Science 57, no. 3: 489-504.
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), the main cattle species in eastern Indonesia, have high rates of calf mortality (up to 48%, Talib et al., 2003) and low average daily gain (ADG) (< 0.2 kg, Dahlanuddin et al., 2012). The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of body condition score (BCS) of heifers throughout pregnancy and lactation on milk production and ADG of calves up to 6 mo of age. Non-pregnant Bali heifers [n = 24, 3.2 ± 0.1 BCS (1 to 5 scale), mean ± s.e.m.] were ranked on body weight (BW; 217 ± 6 kg) and allocated to treatments that would result in high (4.0) and low (2.5) BCS at parturition and throughout lactation. Heifers were maintained in individual pens and fed a mixture of tree legumes (Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora) ad libitum and 10 g maize grain DM/kg LW.day (HighBCS, 164 g CP and 8.9 MJ ME/kg DM) or King grass (Pennisetum purpureum; LowBCS, 75 g CP and 7.8 MJ ME/kg DM) ad libitum throughout pregnancy and lactation. Heifers observed to be in oestrus were mated with a single bull. Heifer BW was measured every week, BCS was measured every month, milk production was estimated by the weigh-suckle-weigh technique, calf BW was measured at birth and every week until weaning at approximately 6 mo of age. At parturition HighBCS heifers were heavier (292 ± 15 vs. 226 ± 10 kg) and in a higher BCS (4.2 ± 0.1 vs. 2.8 ± 0.1) than LowBCS heifers (P < 0.01). At weaning HighBCS heifers were heavier (276 ± 3 vs. 181 ± 12 kg) and in a higher BCS (4.2 ± 0.1 vs. 2.3 ± 0.1) than LowBCS heifers (P < 0.001). Calf birth weight (13.5 ± 0.2 kg) was unaffected by maternal BCS (P > 0.1). HighBCS heifers produced more milk than LowBCS heifers at each measurement during lactation and overall (2.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1 kg/day, P < 0.001). ADG of calves between birth and 6 mo for age was higher for calves born to HighBCS heifers than those born to LowBCS heifers (0.37 ± 0.02 vs. 0.16 ± 0.02 kg, P < 0.001). In conclusion, milk production of Bali cows and pre-weaning ADG of Bali calves are influenced by BCS during lactation. Strategies to increase BCS during lactation will increase calf growth and potentially reduce calf mortality. Copyright © 2016. American Society of Animal Science.
D. Dahlanuddin; M. Supriyadi; T. S. Panjaitan; D. P. Poppi; S. P. Quigley. 0830 Increased body condition during lactation increases milk production and pre-weaning growth of Bali cattle. Journal of Animal Science 2016, 94, 399 -400.
AMA StyleD. Dahlanuddin, M. Supriyadi, T. S. Panjaitan, D. P. Poppi, S. P. Quigley. 0830 Increased body condition during lactation increases milk production and pre-weaning growth of Bali cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 2016; 94 (suppl_5):399-400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Dahlanuddin; M. Supriyadi; T. S. Panjaitan; D. P. Poppi; S. P. Quigley. 2016. "0830 Increased body condition during lactation increases milk production and pre-weaning growth of Bali cattle." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. suppl_5: 399-400.
A series of 3 experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of microalgae as supplements for ruminants consuming low-CP tropical grasses. In Exp. 1, the chemical composition and in vitro protein degradability of 9 algae species and 4 protein supplements were determined. In Exp. 2, rumen function and microbial protein (MCP) production were determined in Bos indicus steers fed speargrass hay alone or supplemented with Spirulina platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Dunaliella salina, or cottonseed meal (CSM). In Exp. 3, DMI and ADG were determined in B. indicus steers fed speargrass hay alone or supplemented with increasing amounts of NPN (urea combined with ammonia sulfate), CSM, or S. platensis. In Exp. 1, the CP content of S. platensis and C. pyrenoidosa (675 and 580 g/kg DM) was highest among the algae species and higher than the other protein supplements evaluated, and Schizochytrium sp. had the highest crude lipid (CL) content (198 g/kg DM). In Exp. 2, S. platensis supplementation increased speargrass hay intake, the efficiency of MCP production, the fractional outflow rate of digesta from the rumen, the concentration of NH3N, and the molar proportion of branched-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid of steers above all other treatments. Dunaliella salina acceptance by steers was low and this resulted in no significant difference to unsupplemented steers for all parameters measured for this algae supplement. In Exp. 3, ADG linearly increased with increasing supplementary N intake from both S. platensis and NPN, with no difference between the 2 supplements. In contrast, ADG quadratically increased with increasing supplementary N intake from CSM. It was concluded that S. platensis and C. pyrenoidosa may potentially be used as protein sources for cattle grazing low-CP pastures. Copyright © 2016. American Society of Animal Science.
Diogo Costa; Simon Quigley; P. Isherwood; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. Supplementation of cattle fed tropical grasses with microalgae increases microbial protein production and average daily gain1. Journal of Animal Science 2016, 94, 2047 -2058.
AMA StyleDiogo Costa, Simon Quigley, P. Isherwood, S. R. McLennan, D. P. Poppi. Supplementation of cattle fed tropical grasses with microalgae increases microbial protein production and average daily gain1. Journal of Animal Science. 2016; 94 (5):2047-2058.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiogo Costa; Simon Quigley; P. Isherwood; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. 2016. "Supplementation of cattle fed tropical grasses with microalgae increases microbial protein production and average daily gain1." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 5: 2047-2058.
Cattle consuming pastures low in protein have low liveweight gain due to low rumen degradable protein (RDP) supply and thus low microbial crude protein (MCP) production and efficiency of MCP production [EMCP, g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM)]. Nitrogen supplements can increase MCP production and EMCP of cattle grazing low protein pastures. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with a non-protein-N source (NPN), in this case urea and ammonium sulfate (US), with a single-cell algal protein source (Spirulina platensis), on intake, microbial protein supply and digestibility in cattle. Nine cannulated Bos indicus steers [initial liveweight 250.1 ± 10.86 (s.d.) kg] were fed Mitchell grass hay (Astrebla spp; 6.1 g N, 746 g NDF/kg DM) ad libitum and were supplied with increasing amounts of US (0, 6, 13, 19 and 33 g US DM/kg hay DM) or Spirulina 0, 0.5, 1.4, 2.5 and 6.1 g Spirulina DM/kg W.day in an incomplete Latin square design. The response of MCP production and EMCP to increasing amounts of the two supplements was different, with a greater response to Spirulina evident. The MCP production was predicted to peak at 140 and 568 g MCP/day (0.64 and 2.02 g MCP/kg W.day) for the US and Spirulina supplements, respectively. The highest measured EMCP were 92 and 166 g MCP/kg DOM for the US and Spirulina treatments at 170 and 290 g RDP/kg DOM, respectively, or a Spirulina intake of 5.7 g DM/kg W.day. Increasing RDP intake from US and Spirulina resulted in an increase in Mitchell grass hay intake and rumen NH3-N concentration and reduced the retention time of liquid and particulate markers and digesta DM, NDF and lignin in the rumen with greater changes due to Spirulina. Total DM intake peaked at a Spirulina supplement level of 4.6 g Spirulina DM/kg W.day with a 2.3-fold higher DOM intake than Control steers. Rumen NH3-N concentrations reached 128 and 264 mg NH3-N/L for the US and Spirulina treatments with a significant increase in the concentration of branched-chain fatty acids for the Spirulina treatment. The minimum retention time of liquid (Cr-EDTA; 23 and 13 h) and particulate (Yb; 34 and 22 h) markers in the rumen were significantly lower for Spirulina compared with US and lower than unsupplemented animals at 24 and 34 h for Cr-EDTA and Yb, respectively. Spirulina could be provided safely at much higher N intakes than NPN supplements. The results suggest that, at an equivalent RDP supply, Spirulina provided greater increases than US in MCP production, EMCP and feed intake of Bos indicus cattle consuming low protein forage and could also be fed safely at higher levels of N intake.
T. Panjaitan; Simon Quigley; S. R. McLennan; A. J. Swain; D. P. Poppi. Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae supplementation increases microbial protein production and feed intake and decreases retention time of digesta in the rumen of cattle. Animal Production Science 2015, 55, 535 -543.
AMA StyleT. Panjaitan, Simon Quigley, S. R. McLennan, A. J. Swain, D. P. Poppi. Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae supplementation increases microbial protein production and feed intake and decreases retention time of digesta in the rumen of cattle. Animal Production Science. 2015; 55 (4):535-543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Panjaitan; Simon Quigley; S. R. McLennan; A. J. Swain; D. P. Poppi. 2015. "Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae supplementation increases microbial protein production and feed intake and decreases retention time of digesta in the rumen of cattle." Animal Production Science 55, no. 4: 535-543.
Perturbations of the prenatal environment may influence fetal muscle development. This study investigated muscle cellularity and mRNA abundance of myogenic genes in fetal sheep divergent in their patterns of growth. Muscle samples were obtained from small and large fetuses on Days 50, 92 and 133 of pregnancy. Number of myofibres in the semitendinosus muscle increased between Day 92 and 133 of pregnancy, but did not differ between small and large fetuses at either stage of pregnancy. The semitendinosus of small fetuses had smaller cross-sectional areas of myofibres than did those of their large counterparts on Day 133 of pregnancy. The semitendinosus of small fetuses also had lower DNA concentration on Day 92 and lower protein concentration on Day 133 than did those of large fetuses. The mRNA levels of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), myostatin, the insulin-like growth factors and embryonic myosin in fetal muscles varied with the stage of development, but no differences occurred in response to divergent fetal growth. Myostatin mRNA was more abundant in the semitendinosus than in the supraspinatus muscle on Days 92 and 133, as were myogenic regulatory factors, myf-5, myf-6 and follistatin mRNA on Day 133. The results indicated that muscle growth but not the number of myofibres in fetal sheep is modified by restricted fetal growth, and that genes that regulate muscle development are affected by the stage of development in an anatomical muscle-specific manner.
S. P. Quigley; P. L. Greenwood; D. O. Kleemann; J. A. Owens; C. S. Bawden; G. S. Nattrass. Myogenesis in small and large ovine fetuses at three stages of pregnancy. Animal Production Science 2015, 55, 207 -212.
AMA StyleS. P. Quigley, P. L. Greenwood, D. O. Kleemann, J. A. Owens, C. S. Bawden, G. S. Nattrass. Myogenesis in small and large ovine fetuses at three stages of pregnancy. Animal Production Science. 2015; 55 (2):207-212.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. P. Quigley; P. L. Greenwood; D. O. Kleemann; J. A. Owens; C. S. Bawden; G. S. Nattrass. 2015. "Myogenesis in small and large ovine fetuses at three stages of pregnancy." Animal Production Science 55, no. 2: 207-212.
Two experiments were conducted with weaned entire male Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) between 6 and 12 months of age. A randomised block design was used in both experiments, which consisted of four treatments (diets), with five replicates (animals) per treatment. In both experiments, the average daily liveweight gain (LWG), feed and water intake and diet digestibility were determined over 8 or 10 weeks, with chest girth and wither height measured at the commencement and end of the experiments. In Experiment 1, the treatments were fresh native grass, native grass supplemented with fresh sesbania, fresh sesbania and fresh sesbania supplemented with rice bran. In Experiment 2, the treatments were sole diets of leucaena hay, sesbania hay, moringa hay or gliricidia hay supplemented with sesbania hay. In Experiment 1, animals fed sesbania supplemented with rice bran had higher DM intake than did animals fed the other three diets. DM digestibility (DMD) was significantly lower for weaners fed the native grass diet than for those fed the other diets. Animals fed sesbania or sesbania supplemented with rice bran had a higher LWG (0.34 and 0.43 kg/day, respectively) and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) intake (0.71 and 0.80 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day, respectively) than did animals fed native grass alone (0.03 kg/day; 0.58 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day) or native grass supplemented with sesbania (0.07 kg/day; 0.64 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day). In Experiment 2, animals fed gliricidia hay had the lowest DM intake. DM intake of animals fed moringa hay was higher than that of animals fed gliricidia hay, but lower than the intake of animals fed sesbania hay or leucaena hay. DMD of the sesbania and leucaena hay diets was lower than that of the gliricidia and moringa hay diets. Animals fed leucaena and sesbania hays had a higher LWG (0.47 and 0.43 kg/day, respectively) and estimated ME intake (0.75 and 0.78 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day, respectively) than did animals fed moringa hay (0.22 kg/day; 0.66 MJ ME/kg W0.75.day) or gliricidia hay supplemented with sesbania hay (0.0 kg/day; 0.48 MJ ME/kg W0.75.day). In conclusion, tree legumes can safely be fed to growing Bali cattle as the sole component of the diet and some of them will increase LWGs above that of native grasses, which are typically fed to Bali cattle in villages.
Dahlanuddin; O. Yanuarianto; D. P. Poppi; S. R. McLennan; S. P. Quigley. Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed grass and tree legumes in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Animal Production Science 2014, 54, 915 -921.
AMA StyleDahlanuddin, O. Yanuarianto, D. P. Poppi, S. R. McLennan, S. P. Quigley. Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed grass and tree legumes in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Animal Production Science. 2014; 54 (7):915-921.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDahlanuddin; O. Yanuarianto; D. P. Poppi; S. R. McLennan; S. P. Quigley. 2014. "Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed grass and tree legumes in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia." Animal Production Science 54, no. 7: 915-921.
Three polyester bag experiments were conducted with fistulated Bos indicus steers to determine the effect of the amount and type of nitrogen (N) supplement on the digestion rate of forages different in quality. In Experiment 1, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed ryegrass, pangola grass, speargrass and Mitchell grass hays in a 4 by 4 Latin-square design. In Experiment 2, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed speargrass hay supplemented with urea and ammonium sulfate (US), branched-chain amino acids with US (USAA), casein, cottonseed meal, yeast and Chlorella algae in a 7 by 3 incomplete Latin-square design. In Experiment 3, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed Mitchell grass hay supplemented with increasing amounts of US or Spirulina algae (Spirulina platensis). The test substrates used in all experiments were speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass or ryegrass hays. Digestion rate of the ryegrass substrate was higher than that of the speargrass substrate (P < 0.05) in Experiment 1. Supplementation with various N sources increased the degradation rate and effective degradability of all incubated substrates above that apparent in Control steers (P < 0.05; Experiment 2). Supplementation of US and Spirulina increased degradation rate and effective degradability of ryegrass, pangola grass and Mitchell grass substrates above that apparent in Control steers (P < 0.05; Experiment 3). However, there was no further response on digestion rate of the substrates in increasing supplementation levels either for US or Spirulina. In conclusion, rate of digestion was affected by forage physical and anatomical properties. Supplementation with various N sources increased rate of digestion when the Control forage ration was very low in N but once a minimum level of N supplementation was reached, irrespective of form of N or other potential growth factors, there was no further increase in rate of digestion.
T. Panjaitan; S. P. Quigley; S. R. McLennan; A. J. Swain; D. P. Poppi. Digestion of forages in the rumen is increased by the amount but not the type of protein supplement. Animal Production Science 2014, 54, 1363 -1367.
AMA StyleT. Panjaitan, S. P. Quigley, S. R. McLennan, A. J. Swain, D. P. Poppi. Digestion of forages in the rumen is increased by the amount but not the type of protein supplement. Animal Production Science. 2014; 54 (9):1363-1367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Panjaitan; S. P. Quigley; S. R. McLennan; A. J. Swain; D. P. Poppi. 2014. "Digestion of forages in the rumen is increased by the amount but not the type of protein supplement." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9: 1363-1367.
The aim of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of two diets in increasing liveweight (LW) and body condition score (BCS) of Brahman cows in Indonesia. Diets were based on rice straw, with additional energy and nitrogen (N) provided in the form of onggok (a cassava by-product) plus urea or a tree legume. Thirty mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating Brahman crossbred cows (288 kg LW, BCS 2/5) were allocated to one of two treatment groups. Cows were kept in individual pens for 21 weeks and offered one of two diets; (1) urea-supplemented rice straw ad libitum plus 10 g onggok DM/kg LW.day, or (2) untreated rice straw ad libitum plus 5 g onggok DM/kg LW.day and 5 g Gliricidia sepium DM/kg LW.day. The urea supplement provided no advantages over using locally available N sources such as gliricidia, with both supplement types meeting the rumen-degradable N requirements of the cows. Cows on both diets gained weight at a similar rate (0.19 kg/day) for the first 15 weeks of the experiment. Liveweight gain in Weeks 16–21 was only 0.04 kg/day, despite an increase in total feed intake and energy content of the diets compared with Weeks 1–15. Liveweight of cows stabilised during Weeks 16–21 at 304 kg, BCS 2.2. While our results demonstrate that Brahman cows can maintain LW on rice straw-based diets, they may not be able to maintain a BCS sufficient for good reproduction rates (i.e. BCS 3 or higher on 1–5 scale). Better quality diets containing higher levels of energy are required for cows to gain and maintain a suitable BCS.
R. Antari; G. P. Ningrum; D. E. Mayberry; Marsetyo; D. Pamungkas; S. P. Quigley; D. P. Poppi. Rice straw, cassava by-products and tree legumes provide enough energy and nitrogen for liveweight maintenance of Brahman (Bos indicus) cows in Indonesia. Animal Production Science 2014, 54, 1228 -1232.
AMA StyleR. Antari, G. P. Ningrum, D. E. Mayberry, Marsetyo, D. Pamungkas, S. P. Quigley, D. P. Poppi. Rice straw, cassava by-products and tree legumes provide enough energy and nitrogen for liveweight maintenance of Brahman (Bos indicus) cows in Indonesia. Animal Production Science. 2014; 54 (9):1228-1232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Antari; G. P. Ningrum; D. E. Mayberry; Marsetyo; D. Pamungkas; S. P. Quigley; D. P. Poppi. 2014. "Rice straw, cassava by-products and tree legumes provide enough energy and nitrogen for liveweight maintenance of Brahman (Bos indicus) cows in Indonesia." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9: 1228-1232.
This study examined the long-term growth of male and female Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) fed a diet consisting solely of Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) or sesbania with rice bran. Twelve male (71.6 ± 2.2 kg mean liveweight and standard error of the mean; LW) and six female (80.3 ± 2.8 kg LW) weaned Bali cattle, ~6 months of age at the commencement were used in this experiment. LW, wither height (WH), hip height and chest circumference (girth) were measured from ~6 to 27 months of age. Dry matter intake and the concentration of glucose, urea and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the plasma were measured at ~9, 18 and 27 months of age. There was no difference in LW gain of male and female Bali cattle between 6 and 18 months of age but males had a greater average LW gain (0.40 kg/day) than females (0.22 kg/day) between 18 and 27 months of age. Overall females displayed a curvilinear growth path in LW, WH and girth between 6 and 27 months of age, while males displayed a linear growth path in LW and girth but curvilinear in WH over the same age. Dry matter intake did not differ with stage of development or between male and female cattle. The plasma urea concentration declined in male Bali cattle with stage of development but was constant in female cattle across the experiment. The concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the plasma increased with age and tended to be greater in male (268 ng/mL) than female (222 ng/mL) Bali cattle. In conclusion, Bali cattle display sexual dimorphism in growth after ~18 months of age, which is important to consider when developing feeding strategies across the full growth path.
Dahlanuddin; B. S. Ningsih; D. P. Poppi; S. T. Anderson; S. P. Quigley. Long-term growth of male and female Bali cattle fed Sesbania grandiflora. Animal Production Science 2014, 54, 1615 -1619.
AMA StyleDahlanuddin, B. S. Ningsih, D. P. Poppi, S. T. Anderson, S. P. Quigley. Long-term growth of male and female Bali cattle fed Sesbania grandiflora. Animal Production Science. 2014; 54 (10):1615-1619.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDahlanuddin; B. S. Ningsih; D. P. Poppi; S. T. Anderson; S. P. Quigley. 2014. "Long-term growth of male and female Bali cattle fed Sesbania grandiflora." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10: 1615-1619.
A series of liveweight gain (LWG), feed and water intake and digestibility experiments were conducted across eastern Indonesia. Thirty-six datasets of LWG, feed and water intake, and diet characteristics were used to determine the nutritional requirements of growing Bali cattle fed a wide range of diets that varied in crude protein content and apparent dry matter digestibility. Regression of average daily LWG against estimated metabolisable energy (ME) intake was conducted, and the ME requirements for maintenance of liveweight (LW, 0 kg/day) and LWG were determined. It was estimated that the ME required to maintain LW of this class of Bali cattle, across the range of diets evaluated, was 0.47 MJ ME/kg LW0.75.day and that 34 MJ ME was required for each kg LWG, or 29 g LWG/MJ ME. The relationship between estimated ME intake and LWG was not affected by the crude protein content of the diet. The data demonstrate that ME requirements for maintenance of LW of Bali cattle are comparable with values for other cattle species, but that this class of Bali cattle is generally less efficient in the use of ME for LWG across the range of diets evaluated.
S. P. Quigley; Dahlanuddin; Marsetyo; D. Pamungkas; A. Priyanti; T. Saili; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. Metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of liveweight of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). Animal Production Science 2014, 54, 1311 -1316.
AMA StyleS. P. Quigley, Dahlanuddin, Marsetyo, D. Pamungkas, A. Priyanti, T. Saili, S. R. McLennan, D. P. Poppi. Metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of liveweight of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). Animal Production Science. 2014; 54 (9):1311-1316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. P. Quigley; Dahlanuddin; Marsetyo; D. Pamungkas; A. Priyanti; T. Saili; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. 2014. "Metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of liveweight of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus)." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9: 1311-1316.
Three experiments were conducted to determine liveweight (W) gain and feed and water intake of weaned Bali cattle offered a range of feed types. In each experiment, 18 weaned entire male Bali cattle were allocated to three treatment groups in a completely randomised block design, with six replicates (animals) per treatment. The dietary treatments were: Experiment 1, native grass fed ad libitum, native grass supplemented with rice bran at 10 g dry matter (DM)/kg W.day and native grass supplemented with a mixture of rice bran and copra meal in equal proportions fed at 10 g DM/kg W.day; Experiment 2, elephant grass hay fed ad libitum, elephant grass supplemented with gliricidia at 10 g DM/kg W.day, and gliricidia fed ad libitum; and Experiment 3, corn stover fed ad libitum, corn stover supplemented with gliricidia at 10 g DM/kg W.day, and corn stover supplemented with rice bran/copra meal in equal amounts (w/w) at 10 g DM/kg W.day. Each experiment was 10 weeks in duration, consisting of a 2-week preliminary period for adaptation to diets and an 8-week experimental period for the measurement of W change, feed and water intake and digestibility of the diet. Growth rates of 6–12-month-old, entire male Bali cattle fed a range of local diets ranged from 0.10 and 0.40 kg/day. Lowest growth rates occurred when the cattle were given the basal diets of native grass (0.104 kg/day), elephant grass (0.174 kg/day) and corn stover (0.232 kg/day). With the addition of supplements such as rice bran, rice bran/copra meal or gliricidia to these basal diets liveweight gains increased to between 0.225 and 0.402 kg/day. Forage DM intake was reduced with these supplements by on average 22.6% while total DM intake was increased by an average of 10.5%. The growth rate on gliricidia alone was 0.269 kg/day and feed DM intake was 28.0 g/kg W.day. Water intake was not affected by supplement type or intake. In conclusion, inclusion of small quantities of locally available, high quality feed supplements provide small-holder farmers with the potential to increase growth rates of Bali calves from 0.1 to 0.2 kg/day, under prevailing feeding scenarios, to over 0.4 kg/day.
Marsetyo; Damry; S. P. Quigley; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed a range of diets in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Animal Production Science 2012, 52, 630 -635.
AMA StyleMarsetyo, Damry, S. P. Quigley, S. R. McLennan, D. P. Poppi. Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed a range of diets in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Animal Production Science. 2012; 52 (7):630-635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarsetyo; Damry; S. P. Quigley; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. 2012. "Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed a range of diets in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Animal Production Science 52, no. 7: 630-635.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relationship between rumen liquid-associated bacterial community structures and post-weaning liveweight gain (LWG) of Brahman crossbred steers. Bacterial diversity was assessed using denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In Experiment 1, 16 steers were selected from a group of 100 steers by pairing steers with the same weaning weight, but different LWG 90 days after weaning (n = 8 highest growth, 0.21 ± 0.01 kg/day; and n = 8 lowest growth –0.07 ± 0.01 kg/day). Thereafter, steers were allocated to a 28-day pen study and fed Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) hay to examine DM intake and digestibility, rumen parameters and rumen microbial community in these two groups. Rumen fluid samples were taken by stomach tube 3 h after feeding on the last day of the pen phase. In Experiment 2, 12 pairs of weaned steers were selected from a group of 203 steers on the same basis as Experiment 1. The post-weaning LWG were 0.20 ± 0.03 and 0.02 ± 0.03 kg/day for the 12 highest and 12 lowest growth animals selected, respectively. Steers then grazed dry season Sabi grass (Urochloa mosambicensis) dominant pasture for 21 days, before rumen sampling 3 h after morning grazing by stomach tubing on the last day. In Experiment 1, there were no significant differences between the two groups in DM intake, digestibility, ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or the VFA proportion. In Experiments 1 and 2, rumen ammonia-N concentration was similar between LWG groups and there was no evidence of a relationship between liquid-phase DGGE profiles of rumen bacteria and high or low post-weaning LWG using multivariate analyses. Furthermore, the number of detected DGGE bands, the Shannon–Wiener and evenness indexes were not different between LWG groups. This DGGE analysis of the most abundant groups of rumen fluid-associated bacteria suggests that microbial populations were not related with the differences observed in post-weaning LWG within a group of weaners fed low crude protein diets.
E. D. Martínez; K. E. Turnbull; S. P. Quigley; S. J. Streeter; A. Swain; A. V. Klieve; D. Ouwerkerk; D. P. Poppi. Liquid-phase denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of rumen bacteria from Brahman cross steers selected into two groups on the basis of post-weaning liveweight gain on low crude protein pasture. Animal Production Science 2012, 52, 647 -652.
AMA StyleE. D. Martínez, K. E. Turnbull, S. P. Quigley, S. J. Streeter, A. Swain, A. V. Klieve, D. Ouwerkerk, D. P. Poppi. Liquid-phase denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of rumen bacteria from Brahman cross steers selected into two groups on the basis of post-weaning liveweight gain on low crude protein pasture. Animal Production Science. 2012; 52 (7):647-652.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. D. Martínez; K. E. Turnbull; S. P. Quigley; S. J. Streeter; A. Swain; A. V. Klieve; D. Ouwerkerk; D. P. Poppi. 2012. "Liquid-phase denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of rumen bacteria from Brahman cross steers selected into two groups on the basis of post-weaning liveweight gain on low crude protein pasture." Animal Production Science 52, no. 7: 647-652.
Spirulina, a freshwater microalgae, has previously been shown to increase the efficiency of microbial protein production in cattle fed hay with a low crude protein content. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water on the intake of water and the amount of water containing Spirulina bypassing the rumen of cattle. Five rumen-cannulated steers were given a fixed amount of pangola grass hay (14 g DM/kg W.day–1) and water containing 0, 1, 2, 2.7 and 3.5% (w/w) Spirulina in an incomplete Latin square design. Water intake by the control steers (0% Spirulina) was 29.7 and 49.3 g/kg W for the first drinking event after it was made available and over 24 h, respectively. For steers receiving the algae, intake of water plus Spirulina increased linearly (P < 0.01) from 42.7 to 60.2 g/kg W during the first drinking event, as the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water increased, but over 24 h was not affected by Spirulina concentration and averaged 74.4 g/kg W. The bypass of water through the rumen, as determined using chromium-EDTA as a marker, averaged 20.5 ± 1.2% and was not affected by the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water. Increasing inclusion of Spirulina was associated with a decrease in rumen pH, an increase in urea concentration in blood serum, and an increase in ammonia-N concentration, propionate and branched-chain fatty acids, and a decrease in butyrate proportions in rumen fluid. Spirulina inclusion in the drinking water increased water intake and may provide a potential safe and inexpensive alternative to urea for extensively grazed ruminants.
T. Panjaitan; Simon Quigley; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. Effect of the concentration of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae in the drinking water on water intake by cattle and the proportion of algae bypassing the rumen. Animal Production Science 2010, 50, 405 -409.
AMA StyleT. Panjaitan, Simon Quigley, S. R. McLennan, D. P. Poppi. Effect of the concentration of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae in the drinking water on water intake by cattle and the proportion of algae bypassing the rumen. Animal Production Science. 2010; 50 (6):405-409.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Panjaitan; Simon Quigley; S. R. McLennan; D. P. Poppi. 2010. "Effect of the concentration of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae in the drinking water on water intake by cattle and the proportion of algae bypassing the rumen." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6: 405-409.
Cocoa-pods, a by-product of the cocoa industry, could potentially be used as a feed resource for ruminants in eastern Indonesia. However, little is known regarding the optimal amount to be included in the diet or the effect of treatment with Aspergillus niger on cocoa-pod quality. In this experiment the effect of rate of inclusion (0 or 10 g DM/kg liveweight.day or ad libitum) of A. niger-treated or untreated cocoa-pods in the diet on intake and liveweight gain of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) was investigated. Ad libitum intake of cocoa-pods was greater when they were treated with A. niger (17.1 ± 0.07 g DM/kg liveweight.day; mean ± s.e.m.) compared with untreated cocoa-pods (13.9 ± 0.19 g DM/kg liveweight.day) when offered as the sole component of the diet. The digestibility of A. niger-treated cocoa-pods (448.9 ± 23.7 g/kg) was not different to untreated cocoa-pods (422.9 ± 13.9 g/kg) when fed ad libitum, which was lower than native grass (527.2 ± 10.7 g/kg). Animals offered A. niger-treated cocoa-pods lost less liveweight than animals offered untreated cocoa-pods when offered ad libitum (–0.104 ± 0.02 and –0.280 ± 0.02 kg/day, respectively), and grew faster when included in the diet at 10 g DM/kg liveweight.day (0.233 ± 0.02 and 0.129 ± 0.02 kg/day, respectively). In conclusion, in areas where cocoa plantations exist, cocoa-pods may be a useful feed resource for ruminants when fed at low levels of inclusion in the diet. The treatment of cocoa-pods with A. niger will result in increased liveweight gain. However, it is unlikely such treatments will be adopted by small-holder farmers due to the increased requirements for inputs, such as time, labour, funds, equipment, and technical skills.
T. Saili; Marsetyo; D. P. Poppi; P. Isherwood; L. Nafiu; S. P. Quigley. Effect of treatment of cocoa-pods with Aspergillus niger on liveweight gain and cocoa-pod intake of Bali (Bos sondaicus) cattle in South-East Sulawesi. Animal Production Science 2010, 50, 693 -698.
AMA StyleT. Saili, Marsetyo, D. P. Poppi, P. Isherwood, L. Nafiu, S. P. Quigley. Effect of treatment of cocoa-pods with Aspergillus niger on liveweight gain and cocoa-pod intake of Bali (Bos sondaicus) cattle in South-East Sulawesi. Animal Production Science. 2010; 50 (7):693-698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Saili; Marsetyo; D. P. Poppi; P. Isherwood; L. Nafiu; S. P. Quigley. 2010. "Effect of treatment of cocoa-pods with Aspergillus niger on liveweight gain and cocoa-pod intake of Bali (Bos sondaicus) cattle in South-East Sulawesi." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7: 693-698.
Feed intake, rumen function, microbial protein (MCP) production and the efficiency of MCP production were determined in steers fed four different forage hays varying markedly in crude protein content. Low quality tropical forage (speargrass and Mitchell grass) hays had lower crude protein content, higher neutral detergent fibre content and lower digestibility than a medium quality tropical forage (pangola grass) hay and a temperate forage (ryegrass) hay. Steers fed speargrass and Mitchell grass hays had lower MCP production (80 and 170 g MCP/day, respectively) and efficiency of MCP production [78 and 79 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM), respectively] than steers fed pangola grass (328 g MCP/day; 102 g MCP/kg DOM) and ryegrass (627 g MCP/day; 135 g MCP/kg DOM) hays, which was directly related to the supply of DOM and rumen degradable protein. Intake was greatest for ryegrass hay, followed by pangola grass, Mitchell grass and speargrass hays [17.6, 15.6, 10.1 and 5.5 g DM/kg W.day, respectively]. The retention time of DM in the rumen was 72.1, 47.7, 28.6 and 19.1 h for speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass and ryegrass hays, respectively, with a similar trend apparent for the retention time of neutral detergent fibre, lignin, chromium-EDTA and ytterbium labelled digesta. The difference in the protein : energy ratio of absorbed substrates (measured as efficiency of MCP production) did not appear to account for all the differences in intake, nor did a purely physical mechanism.
T. Panjaitan; S. P. Quigley; S. R. McLennan; T. Swain; D. P. Poppi. Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content. Animal Production Science 2010, 50, 444 -448.
AMA StyleT. Panjaitan, S. P. Quigley, S. R. McLennan, T. Swain, D. P. Poppi. Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content. Animal Production Science. 2010; 50 (6):444-448.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Panjaitan; S. P. Quigley; S. R. McLennan; T. Swain; D. P. Poppi. 2010. "Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6: 444-448.
Maternal feed allowance during pregnancy can affect the development of the ovine placenta and fetus. The impact of variations in feed allowance prior to as well as throughout pregnancy has received less attention. Ewes were offered 0.6 (R), 1.2 (C) or 1.8 (AL) maintenance requirements from 89 days before conception until day 133 of pregnancy. Ewes were euthanised on days 50, 92 and 133 of pregnancy. Ewe live weight and body condition score, maternal and fetal metabolic and hormonal profiles, fetal body dimensions and organ weights, and the number, weight and morphology of placentomes were measured. Maternal live weight and condition score were lower in R compared to AL ewes at all stages of pregnancy (P<0.05). Plasma glucose and albumin concentrations of R ewes were significantly reduced (P<0.05) at mid and late gestation, respectively. Placental components were generally unresponsive to long term variations in maternal feed allowance. However, placental weight was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with fetal weight at days 50 (r=0.59) and 133 (r=0.69) of gestation. By late gestation growth-retarded singleton fetuses from R ewes were 19% lighter (P<0.05), with reduced abdominal (9%) and thoracic (10%) girths (P<0.05) but of similar crown-rump length compared with fetuses from AL ewes. These differences were associated with significantly reduced IGF-I concentrations in fetal plasma (P<0.05). In conclusion, maternal, placental and fetal adaptations to long established planes of variable maternal feed allowance were able to maintain fetal growth during early and mid-pregnancy while fetal growth restriction, associated with reduced fetal IGF-I levels, became apparent in late pregnancy.S.P. Quigley, D.O. Kleemann, S.K. Walker, P.A. Speck, S.R. Rudiger, G.S. Nattrass, M.J. DeBlasio and J.A. Owen
S Quigley; D Kleemann; S Walker; P Speck; S Rüdiger; G Nattrass; M DeBlasio; Julie Owens. Effect of Variable Long-Term Maternal Feed Allowance on the Development of the Ovine Placenta and Fetus. Placenta 2008, 29, 539 -548.
AMA StyleS Quigley, D Kleemann, S Walker, P Speck, S Rüdiger, G Nattrass, M DeBlasio, Julie Owens. Effect of Variable Long-Term Maternal Feed Allowance on the Development of the Ovine Placenta and Fetus. Placenta. 2008; 29 (6):539-548.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS Quigley; D Kleemann; S Walker; P Speck; S Rüdiger; G Nattrass; M DeBlasio; Julie Owens. 2008. "Effect of Variable Long-Term Maternal Feed Allowance on the Development of the Ovine Placenta and Fetus." Placenta 29, no. 6: 539-548.