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Weijie Fu
Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China

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Journal article
Published: 26 August 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Patients with Achilles tendon (AT) injuries are often engaged in sedentary work because of decreasing tendon vascularisation. Furthermore, men are more likely to be exposed to AT tendinosis or ruptures. These conditions are related to the morphological and mechanical properties of AT, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sex on the morphological and mechanical properties of the AT in inactive individuals. Methods: In total, 30 inactive healthy participants (15 male participants and 15 female participants) were recruited. The AT morphological properties (cross-sectional area, thickness, and length) were captured by using an ultrasound device. The AT force–elongation characteristics were determined during isometric plantarflexion with the ultrasonic videos. The AT stiffness was determined at 50%–100% maximum voluntary contraction force. The AT strain, stress, and hysteresis were calculated. Results: Male participants had 15% longer AT length, 31% larger AT cross-sectional area and 21% thicker AT than female participants (p< 0.05). The plantarflexion torque, peak AT force, peak AT stress, and AT stiffness were significantly greater in male participants than in female participants (p< 0.05). However, no significant sex-specific differences were observed in peak AT strain and hysteresis (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In physically inactive adults, the morphological properties of AT were superior in men but were exposed to higher stress conditions. Moreover, no significant sex-specific differences were observed in peak AT strain and hysteresis, indicating that the AT of males did not store and return elastic energy more efficiently than that of females. Thus, the mechanical properties of the AT should be maintained and/or improved through physical exercise.

ACS Style

Xini Zhang; Liqin Deng; Songlin Xiao; Lu Li; Weijie Fu. Sex Differences in the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8974 .

AMA Style

Xini Zhang, Liqin Deng, Songlin Xiao, Lu Li, Weijie Fu. Sex Differences in the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (17):8974.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xini Zhang; Liqin Deng; Songlin Xiao; Lu Li; Weijie Fu. 2021. "Sex Differences in the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 8974.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2021 in Sensors
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Objectives: To explore the effects of wearing compression garments on joint mechanics, soft tissue vibration and muscle activities during drop jumps. Methods: Twelve healthy male athletes were recruited to execute drop jumps from heights of 30, 45 and 60 cm whilst wearing compression shorts (CS) and control shorts (CON). Sagittal plane kinematics, ground reaction forces, accelerations of the quadriceps femoris (QF), hamstrings (HM) and shoe heel-cup, and electromyography images of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) were collected. Results: Compared with wearing CON, wearing CS significantly reduced the QF peak acceleration at 45 and 60 cm and the HM peak acceleration at 30 cm. Wearing CS significantly increased the damping coefficient for QF and HM at 60 cm compared with wearing CON. Moreover, the peak transmissibility when wearing CS was significantly lower than that when wearing CON for all soft tissue compartments and heights, except for QF at 30 cm. Wearing CS reduced the RF activity during the pre-, post-, and eccentric activations for all heights and concentric activations at 45 cm; it also reduced the BF activity during post- and eccentric activations at 30 and 60 cm, respectively. The hip and knee joint moments and power or jump height were unaffected by the garment type. Conclusion: Applying external compression can reduce soft tissue vibrations without compromising neuromuscular performance during strenuous physical activities that involve exposure to impact-induced vibrations.

ACS Style

Liqin Deng; Yang Yang; Chenhao Yang; Ying Fang; Xini Zhang; Li Liu; Weijie Fu. Compression Garments Reduce Soft Tissue Vibrations and Muscle Activations during Drop Jumps: An Accelerometry Evaluation. Sensors 2021, 21, 5644 .

AMA Style

Liqin Deng, Yang Yang, Chenhao Yang, Ying Fang, Xini Zhang, Li Liu, Weijie Fu. Compression Garments Reduce Soft Tissue Vibrations and Muscle Activations during Drop Jumps: An Accelerometry Evaluation. Sensors. 2021; 21 (16):5644.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liqin Deng; Yang Yang; Chenhao Yang; Ying Fang; Xini Zhang; Li Liu; Weijie Fu. 2021. "Compression Garments Reduce Soft Tissue Vibrations and Muscle Activations during Drop Jumps: An Accelerometry Evaluation." Sensors 21, no. 16: 5644.

Review article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Foot and ankle joints are complicated anatomical structures that combine the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. They play an extremely important role in walking, running, jumping and other dynamic activities of the human body. The in vivo kinematic analysis of the foot and ankle helps deeply understand the movement characteristics of these structures, as well as identify abnormal joint movements and treat related diseases. However, the technical deficiencies of traditional medical imaging methods limit studies on in vivo foot and ankle biomechanics. During the last decade, the dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) has enabled the accurate and noninvasive measurements of the dynamic and static activities in the joints of the body. Thus, this method can be utilised to quantify the movement in the single bones of the foot and ankle and analyse different morphological joints and complex bone positions and movement patterns within these organs. Moreover, it has been widely used in the field of image diagnosis and clinical biomechanics evaluation. The integration of existing single DFIS studies has great methodological reference value for future research on the foot and ankle. Therefore, this review evaluated existing studies that applied DFIS to measure the in vivo kinematics of the foot and ankle during various activities in healthy and pathologic populations. The difference between DFIS and traditional biomechanical measurement methods was shown. The advantages and shortcomings of DFIS in practical application were further elucidated, and effective theoretical support and constructive research direction for future studies on the human foot and ankle were provided.

ACS Style

Dongqiang Ye; Xiaole Sun; Cui Zhang; Shen Zhang; Xini Zhang; Shaobai Wang; Weijie Fu. In Vivo Foot and Ankle Kinematics During Activities Measured by Using a Dual Fluoroscopic Imaging System: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Dongqiang Ye, Xiaole Sun, Cui Zhang, Shen Zhang, Xini Zhang, Shaobai Wang, Weijie Fu. In Vivo Foot and Ankle Kinematics During Activities Measured by Using a Dual Fluoroscopic Imaging System: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dongqiang Ye; Xiaole Sun; Cui Zhang; Shen Zhang; Xini Zhang; Shaobai Wang; Weijie Fu. 2021. "In Vivo Foot and Ankle Kinematics During Activities Measured by Using a Dual Fluoroscopic Imaging System: A Narrative Review." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2021 in Life
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This study aims to explore whether gender differences exist in the architectural and mechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon unit (gMTU) in vivo. Thirty-six healthy male and female adults without training experience and regular exercise habits were recruited. The architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU were measured via an ultrasonography system and MyotonPRO, respectively. Independent t-tests were utilized to quantify the gender difference in the architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU. In terms of architectural properties, the medial gastrocnemius (MG)’s pennation angle and thickness were greater in males than in females, whereas no substantial gender difference was observed in the MG’s fascicle length; the males possessed Achilles tendons (ATs) with a longer length and a greater cross-sectional area than females. In terms of mechanical properties, the MG’s vertical stiffness was lower and the MG’s logarithmic decrement was greater in females than in males. Both genders had no remarkable difference in the AT’s vertical stiffness and logarithmic decrement. Gender differences of individuals without training experience and regular exercise habits exist in the architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU in vivo. The MG’s force-producing capacities, ankle torque, mechanical efficiency and peak power were higher in males than in females. The load-resisting capacities of AT were greater and the MG strain was lesser in males than in females. These findings suggest that males have better physical fitness, speed and performance in power-based sports events than females from the perspective of morphology and biomechanics.

ACS Style

Liqin Deng; Xini Zhang; Songlin Xiao; Baofeng Wang; Weijie Fu. Gender Difference in Architectural and Mechanical Properties of Medial Gastrocnemius–Achilles Tendon Unit In Vivo. Life 2021, 11, 569 .

AMA Style

Liqin Deng, Xini Zhang, Songlin Xiao, Baofeng Wang, Weijie Fu. Gender Difference in Architectural and Mechanical Properties of Medial Gastrocnemius–Achilles Tendon Unit In Vivo. Life. 2021; 11 (6):569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liqin Deng; Xini Zhang; Songlin Xiao; Baofeng Wang; Weijie Fu. 2021. "Gender Difference in Architectural and Mechanical Properties of Medial Gastrocnemius–Achilles Tendon Unit In Vivo." Life 11, no. 6: 569.

Systematic review
Published: 09 April 2021 in Frontiers in Neuroscience
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Purpose: This systematic review aims to examine the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with physical training on the excitability of the motor cortex, physical performance, and motor learning. Methods: A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases for relevant research published from inception to August 2020. Eligible studies included those that used a randomized controlled design and reported the effects of tDCS combined with physical training to improve motor-evoked potential (MEP), dynamic posture stability index (DPSI), reaction time, and error rate on participants without nervous system diseases. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Results: Twenty-four of an initial yield of 768 studies met the eligibility criteria. The risk of bias was considered low. Results showed that anodal tDCS combined with physical training can significantly increase MEP amplitude, decrease DPSI, increase muscle strength, and decrease reaction time and error rate in motor learning tasks. Moreover, the gain effect is significantly greater than sham tDCS combined with physical training. Conclusion: tDCS combined with physical training can effectively improve the excitability of the motor cortex, physical performance, and motor learning. The reported results encourage further research to understand further the synergistic effects of tDCS combined with physical training.

ACS Style

Baofeng Wang; Songlin Xiao; Changxiao Yu; Junhong Zhou; Weijie Fu. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Physical Training on the Excitability of the Motor Cortex, Physical Performance, and Motor Learning: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2021, 15, 1 .

AMA Style

Baofeng Wang, Songlin Xiao, Changxiao Yu, Junhong Zhou, Weijie Fu. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Physical Training on the Excitability of the Motor Cortex, Physical Performance, and Motor Learning: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2021; 15 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baofeng Wang; Songlin Xiao; Changxiao Yu; Junhong Zhou; Weijie Fu. 2021. "Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Physical Training on the Excitability of the Motor Cortex, Physical Performance, and Motor Learning: A Systematic Review." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15, no. : 1.

Physiology
Published: 08 January 2021 in Frontiers in Physiology
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Snowsport athletes face a high injury risk both during training and in competitions. Reducing injury incidence is crucial for athletes to achieve breakthroughs. This narrative review aimed to summarize and analyze injury data of elite athletes in snowsports and provide references for injury prevention and health security for these athletes and their coaches. A total of 39 studies that investigated snowsport injury were analyzed in the present study. On the basis of injury data of elite athletes in snowsports events, this narrative review focused on four aspects, namely, injury incidence, severity, location and causes. The findings of this review were as follows. (1) The highest injury incidence was recorded in freestyle skiing, followed by alpine skiing and snowboarding, the majority of which were moderate and severe injuries. (2) The proportion of injury in competitions and during training was similar. However, more injuries occurred in official training during the Winter Olympic Games; by contrast, injury proportion was higher in competitions during World Cup/World Championships. (3) The most commonly and severely injured body parts were the knees (29.9%), head and face (12.1%), shoulders and clavicula (10.5%), and lower back (8.9%). The most common injury types were joint and ligament injury (41.5%), fracture and bone stress (24.4%), concussion (11.1%), and muscle/tendon injury (10.7%). (4) The main causes of snowsport injury were collisions, falls, and non-contact injuries. Snowsport injury was also influenced by the skill level of the athletes, gender, course setup and equipment. Future studies should further explore the influence of event characteristics and intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors on snowsport injury. An injury or trauma reconstruction may be developed to predict athletic injuries and provide effective prevention strategies.

ACS Style

Yongxin Xu; Chenhao Yang; Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Shen Zhang; Mingwen Zhang; Li Liu; Weijie Fu. A Narrative Review of Injury Incidence, Location, and Injury Factor of Elite Athletes in Snowsport Events. Frontiers in Physiology 2021, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Yongxin Xu, Chenhao Yang, Yang Yang, Xini Zhang, Shen Zhang, Mingwen Zhang, Li Liu, Weijie Fu. A Narrative Review of Injury Incidence, Location, and Injury Factor of Elite Athletes in Snowsport Events. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021; 11 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongxin Xu; Chenhao Yang; Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Shen Zhang; Mingwen Zhang; Li Liu; Weijie Fu. 2021. "A Narrative Review of Injury Incidence, Location, and Injury Factor of Elite Athletes in Snowsport Events." Frontiers in Physiology 11, no. : 1.

Systematic review
Published: 30 October 2020 in Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Objective: This study aims to review existing literature regarding the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the physical performances of the foot and ankle of healthy adults and discuss the underlying neurophysiological mechanism through which cortical activities influence the neuromechanical management of the physical performances of the foot and ankle. Methods: This systematic review has followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science. Studies were included according to the Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Setting inclusion strategy. The risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Collaboration tool, and the quality of each study was evaluated through the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Results: The electronic search resulted in 145 studies. Only eight studies were included after screening. The studies performed well in terms of allocation, blinding effectiveness, and selective reporting. Besides, the PEDro scores of all the studies were over six, which indicated that the included studies have high quality. Seven studies reported that tDCS induced remarkable improvements in the physical performances of the foot and ankle, including foot sole vibratory and tactile threshold, toe pinch force, ankle choice reaction time, accuracy index of ankle tracking, and ankle range of motion, compared with sham. Conclusion: The results in these studies demonstrate that tDCS is promising to help improve the physical performances of the foot and ankle. The possible underlying mechanisms are that tDCS can ultimately influence the neural circuitry responsible for the neuromechanical regulation of the foot and ankle and then improve their physical performances. However, the number of studies included was limited and their sample sizes were small; therefore, more researches are highly needed to confirm the findings of the current studies and explore the underlying neuromechanical effects of tDCS.

ACS Style

Songlin Xiao; Baofeng Wang; Xini Zhang; Junhong Zhou; Weijie Fu. Systematic Review of the Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Neuromechanical Management of Foot and Ankle Physical Performance in Healthy Adults. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Songlin Xiao, Baofeng Wang, Xini Zhang, Junhong Zhou, Weijie Fu. Systematic Review of the Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Neuromechanical Management of Foot and Ankle Physical Performance in Healthy Adults. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Songlin Xiao; Baofeng Wang; Xini Zhang; Junhong Zhou; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Systematic Review of the Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Neuromechanical Management of Foot and Ankle Physical Performance in Healthy Adults." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2020 in PeerJ
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Background Excessive impact peak forces and vertical load rates are associated with running injuries and have been targeted in gait retraining studies. This study aimed to determine the effects of 12-week cadence retraining on impact peak, vertical load rates and lower extremity biomechanics during running. Methods Twenty-four healthy male recreational runners were randomised into either a 12-week cadence retraining group (n = 12), which included those who ran with a 7.5% increase in preferred cadence, or a control group (n = 12), which included those who ran without any changes in cadence. Kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded simultaneously to quantify impact force variables and lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. Results Significantly decreased impact peak (1.86 ± 0.30 BW vs. 1.67 ± 0.27 BW, P = 0.003), vertical average load rates (91.59 ± 18.91 BW/s vs. 77.31 ± 15.12 BW/s, P = 0.001) and vertical instantaneous load rates (108.8 ± 24.5 BW/s vs. 92.8 ± 18.5 BW/s, P = 0.001) were observed in the cadence retraining group, while no significant differences were observed in the control group. Foot angles (18.27° ± 5.59° vs. 13.74° ± 2.82°, P = 0.003) and vertical velocities of the centre of gravity (CoG) (0.706 ± 0.115 m/s vs. 0.652 ± 0.091 m/s, P = 0.002) significantly decreased in the cadence retraining group at initial contact, but not in the control group. In addition, vertical excursions of the CoG (0.077 ± 0.01 m vs. 0.069 ± 0.008 m, P = 0.002) and peak knee flexion angles (38.6° ± 5.0° vs. 36.5° ± 5.5°, P < 0.001) significantly decreased whilst lower extremity stiffness significantly increased (34.34 ± 7.08 kN/m vs. 38.61 ± 6.51 kN/m, P = 0.048) in the cadence retraining group. However, no significant differences were observed for those variables in the control group. Conclusion Twelve-week cadence retraining significantly increased the cadence of the cadence retraining group by 5.7%. This increased cadence effectively reduced impact peak and vertical average/instantaneous load rates. Given the close relationship between impact force variables and running injuries, increasing the cadence as a retraining method may potentially reduce the risk of impact-related running injuries.

ACS Style

Junqing Wang; Zhen Luo; Boyi Dai; Weijie Fu. Effects of 12-week cadence retraining on impact peak, load rates and lower extremity biomechanics in running. PeerJ 2020, 8, e9813 .

AMA Style

Junqing Wang, Zhen Luo, Boyi Dai, Weijie Fu. Effects of 12-week cadence retraining on impact peak, load rates and lower extremity biomechanics in running. PeerJ. 2020; 8 ():e9813.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junqing Wang; Zhen Luo; Boyi Dai; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Effects of 12-week cadence retraining on impact peak, load rates and lower extremity biomechanics in running." PeerJ 8, no. : e9813.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2020 in Life
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Purpose: Although the Achilles tendon (AT) is the largest and strongest tendon, it remains one of the most vulnerable tendons among elite and recreational runners. The present study aims to explore the effects of 12-week gait retraining (GR) on the plantar flexion torque of the ankle and the morphological and mechanical properties of the AT. Methods: Thirty-four healthy male recreational runners (habitual rearfoot strikers) who never tried to run in minimal shoes were recruited, and the intervention was completed (20 in the GR group vs. 14 in the control (CON) group). The participants in the GR group were asked to run in minimal shoes (INOV-8 BARE-XF 210) provided by the investigators with forefoot strike patterns during the progressive 12-week GR. Meanwhile, the participants in the CON group were instructed to run in their own running shoes, which they were familiar with, with original foot strike patterns and intensities. The morphological properties of the AT, namely, length and cross-sectional area (CSA), were obtained by using an ultrasound device. A dynamometer was utilized simultaneously to measure and calculate the plantar flexion torque of the ankle, the rate of torque development, the peak force of the AT, and the stress and strain of the AT. Results: After 12-week GR, the following results were obtained: (1) A significant time effect in the peak ankle plantarflexion torque was observed (p = 0.005), showing a 27.5% increase in the GR group; (2) A significant group effect in the CSA was observed (p = 0.027), specifically, the increase in CSA was significantly larger in the GR group than the CON group; (3) A significant time effect in the peak AT force was observed (p = 0.005), showing a 27.5% increase in the GR group. Conclusion: The effect of 12 weeks of GR is an increase in AT CSA, plantar flexor muscle strength of the ankle, and peak AT force during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction test. These changes in AT morphology and function could be positive for tendon health and could prevent future AT injury.

ACS Style

Liqin Deng; Xini Zhang; Songlin Xiao; Yang Yang; Lu Li; Weijie Fu. Changes in the Plantar Flexion Torque of the Ankle and in the Morphological Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon after 12-Week Gait Retraining. Life 2020, 10, 159 .

AMA Style

Liqin Deng, Xini Zhang, Songlin Xiao, Yang Yang, Lu Li, Weijie Fu. Changes in the Plantar Flexion Torque of the Ankle and in the Morphological Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon after 12-Week Gait Retraining. Life. 2020; 10 (9):159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liqin Deng; Xini Zhang; Songlin Xiao; Yang Yang; Lu Li; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Changes in the Plantar Flexion Torque of the Ankle and in the Morphological Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon after 12-Week Gait Retraining." Life 10, no. 9: 159.

Review article
Published: 04 August 2020 in Frontiers in Physiology
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Nowadays, compression garments (CGs) are widely used in winter racing sports, such as speed skating, short-track speed skating, alpine skiing, and cross-country skiing. However, the effect of wearing CGs on athletic performance in these specific sports is still not fully examined. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize the research and application of CGs in winter racing sports and to discuss how the CGs help athletes improve their performance in an integrative manner (i.e., physiology, aerodynamics, and biomechanics). A total of 18 experimental studies dedicated to CGs in winter racing sports were identified from the peer-review scientific literature. The main findings are as follows. (1) Currently, CG studies have mainly focused on drag reduction, metabolism, muscle function, strength performance, and fatigue recovery. (2) The results of most studies conducted in wind tunnels showed that, for cylindrical structures similar to the human body, clothing with rough surfaces can reduce air drag. Notably, the effect of CGs on drag reduction in real competition has not been fully explored in the literature. (3) Compression can reduce muscle vibrations at high impact and help athletes control the center of pressure movement, a function that is important for alpine skiing. Future studies are needed to improve current understanding of the effects of compression clothing microstructure on drag reduction and their stretching in different parts of the body. Furthermore, the design of experimental protocol must be consistent with those during the competition, thus providing a full discussion on energy metabolism, fatigue, and recovery affected by CGs.

ACS Style

Chenhao Yang; Yongxin Xu; Yang Yang; Songlin Xiao; Weijie Fu. Effectiveness of Using Compression Garments in Winter Racing Sports: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Physiology 2020, 11, 970 .

AMA Style

Chenhao Yang, Yongxin Xu, Yang Yang, Songlin Xiao, Weijie Fu. Effectiveness of Using Compression Garments in Winter Racing Sports: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020; 11 ():970.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenhao Yang; Yongxin Xu; Yang Yang; Songlin Xiao; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Effectiveness of Using Compression Garments in Winter Racing Sports: A Narrative Review." Frontiers in Physiology 11, no. : 970.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The forehand loop drive is one of the primary attacking techniques in table tennis and is practiced at a large volume during training. The aim of this study was to investigate the energetic profile of the high-repetition forehand loop drive practice in table tennis. Twenty-six well-trained, young table tennis players performed a treadmill graded exercise test to determine their peak oxygen uptake as a measure of overall cardiorespiratory fitness and an incremental table tennis stroke test with 3-min intervals during the forehand loop drive with a ball-throwing robot at a frequency of 35 to 85 strokes∙min−1. Pulmonary and blood parameters were measured and analyzed with a portable spirometry system and a blood lactate analyzer. Energy contributions were calculated from aerobic, anaerobic lactic, and anaerobic alactic pathways for each stroke frequency. Energy cost was defined as the amount of energy expended above resting levels for one stroke. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) with the stroke frequency (35,45,55,65,75, or 85 strokes/min−1) as a within-subject factor were performed for the dependent variables. A Power regression was performed for the energy cost as a function of the stroke frequency. Findings demonstrated a function of Y = 91.566·x−0.601 where Y is the energy cost and x is the stroke frequency, R2 = 0.9538. The energy cost decreased at higher stroke frequencies. The energy contributions from aerobic, anaerobic lactic, and anaerobic alactic pathways at each stroke frequency ranged from 79.4%–85.2%, 0.6%–2.1%, and 12.9%–20.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the energy cost of the forehand loop drive decreased at higher stroke frequencies. The high-repetition forehand loop drive practice was aerobic dominant and the anaerobic alactic system played a vital role.

ACS Style

Yongming Li; Bo Li; Xinxin Wang; Weijie Fu; Boyi Dai; George P. Nassis; Barbara E. Ainsworth. Energetic Profile in Forehand Loop Drive Practice with Well-Trained, Young Table Tennis Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3681 .

AMA Style

Yongming Li, Bo Li, Xinxin Wang, Weijie Fu, Boyi Dai, George P. Nassis, Barbara E. Ainsworth. Energetic Profile in Forehand Loop Drive Practice with Well-Trained, Young Table Tennis Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongming Li; Bo Li; Xinxin Wang; Weijie Fu; Boyi Dai; George P. Nassis; Barbara E. Ainsworth. 2020. "Energetic Profile in Forehand Loop Drive Practice with Well-Trained, Young Table Tennis Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3681.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Brain Sciences
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This study aimed to examine the effects of single-session anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on the strength of intrinsic foot muscles, passive ankle kinesthesia, and static balance. Methods: In this double-blinded self-controlled study, 14 healthy younger adults were asked to complete assessments of foot muscle strength, passive ankle kinesthesia, and static balance before and after a 20-minute session of either HD-tDCS or sham stimulation (i.e., control) at two visits separated by one week. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of HD-tDCS on metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength, toe flexor strength, the passive kinesthesia threshold of ankle joint, and the average sway velocity of the center of gravity. Results: All participants completed all study procedures and no side effects nor risk events were reported. Blinding was shown to be successful, with an overall accuracy of 35.7% in the guess of stimulation type (p = 0.347). No main effects of intervention, time, or their interaction were observed for foot muscle strength (p > 0.05). The average percent change in first-toe flexor strength following anodal HD-tDCS was 12.8 ± 24.2%, with 11 out of 14 participants showing an increase in strength, while the change following sham stimulation was 0.7 ± 17.3%, with 8 out of 14 participants showing an increase in strength. A main effect of time on the passive kinesthesia threshold of ankle inversion, dorsiflexion, and anteroposterior and medial–lateral average sway velocity of the center of gravity in one-leg standing with eyes closed was observed; these outcomes were reduced from pre to post stimulation (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for other variables between the two stimulation types. Conclusion: The results of this pilot study suggested that single-session HD-tDCS may improve the flexor strength of the first toe, although no statistically significant differences were observed between the anodal HD-tDCS and sham procedure groups. Additionally, passive ankle kinesthesia and static standing balance performance were improved from pre to post stimulation, but no significant differences were observed between the HD-tDCS and sham procedure groups. This may be potentially due to ceiling effects in this healthy cohort of a small sample size. Nevertheless, these preliminary findings may provide critical knowledge of optimal stimulation parameters, effect size, and power estimation of HD-tDCS for future trials aiming to confirm and expand the findings of this pilot study.

ACS Style

Songlin Xiao; Baofeng Wang; Xini Zhang; Junhong Zhou; Weijie Fu. Acute Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Foot Muscle Strength, Passive Ankle Kinesthesia, and Static Balance: A Pilot Study. Brain Sciences 2020, 10, 246 .

AMA Style

Songlin Xiao, Baofeng Wang, Xini Zhang, Junhong Zhou, Weijie Fu. Acute Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Foot Muscle Strength, Passive Ankle Kinesthesia, and Static Balance: A Pilot Study. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10 (4):246.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Songlin Xiao; Baofeng Wang; Xini Zhang; Junhong Zhou; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Acute Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Foot Muscle Strength, Passive Ankle Kinesthesia, and Static Balance: A Pilot Study." Brain Sciences 10, no. 4: 246.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The objective of this study is to investigate plantar loads characteristics of habitual forefoot strike runners while running on different surfaces. Twenty-six runners (age: 28.2 ± 6.8 y, height: 172.9 ± 4.1 cm, weight: 67.7 ± 9.6 kg, BMI (body mass index): 22.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2, running age: 5.0 ± 4.2 y, running distance per week: 14.6 ± 11.7 km) with habitual forefoot strike participated in the study. Runners were instructed to run at 3.3 ± 0.2 m/s on three surfaces: grass, synthetic rubber and concrete. An in-shoe pressure measurement system was used to collect and analyze plantar loads data. Running on the synthetic rubber surface produced a lower plantar pressure in the lateral forefoot (256.73 kPa vs. 281.35 kPa, p = 0.006) than running on concrete. Compared with the concrete surface, lower pressure–time integrals were shown at the central forefoot (46.71 kPa⋅s vs. 50.73 kPa⋅s, p = 0.001) and lateral forefoot (36.13 kPa⋅s vs. 39.36 kPa⋅s, p = 0.004) when running on the synthetic rubber surface. The different surfaces influence plantar loads of habitual forefoot strikers and runners should choose appropriate overground surface to reduce the risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries.

ACS Style

Zhiwang Zhang; Yu Zhang; Weijie Fu; Zhen Wei; Jiayi Jiang; Lin Wang. Plantar Loads of Habitual Forefoot Strikers during Running on Different Overground Surfaces. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2271 .

AMA Style

Zhiwang Zhang, Yu Zhang, Weijie Fu, Zhen Wei, Jiayi Jiang, Lin Wang. Plantar Loads of Habitual Forefoot Strikers during Running on Different Overground Surfaces. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (7):2271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhiwang Zhang; Yu Zhang; Weijie Fu; Zhen Wei; Jiayi Jiang; Lin Wang. 2020. "Plantar Loads of Habitual Forefoot Strikers during Running on Different Overground Surfaces." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7: 2271.

Research article
Published: 20 March 2020 in BioMed Research International
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Purpose. To explore the changes in knee sagittal angle and moment and patellofemoral joint (PFJ) force and stress before and after 12-week gait retraining. Methods. A total of 30 healthy male recreational runners were randomized into a control group (n=15) who ran in their original strike pattern using minimalist shoes or experimental group (n=15) who ran in a forefoot strike pattern using minimalist shoes during the 12-week gait retraining. The kinematic and kinetic data of the dominant leg of the participants during the 12 km/h running were collected by 3D motion capture systems and 3D force platforms. Besides, the biomechanical property of the PFJ was calculated on the basis of the joint force model and the regression equation of the contact area. Results. After the 12-week gait retraining, 78% of the rearfoot strikers turned into forefoot strikers. Peak knee extension moment and peak PFJ stress decreased by 13.8% and 13.3% without altering the running speed, respectively. Meanwhile, no changes in maximum knee flexion angle/extension moment and PFJ force/stress were observed for the control group. Conclusion. The 12-week gait retraining effectively reduced the PFJ stress, thereby providing a potential means of reducing the risk of patellofemoral pain syndrome while running.

ACS Style

Baofeng Wang; Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Junqing Wang; Liqin Deng; Weijie Fu. Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners. BioMed Research International 2020, 2020, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Baofeng Wang, Yang Yang, Xini Zhang, Junqing Wang, Liqin Deng, Weijie Fu. Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners. BioMed Research International. 2020; 2020 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baofeng Wang; Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Junqing Wang; Liqin Deng; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners." BioMed Research International 2020, no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The purpose of this study was to investigate if measurements of foot morphology in sitting and standing positions can predict foot muscle strength. Twenty-six healthy male adults were recruited, and their foot morphology and foot muscle strength were measured. Foot morphological variables, toe flexor strength, and metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength were measured by using a digital caliper, Ailitech-AFG500 dynameter and metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength tester, respectively. Partial correlation and multivariate stepwise regression were used to explore the relationships between foot morphology and toe/metatarsophalangeal joint strength. Results adjusted by age and body mass index were as follows: (1) truncated foot length in sitting and standing positions and foot width in standing position were positively correlated with the flexor strength of the first toe; (2) foot length, foot width, and truncated foot length in both positions were positively related to the flexor strength of the other toes; (3) arch height index in sitting position and differences in navicular height were negatively associated with the flexor strength of the other toes; (4) differences in foot width were negatively associated with metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength; and (5) the multivariate stepwise regression model showed that truncated foot length in sitting position, navicular height in standing position, differences in navicular height, foot width in sitting position, and differences in foot width were significantly correlated with toe/metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength. Simple measurements of foot morphological characteristics can effectively predict foot muscle strength. Preliminary findings provided practical implications for the improvement of the foot ability by making specific foot muscle training sessions in professional sports and by compensating the predicted muscle strength defects to prevent foot injury.

ACS Style

Songlin Xiao; Xini Zhang; Liqin Deng; Shen Zhang; Kedong Cui; Weijie Fu. Relationships between Foot Morphology and Foot Muscle Strength in Healthy Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1274 .

AMA Style

Songlin Xiao, Xini Zhang, Liqin Deng, Shen Zhang, Kedong Cui, Weijie Fu. Relationships between Foot Morphology and Foot Muscle Strength in Healthy Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (4):1274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Songlin Xiao; Xini Zhang; Liqin Deng; Shen Zhang; Kedong Cui; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Relationships between Foot Morphology and Foot Muscle Strength in Healthy Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1274.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Purpose: The intervention of 12 week gait retraining with minimalist shoes was established to examine its effect on impact forces, joint mechanics, and vertical stiffness during running. Methods: Thirty male recreational runners were randomly assigned to the gait retraining + minimalist shoe (n = 15, GR) and minimalist shoe (n = 15, MIN) groups. The ground reaction force and marker trajectories were collected before and after intervention at a speed of 3.33 ± 5% m/s. Results: A total of 17 participants (9 in the GR group and 8 in the MIN group) completed the training. After training, (1) the loading rate of both groups decreased significantly, and the loading rate of the GR group was lower than that of the MIN group. (2) The foot strike angle of the GR group decreased significantly after training, and the plantarflexion angle and hip joint angular extension velocity increased in both groups. (3) The moment of ankle joint increased in the GR group, and the stiffness of lower limbs was significantly improved in both groups. Conclusion: The 12 week gait retraining with minimalist shoes converted rearfoot strikers into forefoot strikers with a rate of 78% (7/9). More importantly, such a combined program, compared to the training with only minimalist shoes, can avoid the peak impact force and decrease the loading rate more effectively, thus providing a potential means of reducing risk of running injury caused by impact forces. Moreover, the increased vertical stiffness of lower extremity after gait retraining may improve running economy and corresponding energy utilization. However, these observations also suggest that the sole use of minimalist footwear may have limited effects on reducing running-related impacts.

ACS Style

Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Zhen Luo; Xi Wang; Dongqiang Ye; Weijie Fu. Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 818 .

AMA Style

Yang Yang, Xini Zhang, Zhen Luo, Xi Wang, Dongqiang Ye, Weijie Fu. Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):818.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Zhen Luo; Xi Wang; Dongqiang Ye; Weijie Fu. 2020. "Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 818.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Medicine
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The abnormal inter-segmental coordination of the spine during lifting could be used to monitor disease progression and rehabilitation efficacy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This study aimed to compare the inter-segmental coordination patterns and variability of the spine during lifting between patients with AS (n = 9) and control (n = 15) groups. Continuous relative (CRP) and deviation (DP) phases between each segment of the spine (two lumbar and three thorax segments) and lumbosacral joint were calculated. The CRP and DP curves among participants were decomposed into few functional principal components (FPC) via functional principal component analysis (FPCA). The FPC score of CRP or DP of the two groups were compared, and its relationship with the indexes of spinal mobility was investigated. Compared with the control group, the AS patients showed more anti-phase coordination patterns in each relative upper spine segment and lumbosacral joint. In addition, either less or more variation was found in the coordination of each relative lower spine segment and lumbosacral joint during different time periods of lifting for these patients. Some cases were considerably related to spinal mobility. the inter-segmental coordination of the spine was altered during lifting in AS patients to enable movement, albeit inefficient and might cause spinal mobility impairment.

ACS Style

Huijie Lin; Stefan Seerden; Xianyi Zhang; Weijie Fu; Benedicte Vanwanseele. Inter-segmental coordination of the spine is altered during lifting in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Medicine 2020, 99, e18941 .

AMA Style

Huijie Lin, Stefan Seerden, Xianyi Zhang, Weijie Fu, Benedicte Vanwanseele. Inter-segmental coordination of the spine is altered during lifting in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Medicine. 2020; 99 (5):e18941.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huijie Lin; Stefan Seerden; Xianyi Zhang; Weijie Fu; Benedicte Vanwanseele. 2020. "Inter-segmental coordination of the spine is altered during lifting in patients with ankylosing spondylitis." Medicine 99, no. 5: e18941.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2019 in Applied Sciences
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Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running-induced fatigue intervention. Methods: Fourteen male recreational runners were required to run at 3.33 m/s until they could no longer continue running. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and marker trajectories were recorded intermittently every 2 min to quantify the impact forces and the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the fatiguing run. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was also collected before and after running. Results: In comparison with the beginning of the run duration, (1) BLa significantly increased immediately after running, 4 min after running, and 9 min after running; (2) no changes were observed in vertical/anterior–posterior GRF and loading rates; (3) the hip joint range of motion (θROM) significantly increased at 33%, 67%, and 100% of the run duration, whereas θROM of the knee joint significantly increased at 67%; (4) no changes were observed in ankle joint kinematics and peak joint moment at the ankle, knee, and hip; and (5) vertical and ankle stiffness decreased at 67% and 100% of the run duration. Conclusion: GRF characteristics did not vary significantly throughout the fatiguing run. However, nonlinear adaptations in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were observed. In particular, a “soft landing” strategy, achieved by an increased θROM at the hip and knee joints and a decreased vertical and ankle stiffness, was initiated from the mid-stage of a fatiguing run to potentially maintain similar impact forces.

ACS Style

Zhen Luo; Xini Zhang; Junqing Wang; Yang Yang; Yongxin Xu; Weijie Fu. Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5493 .

AMA Style

Zhen Luo, Xini Zhang, Junqing Wang, Yang Yang, Yongxin Xu, Weijie Fu. Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5493.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen Luo; Xini Zhang; Junqing Wang; Yang Yang; Yongxin Xu; Weijie Fu. 2019. "Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5493.

General commentary article
Published: 05 December 2019 in Frontiers in Physiology
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Commentary: “Brain-Doping,” Is It a Real Threat?

ACS Style

Zhiqiang Zhu; Junhong Zhou; Brad Manor; Xi Wang; Weijie Fu; Yu Liu. Commentary: “Brain-Doping,” Is It a Real Threat? Frontiers in Physiology 2019, 10, 1489 .

AMA Style

Zhiqiang Zhu, Junhong Zhou, Brad Manor, Xi Wang, Weijie Fu, Yu Liu. Commentary: “Brain-Doping,” Is It a Real Threat? Frontiers in Physiology. 2019; 10 ():1489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhiqiang Zhu; Junhong Zhou; Brad Manor; Xi Wang; Weijie Fu; Yu Liu. 2019. "Commentary: “Brain-Doping,” Is It a Real Threat?" Frontiers in Physiology 10, no. : 1489.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2019 in Applied Sciences
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Purpose: Given the high incidence of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) in runners, this study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of shoes with different minimalist indices (MI) on the mechanical loads of the patellofemoral joint. Methods: Fifteen healthy male rearfoot strike runners were recruited to complete overground running trials at 3.33 m/s (±5%) in two running shoe conditions (MI = 26% versus MI = 86%). The amount of ten Vicon infrared cameras (100 Hz) and two Kistler force plates (1000 Hz) were used to collect kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data simultaneously. Quadriceps strength, patellofemoral contact force, patellofemoral contact area, and patellofemoral contact stress were calculated. Results: No significant differences were observed in the impact force and the second peak of the vertical GRF between the two shoe conditions. Compared to wearing low-MI shoes, wearing high-MI shoes showed that the maximum flexion angle of the knee, the contact area of patellofemoral joint and the peak knee extension moment reduced significantly (p < 0.01), and the peak patellofemoral contact force and stress decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that wearing high-MI shoes significantly decreases the patellofemoral contact force and patellofemoral joint stress by reducing the moment of knee extension, thus effectively reducing the load of the patellofemoral joint during the stance phase of running and potentially lowering the risk of PFPS.

ACS Style

Chenhao Yang; Songlin Xiao; Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Junqing Wang; Weijie Fu. Patellofemoral Joint Loads during Running Immediately Changed by Shoes with Different Minimalist Indices: A Cross-sectional Study. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 4176 .

AMA Style

Chenhao Yang, Songlin Xiao, Yang Yang, Xini Zhang, Junqing Wang, Weijie Fu. Patellofemoral Joint Loads during Running Immediately Changed by Shoes with Different Minimalist Indices: A Cross-sectional Study. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (19):4176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenhao Yang; Songlin Xiao; Yang Yang; Xini Zhang; Junqing Wang; Weijie Fu. 2019. "Patellofemoral Joint Loads during Running Immediately Changed by Shoes with Different Minimalist Indices: A Cross-sectional Study." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19: 4176.