Fundamental understanding of ionic transport at the nanoscale is essential for developing biosensors based on nanopore technology and new generation high-performance nanofiltration membranes for separation and purification applications. We study here ionic transport through single putatively neutral hydrophobic nanopores with high aspect ratio (of lengthL = 6 μm with diameters ranging from 1 to 10 nm) and with a well controlled cylindrical geometry. We develop a detailed hybrid mesoscopic theoretical approach for the electrolyte conductivity inside nanopores, which considers explicitly ion advection by electro-osmotic flow and possible flow slip at the pore surface. By fitting the experimental conductance data we show that for nanopore diameters greater than 4 nm a constant weak surface charge density of about 10⁻² C m⁻²needs to be incorporated in the model to account for conductance plateaus of a few pico-siemens at low salt concentrations. For tighter nanopores, our analysis leads to a higher surface charge density, which can be attributed to a modification of ion solvation structure close to the pore surface, as observed in the molecular dynamics simulations we performed.

APO2L/TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) induces death of tumor cells through two agonist receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2. We demonstrate here that N-linked glycosylation (N-glyc) plays also an important regulatory role for TRAIL-R1-mediated and mouse TRAIL receptor (mTRAIL-R)-mediated apoptosis, but not for TRAIL-R2, which is devoid of N-glycans. Cells expressing N-glyc-defective mutants of TRAIL-R1 and mouse TRAIL-R were less sensitive to TRAIL than their wild-type counterparts. Defective apoptotic signaling by N-glyc-deficient TRAIL receptors was associated with lower TRAIL receptor aggregation and reduced DISC formation, but not with reduced TRAIL-binding affinity. Our results also indicate that TRAIL receptor N-glyc impacts immune evasion strategies. The cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL141 protein, which restricts cell-surface expression of human TRAIL death receptors, binds with significant higher affinity TRAIL-R1 lacking N-glyc, suggesting that this sugar modification may have evolved as a counterstrategy to prevent receptor inhibition by UL141. Altogether our findings demonstrate that N-glyc of TRAIL-R1 promotes TRAIL signaling and restricts virus-mediated inhibition.

The adsorption of small molecules $({\mathrm{N}}_2,$ ${\mathrm{O}}_2,$ CO, ${\mathrm{CO}}_2,$ ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O},$ and HF) in model ropes of carbon nanotubes has been studied to determine the main parameters (stable adsorption sites, potential barriers, $\dots )$ which define the ability of carbon nanotubes to select small molecules through their different behavior in the diffusion mechanism. When the polarization of the nanotubes is taken into account in the semiempirical potentials, it has a significant influence on the adsorption of polar species. Examination of the potential maps along the ropes shows that the nature and the stability of the adsorption sites are strongly dependent on the molecular species and on the diameter of the tubes. For a small rope formed with (10,10) single-wall nanotubes, different trapping sites are favored by the molecules considered. Furthermore the corresponding trapping well depths are sufficiently selective to discriminate the species. Improving the size homogeneity of the ropes and judiciously calibrating their diameter would provide an efficient mean of selecting molecular species.