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Prof. Bernard R. Glick
University of Waterloo

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0 Plant-Microbe Interactions
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0 plant growth-promoting bacteria

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Review
Published: 19 July 2021 in Microorganisms
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To date, an understanding of how plant growth-promoting bacteria facilitate plant growth has been primarily based on studies of individual bacteria interacting with plants under different conditions. More recently, it has become clear that specific soil microorganisms interact with one another in consortia with the collective being responsible for the positive effects on plant growth. Different plants attract different cross-sections of the bacteria and fungi in the soil, initially based on the composition of the unique root exudates from each plant. Thus, plants mostly attract those microorganisms that are beneficial to plants and exclude those that are potentially pathogenic. Beneficial bacterial consortia not only help to promote plant growth, these consortia also protect plants from a wide range of direct and indirect environmental stresses. Moreover, it is currently possible to engineer plant seeds to contain desired bacterial strains and thereby benefit the next generation of plants. In this way, it may no longer be necessary to deliver beneficial microbiota to each individual growing plant. As we develop a better understanding of beneficial bacterial microbiomes, it may become possible to develop synthetic microbiomes where compatible bacteria work together to facilitate plant growth under a wide range of natural conditions.

ACS Style

Bernard Glick; Elisa Gamalero. Recent Developments in the Study of Plant Microbiomes. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1533 .

AMA Style

Bernard Glick, Elisa Gamalero. Recent Developments in the Study of Plant Microbiomes. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (7):1533.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard Glick; Elisa Gamalero. 2021. "Recent Developments in the Study of Plant Microbiomes." Microorganisms 9, no. 7: 1533.

Review
Published: 27 May 2021 in Biology
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The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the field has been hampered by a number of gaps in the knowledge of the mechanisms that improve plant growth, health, and production. These gaps include (i) the ability of PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere of plants and (ii) the ability of bacterial strains to thrive under different environmental conditions. In this review, different strategies of PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere of host plants are summarized and the advantages of having highly competitive strains are discussed. Some mechanisms exhibited by PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere include recognition of chemical signals and nutrients from root exudates, antioxidant activities, biofilm production, bacterial motility, as well as efficient evasion and suppression of the plant immune system. Moreover, many PGPR contain secretion systems and produce antimicrobial compounds, such as antibiotics, volatile organic compounds, and lytic enzymes that enable them to restrict the growth of potentially phytopathogenic microorganisms. Finally, the ability of PGPR to compete and successfully colonize the rhizosphere should be considered in the development and application of bioinoculants.

ACS Style

Gustavo Santoyo; Carlos Urtis-Flores; Pedro Loeza-Lara; Ma. Orozco-Mosqueda; Bernard Glick. Rhizosphere Colonization Determinants by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). Biology 2021, 10, 475 .

AMA Style

Gustavo Santoyo, Carlos Urtis-Flores, Pedro Loeza-Lara, Ma. Orozco-Mosqueda, Bernard Glick. Rhizosphere Colonization Determinants by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). Biology. 2021; 10 (6):475.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo Santoyo; Carlos Urtis-Flores; Pedro Loeza-Lara; Ma. Orozco-Mosqueda; Bernard Glick. 2021. "Rhizosphere Colonization Determinants by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)." Biology 10, no. 6: 475.

Chapter
Published: 01 May 2021 in Advances in Environmental Microbiology
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Throughout their development processes over many millions of years, plants have adopted a number of mechanisms whereby they could either modify themselves (genotypically and/or phenotypically), or their interaction with their surrounding environment. The utilization of such strategies, which is a direct consequence of plant–microbe interactions, can help plants to grow and adapt better in searching and utilizing potential energy resources, in overcoming various environmental abiotic stresses, and in fighting against plant pathogens. The functioning of the microbial enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase (ACC) deaminase is believed to be one of the key mechanisms that is provided by soil microbes that plants have benefitted from under a variety of environmental conditions. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase deaminase is a multimeric enzyme that belongs to the tryptophan synthase beta superfamily of enzymes that requires pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor and acts to cleave ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene in all higher plants. ACC deaminase is particularly important in lowering inhibitory plant stress ethylene levels that form as a consequence of various environmental stresses, both abiotic and biotic, thereby significantly facilitating plant growth, especially under adverse conditions. The enzyme ACC deaminase has been reported to be present in various groups of Biota including all three domains of life, i.e., Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The activity of the enzyme is primarily organism specific, but environmental factors also affect its activity. Here, the phylogeny of organisms encoding this enzyme and the biochemistry of ACC deaminase from various sources is documented and compared. The possible transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of this enzyme in various bacteria are also described herein, with the best-studied and most common mechanisms elaborated in detail. The fundamental information summarized here provides an important step toward understanding one of the key mechanisms of plant growth promotion by bacteria and fungi. Thus, the work described here is central to effectively using plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi as biological tools in agricultural practice.

ACS Style

Shimaila Ali; Bernard R. Glick. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Enzyme ACC Deaminase. Advances in Environmental Microbiology 2021, 365 -390.

AMA Style

Shimaila Ali, Bernard R. Glick. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Enzyme ACC Deaminase. Advances in Environmental Microbiology. 2021; ():365-390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shimaila Ali; Bernard R. Glick. 2021. "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Enzyme ACC Deaminase." Advances in Environmental Microbiology , no. : 365-390.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Plants
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Manganese (Mn) toxicity is a very common soil stress around the world, which is responsible for low soil fertility. This manuscript evaluates the effect of the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. Q1 on different rhizobial-legume symbioses in the absence and presence of Mn toxicity. Three legume species, Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover), and Medicago polymorpha (burr medic) were used. To evaluate the role of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase produced by strain Q1 in these interactions, an ACC deaminase knockout mutant of this strain was constructed and used in those trials. The Q1 strain only promoted the symbiotic performance of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii ATCC 14480T and Ensifer meliloti ATCC 9930T, leading to an increase of the growth of their hosts in both conditions. Notably, the acdS gene disruption of strain Q1 abolished the beneficial effect of this bacterium as well as causing this mutant strain to act deleteriously in those specific symbioses. This study suggests that the addition of non-rhizobia with functional ACC deaminase may be a strategy to improve the pasture legume–rhizobial symbioses, particularly when the use of rhizobial strains alone does not yield the expected results due to their difficulty in competing with native strains or in adapting to inhibitory soil conditions.

ACS Style

Ana Paço; José Rodrigo Da-Silva; Denise Pereira Torres; Bernard R. Glick; Clarisse Brígido. Exogenous ACC Deaminase Is Key to Improving the Performance of Pasture Legume-Rhizobial Symbioses in the Presence of a High Manganese Concentration. Plants 2020, 9, 1630 .

AMA Style

Ana Paço, José Rodrigo Da-Silva, Denise Pereira Torres, Bernard R. Glick, Clarisse Brígido. Exogenous ACC Deaminase Is Key to Improving the Performance of Pasture Legume-Rhizobial Symbioses in the Presence of a High Manganese Concentration. Plants. 2020; 9 (12):1630.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Paço; José Rodrigo Da-Silva; Denise Pereira Torres; Bernard R. Glick; Clarisse Brígido. 2020. "Exogenous ACC Deaminase Is Key to Improving the Performance of Pasture Legume-Rhizobial Symbioses in the Presence of a High Manganese Concentration." Plants 9, no. 12: 1630.

Review
Published: 07 November 2020 in Biology
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Plant-parasitic nematodes have been estimated to annually cause around US $173 billion in damage to plant crops worldwide. Moreover, with global climate change, it has been suggested that the damage to crops from nematodes is likely to increase in the future. Currently, a variety of potentially dangerous and toxic chemical agents are used to limit the damage to crops by plant-parasitic nematodes. As an alternative to chemicals and a more environmentally friendly means of decreasing nematode damage to plants, researchers have begun to examine the possible use of various soil bacteria, including plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Here, the current literature on some of the major mechanisms employed by these soil bacteria is examined. It is expected that within the next 5–10 years, as scientists continue to elaborate the mechanisms used by these bacteria, biocontrol soil bacteria will gradually replace the use of chemicals as nematicides.

ACS Style

Elisa Gamalero; Bernard Glick. The Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Prevent Nematode Damage to Plants. Biology 2020, 9, 381 .

AMA Style

Elisa Gamalero, Bernard Glick. The Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Prevent Nematode Damage to Plants. Biology. 2020; 9 (11):381.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisa Gamalero; Bernard Glick. 2020. "The Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Prevent Nematode Damage to Plants." Biology 9, no. 11: 381.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Bacterial endophytes can colonize plant tissues without harming the plant. Instead, they are often able to increase plant growth and tolerance to environmental stresses. In this work, new strains of bacterial endophytes were isolated from three economically important crop plants (sorghum, cucumber and tomato) grown in three different regions in soils with different management. All bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and characterized for plant beneficial traits. Based on physiological activities, we selected eight strains that were further tested for their antibiotic resistance profile and for the ability to efficiently colonize the interior of sorghum plants. According to the results of the re-inoculation test, five strains were used to inoculate sorghum seeds. Then, plant growth promotion activity was assessed on sorghum plants exposed to salinity stress. Only two bacterial endophytes increased plant biomass, but three of them delayed or reduced plant salinity stress symptoms. These five strains were then characterized for the ability to produce the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which is involved in the increase of stress tolerance. Pseudomonas brassicacearum SVB6R1 was the only strain that was able to produce this enzyme, suggesting that ACC deaminase is not the only physiological trait involved in conferring plant tolerance to salt stress in these bacterial strains.

ACS Style

Elisa Gamalero; Nicoletta Favale; Elisa Bona; Giorgia Novello; Patrizia Cesaro; Nadia Massa; Bernard R. Glick; Ma Del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda; Graziella Berta; Guido Lingua. Screening of Bacterial Endophytes Able to Promote Plant Growth and Increase Salinity Tolerance. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5767 .

AMA Style

Elisa Gamalero, Nicoletta Favale, Elisa Bona, Giorgia Novello, Patrizia Cesaro, Nadia Massa, Bernard R. Glick, Ma Del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda, Graziella Berta, Guido Lingua. Screening of Bacterial Endophytes Able to Promote Plant Growth and Increase Salinity Tolerance. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):5767.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisa Gamalero; Nicoletta Favale; Elisa Bona; Giorgia Novello; Patrizia Cesaro; Nadia Massa; Bernard R. Glick; Ma Del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda; Graziella Berta; Guido Lingua. 2020. "Screening of Bacterial Endophytes Able to Promote Plant Growth and Increase Salinity Tolerance." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 5767.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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In this chapter, the role of bacterial phytohormones in plant growth and development is addressed and the many mechanisms that plant growth-promoting bacteria use to modulate phytohormone levels are discussed in some detail. Many of the biochemical pathways used by plant growth-promoting bacteria to synthesize and regulate the synthesis of auxin (primarily indoleacetic acid, IAA) are examined. Included in this overview is consideration of the fact that many bacterial strains contain multiple IAA biosynthesis pathways. Key to understanding what bacteria do to facilitate plant growth and development is the functioning of the enzyme ACC deaminase (and its interaction with IAA signal transduction pathways). This enzyme lowers plant ethylene levels and thereby facilitates growth, especially in the presence of various abiotic and biotic stresses. Finally, the chapter includes some discussion of the synthesis and functioning of bacterial cytokinin, gibberellin and volatile organic compounds.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Modulating Phytohormone Levels. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 139 -180.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Modulating Phytohormone Levels. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():139-180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Modulating Phytohormone Levels." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 139-180.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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The study of plant growth-promoting bacteria and the mechanisms that they employ is not just an interesting laboratory exercise. Therefore, this chapter emphasizes how an understanding of these mechanisms can facilitate the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria to address real world problems in the natural environment. In this chapter, the following issues are addressed: how plant growth-promoting bacteria with various activities can facilitate plant growth in conditions of high salt concentrations or extensive drought or flooding or extreme cold; how plants growing in nature can select for bacteria with specific useful traits; how diazotrophic endophytic bacteria may fertilize some crop plants; and how the addition of specific plant growth-promoting bacteria can alter plant gene expression.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Environmental Interactions. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 257 -299.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Environmental Interactions. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():257-299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Environmental Interactions." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 257-299.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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The use and projected use of plant growth-promoting bacteria on a large scale requires the examination of a number of issues. A number of those issues are addressed in this chapter. First, of necessity, the deliberate large-scale release of bacteria into the environment requires a detailed consideration of the environmental consequences of such a release. Moreover, eventually arguments will be made to deliberately release genetically engineered bacteria into the environment. Thus, these considerations are discussed from several different perspectives. Finally, commercial considerations regarding the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria are also discussed in that companies involved in this technology will wish to protect their intellectual property.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Issues Regarding the Use of PGPB. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 361 -383.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Issues Regarding the Use of PGPB. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():361-383.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Issues Regarding the Use of PGPB." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 361-383.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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The nature of microbiomes and endophytic plant growth-promoting bacteria is elaborated. For a start, the plant rhizosphere (bacteria around the roots) and the plant endosphere (bacteria inside of the plant) are colonized by different subsets of the bacteria that are found in the bulk soil. In the development of these interactions, to some extent, the plant (and its metabolites) and the soil composition help to select the composition of bacteria that inhabit its tissues (its microbiomes). Root, seed, and synthetic microbiomes are each discussed in some detail. In addition, since the vast majority of higher plants are colonized by endophytic bacteria, the nature of these bacteria and what makes them both similar and unique to rhizospheric bacteria is discussed.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Microbiomes and Endophytes. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 39 -62.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Microbiomes and Endophytes. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():39-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Microbiomes and Endophytes." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 39-62.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria need not be limited to agriculture and horticulture. In this chapter, the use of these bacteria to facilitate the remediation of polluted soil and water is considered. For organic pollutants, plant growth-promoting bacteria in concert with plants can help to break down the pollutants rendering them harmless. In metal and metaloid contaminated soils, plant growth-promoting bacteria aid in the uptake of the metallic contaminants by the plants. In both types of phytoremediation, organics and metals, the mechanisms used by the bacteria to aid this process are examined in some detail. While neither of these approaches is as yet commercially viable, phytoremediation of organic compounds works quite well in some field experiments so that this means of cleaning the environment shows a great deal of promise.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Phytoremediation. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 319 -359.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Phytoremediation. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():319-359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Phytoremediation." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 319-359.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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This chapter addresses some of the major biochemical and genetic tools that have been used to study plant–bacterial interactions. Most of these techniques are already a mainstay of modern biology. However, they are discussed here so that the reader will comprehend the multiplicity of approaches that scientists use to understand the many mechanisms that bacteria employ to facilitate plant growth and development. These techniques include DNA sequencing (including the sequencing of entire bacterial genomes), use of the polymerase chain reaction (to amplify and analyze minute amounts of plant or bacterial DNA), transcriptomics (the study of the mRNAs synthesized by plants or bacteria following various treatments), proteomics (the study of the proteins synthesized by plants or bacteria following various treatments), metabolomics (the study of the metabolites synthesized by plants or bacteria following various treatments), labeling and imaging of bacteria interacting with plants, and microencapsulation of bacteria prior to their use in the environment.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Some Techniques Used to Elaborate Plant–Microbe Interactions. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 63 -89.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Some Techniques Used to Elaborate Plant–Microbe Interactions. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():63-89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Some Techniques Used to Elaborate Plant–Microbe Interactions." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 63-89.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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This chapter addresses the issue of how plant growth-promoting bacteria help plants to acquire resources from the environment (the soil and the air). The process of bacterial nitrogen fixation is examined and discussed (briefly for cyanobacteria and in some detail for Rhizobia) at the physiological and genetic level. The functioning of the proteins/enzymes involved in nodulation and hydrogen recycling as well as nitrogen fixation per se are considered. Subsequently, the structure and functioning of bacterial siderophores in providing minute amounts of iron from the soil to the plant is examined along with a brief discussion of the regulation of this process. Finally, how plant growth-promoting bacteria solubilize both inorganic and organic forms of phosphorus and provide it to the plant are considered.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Resource Acquisition. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 91 -138.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Resource Acquisition. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():91-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Resource Acquisition." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 91-138.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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In addition to their relationship with a variety of different plant growth-promoting bacteria, the roots of >90% of all land plants form a mutualistic relationship with plant beneficial fungi called mycorrhizae. In this chapter, the different types of mycorrhizae are elaborated and the benefits that they provide to plants are discussed including the increased uptake of water and a range of different minerals from the soil. Typically, mycorrhizae and plant growth-promoting bacteria utilize different mechanisms to promote plant growth and numerous reports suggest that the two often act synergistically. However, most mycorrhizae cannot be grown in culture so that the commercial use of these beneficial fungi has so far been quite limited.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Mycorrhizal–Plant Interactions. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 301 -317.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Mycorrhizal–Plant Interactions. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():301-317.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Mycorrhizal–Plant Interactions." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 301-317.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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One way to deal with the expected increase in world population and the concomitant need to globally feed a large number of additional people is to increase agricultural productivity through the directed use of plant growth-promoting bacteria. These naturally occurring bacteria, commonly found in the soil associated with the roots of plants, positively affect the growth of plants in a number of different ways. This includes increases in plant yield, nutritional content, tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses, and the production of useful secondary metabolites. A better fundamental understanding of the functioning of these bacteria is essential to the eventual large-scale commercialization of plant growth-promoting bacteria.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Introduction to Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 1 -37.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Introduction to Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():1-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Introduction to Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 1-37.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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The biotic pathogens that inhibit plant growth are not limited to fungi and bacteria but also include many species of insects and nematodes. In this chapter, the biocontrol of insects and nematodes are discussed in detail. By far, the most well-known and well-studied biocontrol bacteria for the prevention of insect predation and damage includes the hundreds of subspecies of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Many of these highly specific and biodegradable bacterial strains target only a limited number of insects. This bacterium has been licensed and is extensively used commercially instead of chemical insecticides throughout the world. By contrast, the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria as biocontrol agents to limit nematode damage to plants is in its relative infancy. Nevertheless, many laboratory studies to control nematodes seem promising with future commercialization seemingly not far off.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Biocontrol of Insects and Nematodes. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 231 -256.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Biocontrol of Insects and Nematodes. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():231-256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Biocontrol of Insects and Nematodes." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 231-256.

Chapter
Published: 09 June 2020 in Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
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In this chapter the indirect promotion of plant growth is discussed in some detail (i.e., their use as biocontrol bacteria). That is, the many mechanisms that plant growth-promoting bacteria use to prevent the proliferation of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens are considered. In particular, the bacterial synthesis of antibiotics, hydrogen cyanide, siderophores, cell wall degrading enzymes, volatile compounds, and quorum quenching compounds is addressed. Moreover, the use and efficacy of additional biocontrol mechanisms by plant growth-promoting bacteria is considered including competition with pathogens, lowering plant ethylene levels, and inducing systemic resistance within plants is discussed. Finally, although they are not plant growth-promoting bacteria, the use of certain bacteriophages as biocontrol tools is discussed.

ACS Style

Bernard R. Glick. Biocontrol of Bacteria and Fungi. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions 2020, 181 -230.

AMA Style

Bernard R. Glick. Biocontrol of Bacteria and Fungi. Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions. 2020; ():181-230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernard R. Glick. 2020. "Biocontrol of Bacteria and Fungi." Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions , no. : 181-230.

Original article
Published: 24 January 2020 in 3 Biotech
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The aim of the study was to examine the influence of single and consortia treatments of drought tolerant rhizobacteria producing ACC deaminase together with additional plant growth promoting (PGP) characteristics on finger millet growth, antioxidant and nutrient concentration under water-stressed and irrigated (no stress) conditions. These rhizobacteria belong to the Variovorax sp. Achromobacter spp. Pseudomonas spp. and Ochrobactrum sp. The single inoculant of RAA3 (Variovorax paradoxus) and a consortium inoculant of four bacteria, i.e., DPC9 (Ochrobactrum anthropi), DPB13 (Pseudomonas palleroniana), DPB15 (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and DPB16 (Pseudomonas palleroniana), significantly boosted the overall growth parameters and nutrient concentrations in leaves of finger millet. Moreover, elevated levels of the reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes–superoxide dismutase (17.3%, 11.6%), guaiacol peroxidase (38.7%, 22.2%), catalase (33.7%, 21.3%) and ascorbate peroxidase (18.2%, 10.0%); cellular osmolytes–proline (41.5%, 25.0%), phenol (44.5%, 37.5%); higher leaf chlorophyll (64.4%, 30.8%) and a reduced level of hydrogen peroxide (50.7%, 59.5%) and malondialdehyde (48.4%,72.5%) were noted, respectively, after single inoculation of RAA3 and a consortium treatment by strains DPC9 + DPB13 + DPB15 + DPB16, in contrast with non-treated plants mainly under water-stressed conditions. This finding clearly illustrates that PGPB that express ACC deaminase along with additional PGP traits could be an efficient approach for improving plant health in environments, where agricultural practices are reliant on rain for water.

ACS Style

Dinesh Chandra; Rashmi Srivastava; Bernard R. Glick; Anil Kumar Sharma. Rhizobacteria producing ACC deaminase mitigate water-stress response in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). 3 Biotech 2020, 10, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Dinesh Chandra, Rashmi Srivastava, Bernard R. Glick, Anil Kumar Sharma. Rhizobacteria producing ACC deaminase mitigate water-stress response in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). 3 Biotech. 2020; 10 (2):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dinesh Chandra; Rashmi Srivastava; Bernard R. Glick; Anil Kumar Sharma. 2020. "Rhizobacteria producing ACC deaminase mitigate water-stress response in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)." 3 Biotech 10, no. 2: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2019 in Microorganisms
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Bacterial endophytes, a subset of a plant’s microbiota, can facilitate plant growth by a number of different mechanisms. The aims of this study were to assess the diversity and functionality of endophytic bacterial strains from internal root tissues of native legume species grown in two distinct sites in South of Portugal and to evaluate their ability to promote plant growth. Here, 122 endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from 12 different native legume species. Most of these bacteria possess at least one of the plant growth-promoting features tested in vitro, with indole acetic acid production being the most common feature among the isolates followed by the production of siderophores and inorganic phosphate solubilization. The results of in planta experiments revealed that co-inoculation of chickpea plants with specific endophytic bacteria along with N2-fixing symbionts significantly improved the total biomass of chickpea plants, in particular when these plants were grown under saline conditions. Altogether, this study revealed that Mediterranean native legume species are a reservoir of plant growth-promoting bacteria, that are also tolerant to salinity and to toxic levels of Mn. Thus, these bacterial endophytes are well adapted to common constraints present in soils of this region which constitutes important factors to consider in the development of bacterial inoculants for stressful conditions in the Mediterranean region.

ACS Style

Clarisse Brígido; Esther Menéndez; Ana Paço; Bernard R. Glick; Anabela Belo; Maria R. Félix; Solange Oliveira; Mário Carvalho. Mediterranean Native Leguminous Plants: A Reservoir of Endophytic Bacteria with Potential to Enhance Chickpea Growth under Stress Conditions. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 392 .

AMA Style

Clarisse Brígido, Esther Menéndez, Ana Paço, Bernard R. Glick, Anabela Belo, Maria R. Félix, Solange Oliveira, Mário Carvalho. Mediterranean Native Leguminous Plants: A Reservoir of Endophytic Bacteria with Potential to Enhance Chickpea Growth under Stress Conditions. Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (10):392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clarisse Brígido; Esther Menéndez; Ana Paço; Bernard R. Glick; Anabela Belo; Maria R. Félix; Solange Oliveira; Mário Carvalho. 2019. "Mediterranean Native Leguminous Plants: A Reservoir of Endophytic Bacteria with Potential to Enhance Chickpea Growth under Stress Conditions." Microorganisms 7, no. 10: 392.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2019 in Plants
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The aims of this study were to isolate, identify and characterize culturable endophytic bacteria from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) roots grown in different soils. In addition, the effects of rhizobial inoculation, soil and stress on the functionality of those culturable endophytic bacterial communities were also investigated. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the endophytic bacteria isolated in this work belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, with Enterobacter and Pseudomonas being the most frequently observed genera. Production of indoleacetic acid and ammonia were the most widespread plant growth-promoting features, while antifungal activity was relatively rare among the isolates. Despite the fact that the majority of bacterial endophytes were salt- and Mn-tolerant, the isolates obtained from soil with Mn toxicity were generally more Mn-tolerant than those obtained from the same soil amended with dolomitic limestone. Several associations between an isolate’s genus and specific plant growth-promoting mechanisms were observed. The data suggest that soil strongly impacts the Mn tolerance of endophytic bacterial communities present in chickpea roots while rhizobial inoculation induces significant changes in terms of isolates’ plant growth-promoting abilities. In addition, this study also revealed chickpea-associated endophytic bacteria that could be exploited as sources with potential application in agriculture.

ACS Style

Clarisse Brígido; Sakshi Singh; Esther Menéndez; Maria J. Tavares; Bernard R. Glick; Maria Do Rosário Félix; Solange Oliveira; Mário Carvalho. Diversity and Functionality of Culturable Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Chickpea Plants. Plants 2019, 8, 42 .

AMA Style

Clarisse Brígido, Sakshi Singh, Esther Menéndez, Maria J. Tavares, Bernard R. Glick, Maria Do Rosário Félix, Solange Oliveira, Mário Carvalho. Diversity and Functionality of Culturable Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Chickpea Plants. Plants. 2019; 8 (2):42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clarisse Brígido; Sakshi Singh; Esther Menéndez; Maria J. Tavares; Bernard R. Glick; Maria Do Rosário Félix; Solange Oliveira; Mário Carvalho. 2019. "Diversity and Functionality of Culturable Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Chickpea Plants." Plants 8, no. 2: 42.