Coagulation is a well-known technology applied in water and wastewater treatment. Inorganic salts, such as alum, ferrous sulfate, and polyaluminum chloride, are usually used. It is widely known that utilization of these inorganic coagulants poses several disadvantages, such as high coagulant cost and high sludge volume that increase water treatment expenses. The use of alum also poses health risk to human as it may cause degenerative diseases. In order to minimize these disadvantages, the use of various coagulants from natural resources has been recently proposed. In this research, study was performed on the extraction and use of a potential natural coagulant (Leucaena leucocephala) seed kernel as natural coagulant. Leucaena seed kernel was extracted at various NaCl concentrations (0–5 mol L⁻¹). Extract with highest protein content obtained at NaCl concentration of 3 mol L⁻¹ was further used to treat a synthetic wastewater model substance (Congo red solution) at various pH (2–10) and dosage (2–40 mL L⁻¹). This natural coagulant successfully removed 99.9% of the color at pH 3 and dosage 10 mL L⁻¹, with only half sludge volume discharged when compared to alum. The result suggests that leucaena is a promising natural coagulant for water and wastewater treatment.

In this study the effect of activated carbon support modification to synthesis of CNSs was observed. Modification of activated carbon was done by using nitric acid. The effect of modification was analyzed from its FTIR spectra. The Fe catalysts were deposited on to the support by using urea deposition precipitation method at various initial catalysts concentration. CNSs was synthesized by utilizing cooking palm oil as renewable carbon source, and pyrolized at 700˚C for 1 hour under nitrogen atmosphere. The products obtained then analyzed using SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. The modification of activated carbon support had increased the oxygen functional group. This increase resulted on increase of metal catalysts deposited on activated carbon surface. Peak of C (100) was observed, while ID/IG of samples were obtained around 0.9, which is commonly obtained for CNSs. High catalysts loading on modified activated carbon support caused decomposition of CNSs and formation carbon onion.