With increased penetration of distributed energy resources and electric vehicles (EVs), different EV integration strategies can be used for mitigating various adverse effects, and supporting the grid. However, the research regarding EV smart charging has mostly remained on simulations, whereas the experimental validation has rarely been touched upon. This paper focuses mainly on evaluating the technical feasibility of a series-produced EV to provide flexibility in real distribution grids. The implemented controller uses contemporary and widely supported standards for limiting the EV charging rate, which essentially means that it is applicable to any EV complying with IEC 61851 and SAE J1772 standards. The field test validation is conducted in a real Danish distribution grid with a Nissan Leaf providing three ancillary services through unidirectional ac charging, namely, congestion management, local voltage support, and primary frequency regulation. Several performance parameters, such as EV response time and accuracy, are assessed and benchmarked with current requirements. Ultimately, this paper aims to strengthen the applied research within the EV integration domain through validating smart grid concepts on original standard-compliant equipment.

Trend-setting countries have promoted or even employed an increased number of electric vehicles (EVs) and other distributed energy resources (DERs) in their power systems. This development has triggered new and increasing challenges in the distribution system planning and operation, whereby the distribution systems must adapt to the increased share of DERs. However, EVs may also offer new opportunities and can be used to support the grid by providing several local and global power- and energy-based services. This paper presents a review and classification of the services potentially available from EVs for distribution systems, referred to as EV distribution system services (EV-DSS). A detailed description of recent services and approaches is given, and an assessment of the maturity of EV-DSS is provided. Moreover, challenges and prospects for future research are identified, considering key topics, such as the design of the market framework, economic assessment, battery degradation, and the impacts of the transmission system operator service provision by EVs on distribution networks. Thus, this paper offers a tool for stakeholders concerning services available from EVs and provides a broad literature framework that can be used as a base for further investigations. It is aligned with the current requirements to move toward the realistic implementations of EV-DSS.

Accelerated battery degradation, resulting in a reduced capacity, is the main concern when discussing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. This paper gives a unique empirical insight into the long-term effects on batteries performing an energy demanding V2G service. To this end, an extensive method for measuring the battery capacity of series produced electric vehicles (EVs) via the DC charge port was developed. The reproducibility of the method is demonstrated with repeated tests on new and aged vehicles and the results are compared with the EVs internal estimates, read via the on-board diagnostics port. The method is also validated with a state-of-the-art battery degradation model. The capacity test method is used to evaluate the battery degradation of a fleet of commercially owned EVs which, as a part of the world's first commercial operation, have been used for V2G services for five years. The EVs have, together with ±10 kW V2G chargers, been delivering primary frequency regulation for 15 hours per day with a daily energy throughput of 50.6 kWh. The usable battery capacity, initially found to be 23 kWh, after two years is reduced on average to 20.7 kWh and after five years is reduced to 18.9 kWh.

The Danish EDISON project has been launched to investigate how a large fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) can be integrated in a way that supports the electric grid while benefitting both the individual car owners and society as a whole through reductions in CO ₂ emissions. The consortium partners include energy companies, technology suppliers and research laboratories and institutes. The aim is to perform a thorough investigation of the challenges and opportunities of EVs and then to deliver a technical platform that can be demonstrated on the Danish island of Bornholm. To reach this goal, a vast amount of research is done in various areas of EV technology by the partners. This paper will focus on the ICT-based distributed software integration, which plays a major role for the success of EDISON. Key solution technologies and standards that will accommodate communication and optimize the coordination of EVs will be described as well as the simulation work that will help to reach the goals of the project.