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Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) attack is one of the most significant durability concerns in cement-based materials. In this paper, the drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS), which is a typical by-product from the drinking water treatment industry, was reused as supplementary cementitious material to mitigate the degradation of mortar resulting from ASR attack. DWTS was milled and calcined at 800 °C for 2 h before being used as a replacement for cement. Glass sand was used as the reactive fine aggregate. Properties of four mortar mixtures prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of calcined DWTS replacement of cement were firstly assessed, including compressive strength, flexural strength, and water sorptivity. The mortar specimens were then exposed to an ASR-attacked environment for 28 days, the changes in specimen length were monitored, and the uniformity of mortar was measured via Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The results showed that 10% replacement significantly improved the mechanical properties of mortar. The specimens with 20% of the calcined DWTS exhibited comparable strength relative to the reference group and exhibited superior resistance to ASR attack. Additionally, a water sorptivity test showed that higher contents of the calcined DWTS can lead to lower water capillary absorption of mortar.
Weiwei Duan; Yan Zhuge; Phuong Ngoc Pham; Christopher W. K. Chow; Alexandra Keegan; Yue Liu. Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali–Silica Reaction in Cement Composites. Journal of Composites Science 2020, 4, 171 .
AMA StyleWeiwei Duan, Yan Zhuge, Phuong Ngoc Pham, Christopher W. K. Chow, Alexandra Keegan, Yue Liu. Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali–Silica Reaction in Cement Composites. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4 (4):171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeiwei Duan; Yan Zhuge; Phuong Ngoc Pham; Christopher W. K. Chow; Alexandra Keegan; Yue Liu. 2020. "Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as Cement Replacement to Mitigate Alkali–Silica Reaction in Cement Composites." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 171.
Currently guidelines for disinfection of water with free chlorine, while primarily developed for potable water, are often used for virus disinfection of nitrified recycled water of >1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of free chlorine for viruses in waters of varying turbidity and pH due to significant reuse of treated wastewater of varying quality. In this study, disinfection efficacy in nitrified/denitrified activated sludge treated wastewater was investigated for coxsackievirus B5 (CB5), an enterovirus known to be highly resistant to free chlorine. The required chlorine contact times (CT) values (mg.min/L) for inactivation of CB5 were established in treated wastewater at 10 °C and of varying turbidity (0.2, 2, 5 and 20 NTU) and pH (7, 8 and 9). CTs were calculated to achieve 1 to 4 log10 inactivation. Robust data is presented in support of the chlorine CT values required to inactivate a chlorine-resistant virus in a range of turbidities and pHs in treated wastewaters. The testing method used a conservative approach and the data presented have been used to develop the free chlorine virus inactivation guildelines for recycled water in Victoria and South Australia, Australia.
Satiya Wati; Bret S. Robinson; John Mieog; Judy Blackbeard; Alexandra R. Keegan. Chlorine inactivation of coxsackievirus B5 in recycled water destined for non-potable reuse. Journal of Water and Health 2018, 17, 124 -136.
AMA StyleSatiya Wati, Bret S. Robinson, John Mieog, Judy Blackbeard, Alexandra R. Keegan. Chlorine inactivation of coxsackievirus B5 in recycled water destined for non-potable reuse. Journal of Water and Health. 2018; 17 (1):124-136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSatiya Wati; Bret S. Robinson; John Mieog; Judy Blackbeard; Alexandra R. Keegan. 2018. "Chlorine inactivation of coxsackievirus B5 in recycled water destined for non-potable reuse." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 1: 124-136.
Ultrafiltration is an effective barrier to waterborne pathogens including viruses. Challenge testing is commonly used to test the inherent reliability of such systems. Performance validation seeks to demonstrate the adequate reliability of the treatment system. Appropriate and rigorous data analysis is an essential aspect of validation testing. In this study we used Bayesian analysis to assess the performance of a full-scale ultrafiltration system which was validated and revalidated after five years of operation. A hierarchical Bayesian model was used to analyse a number of similar ultrafiltration membrane skids working in parallel during the two validation periods. This approach enhanced our ability to obtain accurate estimations of performance variability, especially when the sample size of some system skids was limited. This methodology enabled the quantitative estimation of uncertainty in the performance parameters and generation of predictive distributions incorporating those uncertainties. The results indicated that there was a decrease in the mean skid performance after five years of operation of approximately 1 log reduction value (LRV). Interestingly, variability in the LRV also reduced, with standard deviations from the revalidation data being decreased by a mean 0.37 LRV compared with the original validation data. The model was also useful in comparing the operating performance of the various parallel skids within the same year. Evidence of differences was obtained in 2015 for one of the membrane skids. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis of validation data provides robust estimations of performance and the incorporation of probabilistic analysis which is increasingly important for comprehensive quantitative risk assessment purposes.
Guido Carvajal; Amos Branch; Scott A. Sisson; David J. Roser; Ben Van Den Akker; Paul Monis; Petra Reeve; Alexandra Keegan; Rudi Regel; Stuart J. Khan. Virus removal by ultrafiltration: Understanding long-term performance change by application of Bayesian analysis. Water Research 2017, 122, 269 -279.
AMA StyleGuido Carvajal, Amos Branch, Scott A. Sisson, David J. Roser, Ben Van Den Akker, Paul Monis, Petra Reeve, Alexandra Keegan, Rudi Regel, Stuart J. Khan. Virus removal by ultrafiltration: Understanding long-term performance change by application of Bayesian analysis. Water Research. 2017; 122 ():269-279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Carvajal; Amos Branch; Scott A. Sisson; David J. Roser; Ben Van Den Akker; Paul Monis; Petra Reeve; Alexandra Keegan; Rudi Regel; Stuart J. Khan. 2017. "Virus removal by ultrafiltration: Understanding long-term performance change by application of Bayesian analysis." Water Research 122, no. : 269-279.
Chlorine disinfection of biologically treated wastewater is practiced in many locations prior to environmental discharge or beneficial reuse. The effectiveness of chlorine disinfection processes may be influenced by several factors, such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, organic carbon concentration, and suspended solids. We investigated the use of Bayesian multilayer perceptron (BMLP) models as efficient and practical tools for compiling and analysing free chlorine and monochloramine virus disinfection performance as a multivariate problem. Corresponding to their relative susceptibility, Adenovirus 2 was used to assess disinfection by monochloramine and Coxsackievirus B5 was used for free chlorine. A BMLP model was constructed to relate key disinfection conditions (CT, pH, turbidity) to observed Log Reduction Values (LRVs) for these viruses at constant temperature. The models proved to be valuable for incorporating uncertainty in the chlor(am)ination performance estimation and interpolating between operating conditions. Various types of queries could be performed with this model including the identification of target CT for a particular combination of LRV, pH and turbidity. Similarly, it was possible to derive achievable LRVs for combinations of CT, pH and turbidity. These queries yielded probability density functions for the target variable reflecting the uncertainty in the model parameters and variability of the input variables. The disinfection efficacy was greatly impacted by pH and to a lesser extent by turbidity for both types of disinfections. Non-linear relationships were observed between pH and target CT, and turbidity and target CT, with compound effects on target CT also evidenced. This work demonstrated that the use of BMLP models had considerable ability to improve the resolution and understanding of the multivariate relationships between operational parameters and disinfection outcomes for wastewater treatment.
Guido Carvajal; David J. Roser; Scott A. Sisson; Alexandra Keegan; Stuart J. Khan. Bayesian belief network modelling of chlorine disinfection for human pathogenic viruses in municipal wastewater. Water Research 2017, 109, 144 -154.
AMA StyleGuido Carvajal, David J. Roser, Scott A. Sisson, Alexandra Keegan, Stuart J. Khan. Bayesian belief network modelling of chlorine disinfection for human pathogenic viruses in municipal wastewater. Water Research. 2017; 109 ():144-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Carvajal; David J. Roser; Scott A. Sisson; Alexandra Keegan; Stuart J. Khan. 2017. "Bayesian belief network modelling of chlorine disinfection for human pathogenic viruses in municipal wastewater." Water Research 109, no. : 144-154.
Risk management for wastewater treatment and reuse have led to growing interest in understanding and optimising pathogen reduction during biological treatment processes. However, modelling pathogen reduction is often limited by poor characterization of the relationships between variables and incomplete knowledge of removal mechanisms. The aim of this paper was to assess the applicability of Bayesian belief network models to represent associations between pathogen reduction, and operating conditions and monitoring parameters and predict AS performance. Naïve Bayes and semi-naïve Bayes networks were constructed from an activated sludge dataset including operating and monitoring parameters, and removal efficiencies for two pathogens (native Giardia lamblia and seeded Cryptosporidium parvum) and five native microbial indicators (F-RNA bacteriophage, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, coliforms and enterococci). First we defined the Bayesian network structures for the two pathogen log10 reduction values (LRVs) class nodes discretized into two states (< and ≥ 1 LRV) using two different learning algorithms. Eight metrics, such as Prediction Accuracy (PA) and Area Under the receiver operating Curve (AUC), provided a comparison of model prediction performance, certainty and goodness of fit. This comparison was used to select the optimum models. The optimum Tree Augmented naïve models predicted removal efficiency with high AUC when all system parameters were used simultaneously (AUCs for C. parvum and G. lamblia LRVs of 0.95 and 0.87 respectively). However, metrics for individual system parameters showed only the C. parvum model was reliable. By contrast individual parameters for G. lamblia LRV prediction typically obtained low AUC scores (AUC < 0.81). Useful predictors for C. parvum LRV included solids retention time, turbidity and total coliform LRV. The methodology developed appears applicable for predicting pathogen removal efficiency in water treatment systems generally.
Guido Carvajal; David J. Roser; Scott A. Sisson; Alexandra Keegan; Stuart J. Khan. Modelling pathogen log10 reduction values achieved by activated sludge treatment using naïve and semi naïve Bayes network models. Water Research 2015, 85, 304 -315.
AMA StyleGuido Carvajal, David J. Roser, Scott A. Sisson, Alexandra Keegan, Stuart J. Khan. Modelling pathogen log10 reduction values achieved by activated sludge treatment using naïve and semi naïve Bayes network models. Water Research. 2015; 85 ():304-315.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Carvajal; David J. Roser; Scott A. Sisson; Alexandra Keegan; Stuart J. Khan. 2015. "Modelling pathogen log10 reduction values achieved by activated sludge treatment using naïve and semi naïve Bayes network models." Water Research 85, no. : 304-315.
Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page.Excerpt The authors wish to add the following amendments and corrections to their paper published in IJERPH [1].Page 7398, Table 1: The average water temperature measured in summer is 24.3 °C not 4.3 °C. The correct Table 1 should therefore be:
Harriet Whiley; Alexandra Keegan; Howard Fallowfield; Richard Bentham. Correction: Whiley, H., et al. Detection of Legionella, L. pneumophila and Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) along Potable Water Distribution Pipelines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7393–7405. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014, 11, 11418 -11420.
AMA StyleHarriet Whiley, Alexandra Keegan, Howard Fallowfield, Richard Bentham. Correction: Whiley, H., et al. Detection of Legionella, L. pneumophila and Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) along Potable Water Distribution Pipelines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7393–7405. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11 (11):11418-11420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarriet Whiley; Alexandra Keegan; Howard Fallowfield; Richard Bentham. 2014. "Correction: Whiley, H., et al. Detection of Legionella, L. pneumophila and Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) along Potable Water Distribution Pipelines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7393–7405." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11418-11420.
Inhalation of potable water presents a potential route of exposure to opportunistic pathogens and hence warrants significant public health concern. This study used qPCR to detect opportunistic pathogens Legionella spp., L. pneumophila and MAC at multiple points along two potable water distribution pipelines. One used chlorine disinfection and the other chloramine disinfection. Samples were collected four times over the year to provide seasonal variation and the chlorine or chloramine residual was measured during collection. Legionella spp., L. pneumophila and MAC were detected in both distribution systems throughout the year and were all detected at a maximum concentration of 103 copies/mL in the chlorine disinfected system and 106, 103 and 104 copies/mL respectively in the chloramine disinfected system. The concentrations of these opportunistic pathogens were primarily controlled throughout the distribution network through the maintenance of disinfection residuals. At a dead-end and when the disinfection residual was not maintained significant (p < 0.05) increases in concentration were observed when compared to the concentration measured closest to the processing plant in the same pipeline and sampling period. Total coliforms were not present in any water sample collected. This study demonstrates the ability of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila and MAC to survive the potable water disinfection process and highlights the need for greater measures to control these organisms along the distribution pipeline and at point of use.
Harriet Whiley; Alexandra Keegan; Howard Fallowfield; Richard Bentham. Detection of Legionella, L. pneumophila and Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) along Potable Water Distribution Pipelines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014, 11, 7393 -7405.
AMA StyleHarriet Whiley, Alexandra Keegan, Howard Fallowfield, Richard Bentham. Detection of Legionella, L. pneumophila and Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) along Potable Water Distribution Pipelines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11 (7):7393-7405.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarriet Whiley; Alexandra Keegan; Howard Fallowfield; Richard Bentham. 2014. "Detection of Legionella, L. pneumophila and Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) along Potable Water Distribution Pipelines." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 7: 7393-7405.
Water is a major route of transmission for Cryptosporidium and oocysts commonly occur in surface and recreational waters as a consequence of fecal contamination from Wildlife or anthroponotic sources. There are many characteristics possessed by Cryptosporidium oocysts that allow them to persist in aquatic environments, including recreational waters, and to bypass water treatment processes. These types of events lead to outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, caused by direct exposure to contaminated recreational water (such as swimming pools) or by drinking contaminated potable water. Previous chapters have discussed the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in relation to waterborne transmission and also the sources and presence of oocysts in drinking and recreational waters. This chapter will review the processes contributing to the removal and inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface waters and wastewaters, including natural processes that occur in surface waters and engineered processes used for the production of drinking water or for the treatment of wastewater.
Paul Monis; Brendon King; Alexandra Keegan. Removal and Inactivation of Cryptosporidium from Water. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease 2013, 515 -552.
AMA StylePaul Monis, Brendon King, Alexandra Keegan. Removal and Inactivation of Cryptosporidium from Water. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. 2013; ():515-552.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul Monis; Brendon King; Alexandra Keegan. 2013. "Removal and Inactivation of Cryptosporidium from Water." Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease , no. : 515-552.
Validation studies were undertaken at Adelaide metropolitan wastewater treatment plants to establish the actual log10 reduction values (LRVs) of pathogens (viruses and Cryptosporidium) across activated sludge plants (ASPs) as an alternative to accepting the default values attributed by the Department of Health and Ageing (DHA). Grab samples were collected across a 6-week period and assessed for pathogens (adenovirus and Cryptosporidium) and indicator microorganisms (sulphite-reducing clostridia and F-RNA bacteriophage). Through applying the validation process, the DHA has revised the default value for reduction of viruses with an increase from 0.5 log10 to 1 log10 while the value for protozoa remains at 0.5 log10 based on the combined data for a well-operated and maintained ASP. This provides the basis for considering further work at individual plants which may allow higher log credits to be obtained on a plant by plant basis.
A. R. Keegan; B. Robinson; Paul Monis; M. Biebrick; C. Liston. Validation of activated sludge plant performance for virus and protozoan reduction. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2013, 3, 140 -147.
AMA StyleA. R. Keegan, B. Robinson, Paul Monis, M. Biebrick, C. Liston. Validation of activated sludge plant performance for virus and protozoan reduction. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination. 2013; 3 (2):140-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. R. Keegan; B. Robinson; Paul Monis; M. Biebrick; C. Liston. 2013. "Validation of activated sludge plant performance for virus and protozoan reduction." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 2: 140-147.
Direct analysis of potable water for pathogenic micro-organisms has generally been avoided by water suppliers because pathogens are frequently present intermittently and in low numbers. Direct analysis for pathogens would require concentration of large sample volumes and more complex analytical procedures both of which are expensive and currently considered not to be more protective of public health than using appropriate pathogen index organisms or surrogates. Human feces contain about 1012 bacteria per gram, hence Escherichia coli is always present in high numbers in domestic wastewater (around 109 cfu/g) and can be detected relatively cheaply by culture methods. Hence E. coli has become the chosen indicator for fecal pollution of water. The presence of E. coli indicates the likely presence of pathogenic micro-organisms; yet it is not an unequivocal indicator of the presence of pathogens. While E. coli is a valuable warning indicator in potable water supplies, its value in domestic wastewater and biosolids applications is reduced because the source water and sludge is always fecally polluted. Instead, an indicator more clearly linked to pathogen presence, an index organism, is required. An index organism is defined as a group or species indicative of pathogen presence, such as E. coli as an index organism for Salmonella. Due to the wide variety of illnesses generating fecal pathogens and the intermittent nature of such illnesses in a population, finding such a micro-organism is challenging. An approach more likely to meet with success is to find indicators which are removed or inactivated similarly to pathogens by wastewater and biosolids treatment processes. Such process indicators, called model organisms or surrogates, are defined as a group of organisms that demonstrate the efficacy of a process). When coupled with data collected over time on the numbers of pathogens in the matrix prior to treatment, can indicate the risk attached to using treated water. As climate change continues to place stress on water resources, communities are increasingly looking to recycled water as a supplementary water source. Hence identification of process indicators for recycled water is becoming imperative so that recycled water can be used appropriately so as to minimize risks. As pathogen reduction in primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes is not as great as in tertiary and disinfection treatment processes, the latter treatment processes have been the focus of this study. Similarly, as disposal of biosolids to landfill sites becomes increasing costly and inorganic fertilizer feedstocks decline, the beneficial use of biosolids is becoming more important. Identification of process indicators for biosolids will encourage these beneficial uses as the risk to human health can be better assessed.The search for process indicators is the primary objective of this project i.e. to identify representative pathogen - indicator pairs and to investigate their removal or inactivation in domestic wastewater and biosolids treatment processes commonly found in developed 1-2 countries. Identifying index organisms is a secondary objective, as the likelihood of finding such indictors is judged to be low. The new indicator(s) will complement or replace existing indicators and will allow improved assessment of risk to human health from wastewater and biosolids.This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series.ISBN: 9781843393597 (eBook)
Alexandra Keegan; Paul Monis; Paul Jagals; Simon Toze; Judy Blackbeard. Pathogen Risk Indicators for Wastewater and Biosolids. Water Intelligence Online 2010, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleAlexandra Keegan, Paul Monis, Paul Jagals, Simon Toze, Judy Blackbeard. Pathogen Risk Indicators for Wastewater and Biosolids. Water Intelligence Online. 2010; 9 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Keegan; Paul Monis; Paul Jagals; Simon Toze; Judy Blackbeard. 2010. "Pathogen Risk Indicators for Wastewater and Biosolids." Water Intelligence Online 9, no. : 1.
Permeable pavement reservoirs provide an important opportunity for the harvesting and storage of stormwater for reuse. This research aims to determine whether storage in dolomite, calcite and quartzite mineral aggregates in the base course of a permeable pavement impacts on the survival of the pathogen indicator organism Escherichia coli (E. coli) in storage. The reasons for depletion were also investigated. Twelve model permeable pavement storage reservoirs were filled, in triplicate, with dolomite, calcite and quartzite. Three reservoirs contained no aggregate. After filling with pathogen spiked rainwater, the concentration of E. coli was examined for 22 days in the reservoirs. The reservoirs were then agitated to determine if there was E. coli present which was not in aqueous suspension. The results of the experiments show that there is no significant difference in the depletion of E. coli found in reservoirs without aggregate, and those filled with dolomite or calcite. The rate of depletion was found to be significantly lower in the quartzite filled reservoirs. Agitation of the reservoirs yielded increases in the aqueous concentration of E. coli in all reservoir types, suggesting that the bacteria are adhering to the surface of the mineral aggregate and to the reservoir walls.
B. R. Myers; S. Beecham; J. A. Van Leeuwen; A. Keegan. Depletion of E. coli in permeable pavement mineral aggregate storage and reuse systems. Water Science and Technology 2009, 60, 3091 -3099.
AMA StyleB. R. Myers, S. Beecham, J. A. Van Leeuwen, A. Keegan. Depletion of E. coli in permeable pavement mineral aggregate storage and reuse systems. Water Science and Technology. 2009; 60 (12):3091-3099.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. R. Myers; S. Beecham; J. A. Van Leeuwen; A. Keegan. 2009. "Depletion of E. coli in permeable pavement mineral aggregate storage and reuse systems." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 12: 3091-3099.
Conventional water treatment processes have the ability to remove Cryptosporidium oocysts through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration, provided there is efficient management of plant performance. The potential exists for the breakthrough of oocysts through the treatment train. The effect of the water treatment chemical aluminium sulphate (alum) on Cryptosporidium oocyst infectivity has been assessed using an assay that combines cell culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques. The infectivity of fresh and temperature-aged oocysts (stored up to 6 months at 4 or 15 °C) was unaffected by exposure to a range of doses of alum in standard jar test procedures and dissolved air flotation processes and subsequent exposure to chlorine or chloramine. Removal efficiencies and infectivity measures are important in determining risk to public health and will reflect the ability of water treatment plants to act as a barrier to these pathogens.
Alexandra Keegan; David Daminato; Christopher Saint; Paul Monis. Effect of water treatment processes on Cryptosporidium infectivity. Water Research 2008, 42, 1805 -1811.
AMA StyleAlexandra Keegan, David Daminato, Christopher Saint, Paul Monis. Effect of water treatment processes on Cryptosporidium infectivity. Water Research. 2008; 42 (6-7):1805-1811.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Keegan; David Daminato; Christopher Saint; Paul Monis. 2008. "Effect of water treatment processes on Cryptosporidium infectivity." Water Research 42, no. 6-7: 1805-1811.
Cryptosporidium parvum represents a challenge to the water industry and a threat to public health. In this study, we developed a cell culture-quantitative PCR assay to evaluate the inactivation of C. parvum with disinfectants. The assay was validated by using a range of disinfectants in common use in the water industry, including low-pressure UV light (LP-UV), ozone, mixed oxidants (MIOX), and chlorine. The assay was demonstrated to be reliable and sensitive, with a lower detection limit of a single infectious oocyst. Effective oocyst inactivation was achieved (>2 log 10 units) with LP-UV (20 mJ/cm 2 ) or 2 mg of ozone/liter (for 10 min). MIOX and chlorine treatments of oocysts resulted in minimal effective disinfection, with <0.1 log 10 unit being inactivated. These results demonstrate the inability of MIOX to inactivate Cryptosporidium . The assay is a valuable tool for the evaluation of disinfection systems for drinking water and recycled water.
Alexandra R. Keegan; Stella Fanok; Paul Monis; Christopher P. Saint. Cell Culture-Taqman PCR Assay for Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum Disinfection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2003, 69, 2505 -2511.
AMA StyleAlexandra R. Keegan, Stella Fanok, Paul Monis, Christopher P. Saint. Cell Culture-Taqman PCR Assay for Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum Disinfection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 69 (5):2505-2511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra R. Keegan; Stella Fanok; Paul Monis; Christopher P. Saint. 2003. "Cell Culture-Taqman PCR Assay for Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum Disinfection." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5: 2505-2511.
Alexandra Keegan; Stella Gelonese; Paul Monis; Chris Saint; Christopher Saint. The Use of Cell Culture and Real-time PCR to Assess Disinfection of Cryptosporidium Parvum. Cryptosporidium 2003, 257 -260.
AMA StyleAlexandra Keegan, Stella Gelonese, Paul Monis, Chris Saint, Christopher Saint. The Use of Cell Culture and Real-time PCR to Assess Disinfection of Cryptosporidium Parvum. Cryptosporidium. 2003; ():257-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Keegan; Stella Gelonese; Paul Monis; Chris Saint; Christopher Saint. 2003. "The Use of Cell Culture and Real-time PCR to Assess Disinfection of Cryptosporidium Parvum." Cryptosporidium , no. : 257-260.