Network virtualization is an inherent component of future internet architectures. Network resources are virtualized from the underlying substrate and elastically provisioned and offered to customers on-demand. Optimal allocation of network resources in terms of utilization, quality of service, and energy consumption has been a challenge. Existing solutions consider congestion control in a single-objective virtual network embedding (VNE) problem. This paper defines a multiple-objective VNE problem called the congestion-aware, energy-aware VNE (CEVNE). The aim is to seek a solution that saves cost, saves energy and avoids network congestion simultaneously. CEVNE modelling techniques and solution approaches apply both the weighting method and the constraint method to search for pareto-optimal solutions that produce the best compromised solutions for all three objectives. Solving VNE problem is, however, NP-hard. A heuristic solution is proposed involving a two-stage coordinated CEVNE. The node-mapping algorithm searches for the sub-optimal solutions for three objectives. The link mapping process is an SDN-based heuristic algorithm that deploys a path service and a resource monitoring application on an SDN controller. The solution is realized using SDN, Segment Routing, and open network operating system platform (ONOS) technologies. The energy minimization is implemented with a registry that keeps track of active nodes and sets inactive nodes to sleep mode. The evaluation results showed that the multiple-objective CEVNE approach is feasible and achieves its goals of optimizing the resource allocation, improving the runtime, saving the energy consumption and controlling the network congestion.

Request route flooding attack is one of the main challenges in the security of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) as it is easy to initiate and difficult to prevent. A malicious node can launch an attack simply by sending an excessively high number of route request (RREQ) packets or useless data packets to nonexistent destinations. As a result, the network is rendered useless as all its resources are used up to serve this storm of RREQ packets and hence unable to perform its normal routing duty. Most existing research efforts on detecting such a flooding attack use the number of RREQs originated by a node per unit time as the threshold to classify an attacker. These algorithms work to some extent; however, they suffer high misdetection rate and reduce network performance. This paper proposes a new flooding attacks detection algorithm (FADA) for MANETs based on a machine learning approach. The algorithm relies on the route discovery history information of each node to capture similar characteristics and behaviors of nodes belonging to the same class to decide if a node is malicious. The paper also proposes a new flooding attacks prevention routing protocol (FAPRP) by extending the original AODV protocol and integrating FADA algorithm. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated in terms of successful attack detection ratio, packet delivery ratio, and routing load both in normal and under RREQ attack scenarios using NS2 simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed FAPRP can detect over 99% of RREQ flooding attacks for all scenarios using route discovery frequency vector of sizes larger than 35 and performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio and routing load compared to existing solutions for RREQ flooding attacks.

We propose a technique in which elderly people can be monitored non-intrusively. The information is kept in an ‘active’ health record which becomes alive when attention or action is necessary concerning the condition of the elderly person. The proposed system consists of three main components: a sensor/actor loop, sensor records and associated active services, and a Grid middleware platform. Information is captured in realtime within a collaborative health-care Grid. The Grid connects elderly people, caregivers and medical service providers in ways that reduce unnecessary calls on expensive medical services through an intermediate local service centre (which can be virtual) assisted with Internet communications and monitoring technologies. The proposal should support preventive health-care programmes for reducing the cost of caring for the elderly.