Polycystic ovarian syndrome is an emerging health problem for females belonging to reproductive age across the globe. Conventional methods of treatment only provide symptomatic relief with many side effects. So to seek alternative treatment options, current study was designed to observe and compare the restorative and protective roles of formononetin (40 mg/Kg.b.w./day) on ovary, uterus, liver and kidneys of PCOS induced (via letrozole @ 1.0 mg/Kg b.w./day) female Sprague dawley rats (150-200 gm) by keeping cyproterone acetate (1.0 mg/Kg.b.w./day) as positive control. Statistically analyzed results (p<0.0001) showed that after treatment of PCOS induced rats with formononetin, there was remarkable restoration of FSH, estradiol and progesterone (3.14±0.98 ml U/mL, 5.8±1.2 pg/dL and 45± 0.01 pg/mL respectively) as compared to positive control (2.5±0.01 mlU/mL, 3.05±0.3 pg/dL and 48±5.2 pg/mL respectively) while there was decrease in the levels of bilirubin and uric acid (0.4±0.01 mg/dL and 2.3±0.7 mg/dL) as compared to positive control (0.9±0.01 mg/dL and 4.7±0.15 mg/dL) respectively. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine were (67±0.01 IU/L, 255±0.3 IU/L, 315±0.0I IU/L, 41.3±1.5 mg/dL, 1.31±0.25 mg/dL) in experimental group as compared to control (78.3±1.8 IU/L, 134.3±4.5 IU/L, 618±0.0I IU/L, 55±0.01 mg/dL,0.8±0.1 mg/d) respectively. Histological examination experimental group showed restoration of normal ovarian stroma from typical pearl string cystic appearance, with normal hepato-renal tissues. So it is concluded that formononetin may helpful to cure or mange PCOS but more studies are require to establish hepto-renal safety.

Kojic acid is organic acid obtained from numerous species of Aspergillus through fermentation.This is among most demanding substances in cosmetic industries as an alternate to carcinogenic Hydroquinone and has grabbed a vital position in Pharmaceuticals, Food and Agriculture industries. Current experimental approach was designed for production and purification of Kojic acid crystals from A. flavusand A.oryzae and measured the effects of pH, temperature, static and non-static (shaker) condition on Kojic acid yield in submergedfermentation. Significant yield of Kojic acid crystal was obtained by A. flavusas compared to A. oryzae. Optimized conditions were pH 4.5 for (A. flavus) and 3.5 for (A. oryzae) at 30 ⁰Cwith 20 days of incubation. High yield of Kojic acid crystals were produced under static condition (16 g/L in A. flavusand 11 g/L in A.oryzae) in contrast to non- static (shaker) conditions (6 g/L in A. flavusand 5 g/L in A. oryzae). Quantitative estimation of Kojic acid was done through Bentley’s colorimetric method followed by TLC, FTIR and HPLC. This analysis was found successful after achieving the high yield of Kojic acid under optimized conditions.

Blood glucose level is regulated by multiple pancreatic hormones, which regulate it by different pathways in normal and abnormal conditions by expressing or suppressing multiple genes or molecular or cellular targets. Multiple synthetic drugs and therapies are used to cure glucose regulatory problems, while many of them are used to cure other health issues, which arise due to disturbance in blood glucose regulations. Many new approaches are used for the development of phytochemical-based drugs to cure blood glucose regulation problems, and many of the compounds have been isolated and identified to cure insulin resistance or regulate beta cell function or glucose absorption in the guts or GLP-1 homoeostasis or two/more pathways (e.g., either cure hyperglycemia or raise insulin resistance or cure pancreatic beta cell regeneration or augmentation of GLP-1, production of islet cell, production and increased insulin receptor signaling and insulin secretion or decreased insulin tolerance or gluconeogenesis and insulin-mimetic action or production of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor or conserve islet mass or activate protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) or activate AMPK and reduce insulin sensitivity or suppress α-glucosidase activity and activate AMPK and downstream molecules or prevents cell death of pancreatic β-cell and activates SIRT1 or lower blood glucose due to their insulin-like chemical structures or decrease lipid peroxidation.

Exposure to subzero temperatures usually leads to vascular damage causing severe ischemic injury known as frostbite, one of the prominent cold weather injuries that can lead to devastating consequences such as amputation of the extremities. Although rate of amputation due to frostbite has decreased recently due to thrombolytic therapy but this new regimen comes with a price as well which include symptoms such as profuse gastrointestinal bleeding in patients. Thus, there is a need to discover effective treatments with least side effects and more bioavailability rate. In current work, aqueous extract of Pinus roxburghii leaves were checked against dry-ice induced frostbite on plantar surfaces of albino Wistar rats (both genders, 150-200 g) by keeping heparin as control, followed by the computational evaluation of its phytocompounds to prioritize potential antiinflammatory and anti-thrombotic compounds against frostbite. Statistically analyzed results of molecular docking showed that among all secondary metabolites of P.roxburghii, abietadiene was most suitable potential ligand against antiplasmin and antithrombin III, which modulated anticoagulant pathway and proved to be a valuable anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic agent for wound healing. These results suggest the wound healing potential of abietadiene especially in case of frost bite which further needs to be validated experimentally.