Background: Rose is one of the most popular flowers in the wold. Its field growth and quality are negatively affected by aphids. However, the defence mechanisms used by rose plants against aphids are unclear. Therefore, to understand the defence mechanism of rose under aphid stress, transcriptome and metabolome techniques were used to investigate the regulation mechanism in R. longicuspis infected with M. rosivorum. Result: In our study, after inoculation with M. rosivorum, M. rosivorum quickly colonized R. longicuspis. A total of 34,202 genes and 758 metabolites were detected in all samples. Under M. rosivorum stress, R. longicuspis responded by MAPK cascades, plant hormone signal transduction pathway activation, RlMYBs and RlERFs transcription factors expression and ROS production. Interestingly, the ‘brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ pathway was significantly enriched in A3 d-vs.-A5 d. Further analysis showed that M. rosivorum induced the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, tannins and phenolic acids, among others. Importantly, the ‘glutathione metabolic’ and ‘glucosinolate biosynthesis’ pathways were significantly enriched, which involved in the rose against aphids. Conclusion: Our study provides candidate genes and metabolites for Rosa defence against aphids. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular regulation mechanism of rose aphid resistance and aphid resistance breeding in the future.

Dictyophora rubrovalvata is a soil-cultivated edible fungus with high economic and medicinal value, yet its continuous cultivation is frequently hindered by cropping obstacles. To elucidate the underlying ecological mechanisms, this study employed metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics (UHPLC–OE–MS) to analyze the changes in soil microbial communities and metabolite profiles under different continuous cropping treatments (CC0: Uncultivated; CC1: one cropping cycle; CC2: two cropping cycle; CC3: three cropping cycle.). Continuous cropping significantly decreased soil pH from 7.94 to 7.52 and available phosphorus (AP) from 213.69 mg/kg to 15.7 mg/kg, while increasing available nitrogen (AN) from 284.5 mg/kg to 886.33 mg/kg. The Shannon index of fungal communities rose from 3.15 to 4.55. Notably, the relative abundance of the beneficial bacterium Sphingomonas declined from 15.63% to 1.12%, whereas the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus increased from 0.06% to 3.06%. A total of 1408 secondary metabolites were detected, with 39 significantly upregulated and 416 downregulated in CC3 compared to CC0. Several autotoxic compounds, including ferulic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and jasmonic acid, were enriched and positively correlated with pathogenic fungi. These results suggest that continuous cropping may reshape the soil microecosystem by promoting autotoxic metabolite accumulation and pathogenic Microbial enrichment, thereby contributing to soil degradation and cropping obstacles.