Obesity among young people increases lifetime cardiovascular risk. This study assesses the prevalence of overweight/obesity and its associated factors among a random sample of university students from 22 universities in 22 low, middle income and emerging economy countries. This cross-sectional survey comprised of a self-administered questionnaire and collected anthropometric measurements. The study population was 6773 (43.2%) males and 8913 (56.8%) females, aged 16 to 30 years (mean 20.8 years, SD = 2.6). Body mass index (BMI) was used for weight status. Among men, the prevalence of underweight was 10.8%, normal weight 64.4%, overweight 18.9% and obesity 5.8%, while among women, the prevalence of underweight was 17.6%, normal weight 62.1%, overweight 14.1% and obesity 5.2%. Overall, 22% were overweight or obese (24.7% men and 19.3% women). In multivariate regression among men, younger age, coming from a higher income country, consciously avoiding fat and cholesterol, physically inactivity, current tobacco use and childhood physical abuse, and among women older age, coming from a higher income country, frequent organized religious activity, avoiding fat and cholesterol, posttraumatic stress symptoms and physical childhood abuse were associated overweight or obesity. Several gender specific risk factors identified can be utilized in health promotion programmes.

Determining the prevalence of physical activity, smoking and drinking alcohol in a group of university students studying in the social-health sciences' area. A shortened version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used with a sample of 548 students from the social-health sciences area (431 females and 117 males, average 20 years old: 2.3 SD) and a survey about living habits for obtaining information related to drinking alcohol and smoking. The physical activity index, activity levels, percentage of smoking and drinking alcohol were all calculated. The Cramer's V coefficient was used for establishing an association between variables, the t-test for evaluating differences in physical activity regarding gender and the Brown Forsythe test concerning qualifications. 80 % of the students were classified as being regularly active. Significant differences were found between the Physical Activity Index, gender (p=0.0) and qualifications (p=0.038). Smoking prevalence was 33 % and drinking alcohol 58 %, no significant differences being found regarding gender. No significant associations were found between physical activity, smoking and drinking alcohol. A high percentage of students regularly took part in physical activity. However, some of them did not reach the minimum parameters for obtaining health-related benefits. The percentage of students consuming alcohol and smoking was high. Programs must be implemented for promoting healthy habits in university students, specifically aimed at optimizing taking part in sports and preventing and reducing smoking and drinking alcohol.

ResumenIntroducción: Los estudiantes universitarios son altamente vulnerables a la adopción de hábitos que representan riesgos para su salud, incluyendo el tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol que inciden en la ocurrencia de enfermedades crónicas; por esto se requiere de información preliminar que permita identificar los factores asociados a éstos hábitos para la planificación de estrategias de intervención desde el contexto universitario. Objetivo: Identificar asociaciones entre el consumo de alcohol, el tabaquismo y características demográficas en un grupo de universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con una muestra de 360 hombres y 456 mujeres (obtenida por muestreo aleatorio estratificado) a quienes se aplicó una encuesta para caracterizar el consumo de alcohol, tabaquismo y los factores sociodemográficos. La recolección de información se realizó bajo la supervisión y aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Pamplona. El análisis de datos incluyó distribución de frecuencias en relación al tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y otros factores y prueba V de Cramer para establecer asociación entre variables. Resultados: La prevalencia de tabaquismo es de 15% y de consumo frecuente de alcohol es de 26%. Se encontraron asociaciones entre sexo y consumo de alcohol (p<0,001) y tabaquismo (p<0,001); siendo los hombres mayores consumidores. También se encontró asociación entre facultad y consumo de alcohol (p=0,018) y tabaquismo (p<0,001). Conclusiones: El consumo de tabaco y alcohol fue bajo en relación con estudios previos. Las variables sexo y facultad están asociadas al consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Se requiere implementar programas de optimización para la prevención y disminución del tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol en universitarios. AbstractIntroduction: College students are highly vulnerable to the adoption of habits that pose risks to their health, including smoking and alcohol consumption which have an impact on the occurrence of chronic diseases. Therefore, preliminary information that allows to identify the factors associated with these habits is required for the planning of intervention strategies from the university context. Objective: To identify associations between alcohol consumption, smoking and demographic features in a group of college students. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was used with a sample of 360 men and 456 women (obtained by stratified random sampling). A survey was applied to them in order to establish alcohol consumption, tobacco use and demographic features. The data collection was carried out under the supervision and approval of the Ethics Committee of the University of Pamplona. The data analysis included frequency distribution in relation to smoking, alcohol consumption and other factors, and V Cramer test to establish association between variables. Results: The prevalence of tobacco is 15% and frequent alcohol consumption prevalence is 26%. Association between gender and alcohol consumption(p<0,001) and tobacco use (p<0,001) was found, where men are the most consumers. Besides, association between faculty and alcohol consumption (p=0,018) and tobacco use (p<0,001) was found. Conclusions: Tobacco and alcohol consumption was low in relation to prior studies. The variables of gender and faculty are associated to tobacco use and alcohol consumption. It is necessary to implement programs to prevent and decrease tobacco use and alcohol consumption in college students.

Introduction: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common disorder in women that has a negative impact on quality of life. Pregnancy and childbirth are considered important risk factors that directly affect the pelvic floor during pregnancy and labour, increasing the risk of pelvic floor dysfunction, with prevalence rates of SUI in the postpartum period ranging from 30 to 47% during the first 12 months. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in the prevention of SUI in women during the antenatal and postnatal period by reviewing and evaluating the available scientific literature. Methods: This is a systematic review, using only randomised controlled trials. We searched the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane and PEDro. We reviewed 7 prospective studies in English and Portuguese, which included 1,401 pregnant women of legal age who underwent PFMT to prevent SUI. Results: The results allowed us to establish that PFMT is used for pelvic floor muscles and that this intervention, applied with the appropriate methodology, can prevent or cure SUI. Conclusions: The application of PFMT in an early stage of pregnancy has positive effects on the continence capacity after delivery. Introducción: La incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo es una alteración común en las mujeres que repercute de forma negativa en la calidad de vida. El embarazo y el parto son considerados factores de riesgo importantes, afectando directamente el suelo pélvico durante el embarazo y el trabajo de parto, aumentando el riesgo de disfunciones del suelo pélvico, encontrándose tasas de prevalencia de IUE en el postparto del 30 al 47% durante los primeros 12 meses. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del entrenamiento del suelo pélvico (EMSP) en la prevención de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) en mujeres, durante el periodo prenatal y el posparto, mediante la revisión y la evaluación de la literatura científica disponible. Métodos: Revisión sistemática, que usó como objeto de estudio exclusivamente Ensayos Controlados Aleatorios. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane y PEDro. Se evaluaron 7 estudios prospectivos en idiomas inglés y portugués, que incluyeron 1.401 mujeres embarazadas sometidas a EMSP, para prevenir la IUE. Resultados: Los resultados permitieron identificar que el EMSP se utiliza para prevenir la IUE en los músculos del suelo pélvico. Conclusiones: Aplicación del EMSP en una fase temprana del embarazo tienen efectos positivos sobre la capacidad de continencia después del parto.

Early back care has become the preventive strategy to mitigate bad postural habits and musculoskeletal alterations that trigger inadequate postural patterns in the body schema. The objective was to determine the knowledge and practice of back care in first-grade school children after applying an educational intervention for back care. Quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-tests in a sample of 71 first grade school students. Knowledge and practices for back care were evaluated before and after of the intervention. During 5 weeks, a program of education for back care was developed in the intervention group, formed by concepts about anatomy, physiology, alterations of the spine, adoption of appropriate postures and movements in school life and the execution of adequate movements learned. Simultaneously, physical exercises based on aerobic work, strengthening and stretching the back muscles were carried out with the children in the control group. A linear regression model and a two-level hierarchical model were applied to estimate the effect of the intervention. After the execution of the back care education program, a better score was found in the knowledge and practice questionnaire, which was different between the intervention group and the control group (1.72 95% CI 1.21-2.24). The development of an education program generated a change in the score of the questionnaire on knowledge of back care in the intervnetion group, which suggests the implementation of these strategies in the school context during early childhood, contributing to the prevention of back disorders and deficiencies

90% of the population with stroke suffer sequelae that disable the individual for their independence in the activities of daily life. We sought to determine the effects of interventions in adults after stroke of the motor relearning program vs different physiotherapeutic treatments on functional independence. A systematic review of the literature was carried out. in PubMed, PEDro, LILACS, Cochrane, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases, and a manual search, taking into account clinical trials, Spanish, English or Portuguese. The methodological quality was carried out using the PEDro scale and the risk of bias assessment was applied according to the Cochrane Manual. Eight studies out of a potential 984 were included. A clinically significant improvement was found in the motor relearning groups and only in one study is this improvement significant compared to another intervention. There are significant clinical effects in the use of the motor relearning program. El 90% de la población con Accidente Cerebrovascular sufre secuelas que incapacitan al individuo para su independencia en las actividades de la vida diaria. Se buscó determinar los efectos de las intervenciones en personas adultas después del accidente cerebrovascular del programa de reaprendizaje motor vs diferentes tratamientos fisioterapéuticos en la independencia funcional. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura. en bases de datos PubMed, PEDro, LILACS, Cochrane, Scopus y ScienceDirect, y una búsqueda manual, teniendo en cuenta ensayos clínicos, idioma español, inglés o portugués. La calidad metodológica se realizó por escala de PEDro y la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se aplicó según el Manual Cochrane. Se incluyeron 8 estudios de 984 potenciales. Se encontró una mejora clínicamente significativa en los grupos de reaprendizaje motor y solamente en un estudio esta mejora es significativa con respecto a otra intervención. Existen efectos clínicos significativos en el uso del programa de reaprendizaje motor.