Electric mobility offers a low cost of travel along with energy and harmful emissions savings. Nevertheless, a comprehensive literature review is missing for the prospects of electric vehicles in developing countries. Such an overview would be instrumental for policymakers to understand the barriers and opportunities related to different types of electric vehicles (EVs). Considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was performed of the electronic databases Google Scholar and Web of Science for the years 2010–2020. The electric four-wheelers, hybrid electric vehicles and electric two-wheeler constituted the electric vehicles searched in the databases. Initially, 35 studies identified in the Web of Science that matched the criteria were studied. Later, 105 other relevant reports and articles related to barriers and opportunities were found by using Google Scholar and studied. Results reveal that electric four-wheelers are not a feasible option in developing countries due to their high purchase price. On the contrary, electric two-wheelers may be beneficial as they come with a lower purchase price.

An advanced design classification system for bicycle paths, based on geometric features and force equilibrium, can pave the way for improved bicycle safety, accident prevention and the development of design guidelines. A design and classification system does exist for bicycle paths, but the number of accidents has led to ambivalence about its validity and effectiveness. In addition, a universally accepted classification system has not yet been approved or adopted. This paper presents a unique set of design parameters, analytically developed based on formulas that consider the physical characteristics and dimensions of individual bicycles. The proposed design system is based on theoretical trigonometric derivations. The model was validated with the real-world geometry of the transportation infrastructure of the city of Antwerp, Belgium. The conclusions of this study are useful for evaluating the effectiveness of bicycle paths during the design stage without the necessity for real-world experiments. The results will thus be valuable for stakeholders working on policy frameworks, bicycle safety and riding comfort.

Ride quality under different pavement conditions is considered critical for adoption and modal shift for bicycle users. Vertical vibration and road roughness values have severe impact on user perception and ride quality. Ride quality depends upon subjective ratings of pavement conditions and quantitative values for surface conditions. Bicycle use in Flanders, Belgium, is considered prominent. In order to stimulate bicycle adoption, governments consider different policy measures. But those policy measures remain insignificant if the user comfort levels are not determined for the current infrastructure. Subjective ratings were collected from 40 different bicycling sections of Flemish cycling infrastructure. The survey reveals critical information regarding bicyclists and surface conditions. Regression models were developed, predicting the comfort level for riding on Flemish bicycle paths. The results reveal good correlation between the evenness coefficient, the roughness, and the subjective ratings for bicycle users under different pavement conditions, i.e., asphalt, concrete, and block pavements. This comfort rating system can be used by transportation planners and government officials. Based on the developed rating system, transportation professionals can determine the comfort levels of different pavement conditions for bicycle paths.