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Louise Ferguson
Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis Davis CA USA

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Journal article
Published: 19 May 2021
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Understanding the mechanisms of stress tolerance in diverse species is needed to enhance crop performance under conditions such as high salinity. Plant roots, in particular in grafted agricultural crops, can function as a boundary against external stresses in order to maintain plant fitness. However, limited information exists for salinity stress responses of woody species and their rootstocks. Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) is a tree nut crop with relatively high salinity tolerance as well as high genetic heterogeneity. In this study, we used a microscopy‐based approach to investigate the cellular and structural responses to salinity stress in the roots of two pistachio rootstocks, Pistacia integerrima (PGI) and a hybrid, P. atlantica x P. integerrima (UCB1). We analyzed root sections via fluorescence microscopy across a developmental gradient, defined by xylem development, for sodium localization and for cellular barrier differentiation via suberin deposition. Our cumulative data suggest that the salinity response in pistachio rootstock species is associated with both vacuolar sodium ion (Na+) sequestration in the root cortex and increased suberin deposition at apoplastic barriers. Furthermore, both vacuolar sequestration and suberin deposition correlate with the root developmental gradient. We observed a higher rate of Na+ vacuolar sequestration and reduced salt‐induced leaf damage in UCB1 when compared to P. integerrima. In addition, UCB1 displayed higher basal levels of suberization, in both the exodermis and endodermis, compared to P. integerrima. This difference was enhanced after salinity stress. These cellular characteristics are phenotypes that can be taken into account during screening for sodium‐mediated salinity tolerance in woody plant species.

ACS Style

Shuxiao Zhang; Alessandra Quartararo; Oliver Karl Betz; Shahab Madahhosseini; Angelo Schuabb Heringer; Thu Le; Yuhang Shao; Tiziano Caruso; Louise Ferguson; Judy Jernstedt; Thomas Wilkop; Georgia Drakakaki. Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization are prominent responses of Pistacia spp. rootstocks during salinity stress. 2021, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Shuxiao Zhang, Alessandra Quartararo, Oliver Karl Betz, Shahab Madahhosseini, Angelo Schuabb Heringer, Thu Le, Yuhang Shao, Tiziano Caruso, Louise Ferguson, Judy Jernstedt, Thomas Wilkop, Georgia Drakakaki. Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization are prominent responses of Pistacia spp. rootstocks during salinity stress. . 2021; 5 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuxiao Zhang; Alessandra Quartararo; Oliver Karl Betz; Shahab Madahhosseini; Angelo Schuabb Heringer; Thu Le; Yuhang Shao; Tiziano Caruso; Louise Ferguson; Judy Jernstedt; Thomas Wilkop; Georgia Drakakaki. 2021. "Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization are prominent responses of Pistacia spp. rootstocks during salinity stress." 5, no. 5: 1.

Original research
Published: 19 May 2021 in Plant Direct
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Understanding the mechanisms of stress tolerance in diverse species is needed to enhance crop performance under conditions such as high salinity. Plant roots, in particular in grafted agricultural crops, can function as a boundary against external stresses in order to maintain plant fitness. However, limited information exists for salinity stress responses of woody species and their rootstocks. Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) is a tree nut crop with relatively high salinity tolerance as well as high genetic heterogeneity. In this study, we used a microscopy-based approach to investigate the cellular and structural responses to salinity stress in the roots of two pistachio rootstocks, Pistacia integerrima (PGI) and a hybrid, P. atlantica x P. integerrima (UCB1). We analyzed root sections via fluorescence microscopy across a developmental gradient, defined by xylem development, for sodium localization and for cellular barrier differentiation via suberin deposition. Our cumulative data suggest that the salinity response in pistachio rootstock species is associated with both vacuolar sodium ion (Na+) sequestration in the root cortex and increased suberin deposition at apoplastic barriers. Furthermore, both vacuolar sequestration and suberin deposition correlate with the root developmental gradient. We observed a higher rate of Na+ vacuolar sequestration and reduced salt-induced leaf damage in UCB1 when compared to P. integerrima. In addition, UCB1 displayed higher basal levels of suberization, in both the exodermis and endodermis, compared to P. integerrima. This difference was enhanced after salinity stress. These cellular characteristics are phenotypes that can be taken into account during screening for sodium-mediated salinity tolerance in woody plant species.

ACS Style

Shuxiao Zhang; Alessandra Quartararo; Oliver Karl Betz; Shahab Madahhosseini; Angelo Schuabb Heringer; Thu Le; Yuhang Shao; Tiziano Caruso; Louise Ferguson; Judy Jernstedt; Thomas Wilkop; Georgia Drakakaki. Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization are prominent responses of Pistacia spp. rootstocks during salinity stress. Plant Direct 2021, 5, e00315 .

AMA Style

Shuxiao Zhang, Alessandra Quartararo, Oliver Karl Betz, Shahab Madahhosseini, Angelo Schuabb Heringer, Thu Le, Yuhang Shao, Tiziano Caruso, Louise Ferguson, Judy Jernstedt, Thomas Wilkop, Georgia Drakakaki. Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization are prominent responses of Pistacia spp. rootstocks during salinity stress. Plant Direct. 2021; 5 (5):e00315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuxiao Zhang; Alessandra Quartararo; Oliver Karl Betz; Shahab Madahhosseini; Angelo Schuabb Heringer; Thu Le; Yuhang Shao; Tiziano Caruso; Louise Ferguson; Judy Jernstedt; Thomas Wilkop; Georgia Drakakaki. 2021. "Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization are prominent responses of Pistacia spp. rootstocks during salinity stress." Plant Direct 5, no. 5: e00315.

Review
Published: 13 November 2020 in Horticulturae
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Pecan is native to the United States. The US is the world’s largest pecan producer with an average yearly production of 250 to 300 million pounds; 80 percent of the world’s supply. Georgia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Oklahoma, California, Louisiana, and Florida are the major US pecan producing states. Pecan trees frequently suffer from spring freeze at bud break and bloom as the buds are quite sensitive to freeze damage. This leads to poor flower and nut production. This review focuses on the impact of spring freeze during bud differentiation and flower development. Spring freeze kills the primary terminal buds, the pecan tree has a second chance for growth and flowering through secondary buds. Unfortunately, secondary buds have less bloom potential than primary buds and nut yield is reduced. Spring freeze damage depends on severity of the freeze, bud growth stage, cultivar type and tree age, tree height and tree vigor. This review discusses the impact of temperature on structure and function of male and female reproductive organs. It also summarizes carbohydrate relations as another factor that may play an important role in spring growth and transition of primary and secondary buds to flowers.

ACS Style

Amandeep Kaur; Louise Ferguson; Niels Maness; Becky Carroll; William Reid; Lu Zhang. Spring Freeze Damage of Pecan Bloom: A Review. Horticulturae 2020, 6, 82 .

AMA Style

Amandeep Kaur, Louise Ferguson, Niels Maness, Becky Carroll, William Reid, Lu Zhang. Spring Freeze Damage of Pecan Bloom: A Review. Horticulturae. 2020; 6 (4):82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amandeep Kaur; Louise Ferguson; Niels Maness; Becky Carroll; William Reid; Lu Zhang. 2020. "Spring Freeze Damage of Pecan Bloom: A Review." Horticulturae 6, no. 4: 82.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2019 in Foods
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The effects of passive- and active-modified atmosphere packaging (passive- and active-MAP) were investigated on the physio-chemical and quality attributes of fresh in-hull pistachios stored at 4 ± 1 °C and 90 ± 5% R.H. Fresh pistachios were packaged under each of the following gas combinations: active-MAP1 (AMA1) (5% O2 + 5% CO2), AMA2 (5% O2 + 25% CO2), AMA3 (5% O2 + 45% CO2), AMA4 (2.5% O2 + 5% CO2), AMA5 (2.5% O2 + 25% CO2), and AMA6 (2.5% O2 + 45% CO2), all balanced with N2, as well as passive-MAP (PMA) with ambient air (21% O2 + 0.03% CO2 + 78% N2). Changes in quality parameters were evaluated after 0, 15, 30 and 45 days of storage. Results demonstrated that AMA6 and PMA had significantly lower (7.96 Log CFU g−1) and higher (9.81 Log CFU g−1) aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts than the other treatments. However, the AMA6 treatment decreased, kernel chlorophyll and carotenoid content, hull antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin content. The PMA treatment produced a significant weight loss, 0.18%, relative to the other treatments. The active-MAP treatments were more effective than the passive-MAP in decreasing weight loss, microbial counts, kernel total chlorophyll (Kernel TCL), and kernel carotenoid content (Kernel CAC). The postharvest quality of fresh in-hull pistachios was maintained best by the AMA3 (5% O2 + 45% CO2 + 50% N2) treatment.

ACS Style

Abdollatif Sheikhi; Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan; Hamid Reza Karimi; Louise Ferguson. Effects of Passive- and Active-Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Physio-Chemical and Quality Attributes of Fresh In-Hull Pistachios (Pistacia vera L. cv. Badami). Foods 2019, 8, 564 .

AMA Style

Abdollatif Sheikhi, Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan, Hamid Reza Karimi, Louise Ferguson. Effects of Passive- and Active-Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Physio-Chemical and Quality Attributes of Fresh In-Hull Pistachios (Pistacia vera L. cv. Badami). Foods. 2019; 8 (11):564.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdollatif Sheikhi; Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan; Hamid Reza Karimi; Louise Ferguson. 2019. "Effects of Passive- and Active-Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Physio-Chemical and Quality Attributes of Fresh In-Hull Pistachios (Pistacia vera L. cv. Badami)." Foods 8, no. 11: 564.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2019 in Agriculture
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In California, a significant percentage of the pistachio acreage is in the San Joaquin Valley on saline and saline-sodic soils. However, irrigation management practices in commercial pistachio production are based on water-use information developed nearly two decades ago from experiments conducted in non-saline orchards sprinkler-irrigated with good quality water. No information is currently available that quantify the effect of salinity or combined salinity and sodicity on water use of micro-irrigated pistachio orchards, even though such information would help growers schedule irrigations and control soil salinity through leaching. To fill this gap, a field research study was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to measure the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) from commercial pistachio orchards grown on non-saline and saline-sodic soils in the southern portion of the San Joaquin Valley of California. The study aimed at investigating the functional relations between soil salinity/sodicity and tree performance, and understanding the mechanisms regulating water-use reduction under saline and saline-sodic conditions. Pistachio ETa was measured with the residual of energy balance method using a combination of surface renewal and eddy covariance equipment. Saline and saline-sodic conditions in the soil adversely affected tree performance with different intensity. The analysis of field data showed that ETa, light interception by the tree canopy, and nut yield were highly and linearly related (r2 > 0.9). Moving from non-saline to saline and saline-sodic conditions, the canopy light interception decreased from 75% (non-saline) to around 50% (saline) and 30% (saline-sodic), and ETa decreased by 32% to 46% relative to the non-saline orchard. In saline-sodic soils, the nut yield resulted around 50% lower than that of non-saline orchard. A statistical analysis performed on the correlations between soil physical-chemical parameters and selected tree performance indicators (ETa, light interception, and nut yield) revealed that the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) adversely affected tree performance more than the soil electrical conductivity (ECe). Results suggest that secondary effects of sodicity (i.e., degradation of soil structure, possibly leading to poor soil aeration and root hypoxia) might have had a stronger impact on pistachio performance than did salinity in the long term. The information presented in this paper can help pistachio growers and farm managers better tailor irrigation water allocation and management to site-specific orchard conditions (e.g., canopy features and soil-water salinity/sodicity), and potentially lead to water and energy savings through improved irrigation management practices.

ACS Style

Giulia Marino; Daniele Zaccaria; Richard L. Snyder; Octavio Lagos; Bruce D. Lampinen; Louise Ferguson; Stephen R. Grattan; Cayle Little; Kristen Shapiro; Mahesh Lal Maskey; Dennis L. Corwin; Elia Scudiero; Blake L. Sanden. Actual Evapotranspiration and Tree Performance of Mature Micro-Irrigated Pistachio Orchards Grown on Saline-Sodic Soils in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Agriculture 2019, 9, 76 .

AMA Style

Giulia Marino, Daniele Zaccaria, Richard L. Snyder, Octavio Lagos, Bruce D. Lampinen, Louise Ferguson, Stephen R. Grattan, Cayle Little, Kristen Shapiro, Mahesh Lal Maskey, Dennis L. Corwin, Elia Scudiero, Blake L. Sanden. Actual Evapotranspiration and Tree Performance of Mature Micro-Irrigated Pistachio Orchards Grown on Saline-Sodic Soils in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Agriculture. 2019; 9 (4):76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Marino; Daniele Zaccaria; Richard L. Snyder; Octavio Lagos; Bruce D. Lampinen; Louise Ferguson; Stephen R. Grattan; Cayle Little; Kristen Shapiro; Mahesh Lal Maskey; Dennis L. Corwin; Elia Scudiero; Blake L. Sanden. 2019. "Actual Evapotranspiration and Tree Performance of Mature Micro-Irrigated Pistachio Orchards Grown on Saline-Sodic Soils in the San Joaquin Valley of California." Agriculture 9, no. 4: 76.

Evaluation study
Published: 04 January 2019 in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
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BACKGROUND The effects of passive‐modified atmosphere packaging (passive‐MAP) on the postharvest quality of de‐hulled fresh pistachios (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kerman) stored at cold temperature (0 ± 0.5 °C) and 90 ± 1% R.H. was investigated with fruits under ambient air condition as the control treatment. The fruit quality parameters measured included kernel firmness, color values (L*, a*, b*, h°, and C*), weight loss, fungal decay and marketability, ethylene production, respiration rate, and sensory characteristics at 0, 30, 60 and 105 days of storage. The CO2 and O2 concentrations in the package headspace were monitored during storage. RESULTS A modified atmosphere of 0.95%‐3.35% O2 and 23.17%–29.82% CO2 was achieved in the passive‐MAP treatment. Fruit respiration rates increased significantly relative to controls throughout storage, (P ≤ 0.01). However, storage had no significant effect on ethylene production rates. Additionally, passive‐MAP stored fruits maintained firmness, shell lightness, kernel color and sensory quality with minimum weight loss and fungal decay, compared to the control. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate storage life of fresh pistachios in passive‐MAP can be extended up to 105 days, compared to 30 days in ambient conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Abdollatif Sheikhi; Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan; Louise Ferguson. Extending storage potential of de‐hulled fresh pistachios in passive‐modified atmosphere. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2019, 99, 3426 -3433.

AMA Style

Abdollatif Sheikhi, Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan, Louise Ferguson. Extending storage potential of de‐hulled fresh pistachios in passive‐modified atmosphere. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2019; 99 (7):3426-3433.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdollatif Sheikhi; Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan; Louise Ferguson. 2019. "Extending storage potential of de‐hulled fresh pistachios in passive‐modified atmosphere." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 99, no. 7: 3426-3433.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2018 in Water
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With climate change and decreased water supplies, interest in irrigation scheduling based on plant water status is increasing. Stem water potential (ΨSWP) thresholds for irrigation scheduling in olive have been proposed, however, a physiologically-based evaluation of their reliability is needed. A large dataset collected at variable environmental conditions, growing systems, and genotypes was used to characterize the relation between ΨSWP and gas exchanges for olive. Based on the effect of drought stress on the ecophysiological parameters monitored, we described three levels of stress: no stress (ΨSWP above about −2 MPa), where the high variability of stomatal conductance (gs) suggests a tight stomatal control of water loss that limit ΨSWP drop, irrigation volumes applied to overcome this threshold had no effect on assimilation but reduced intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE); moderate-stress (ΨSWP between about −2.0 and −3.5 MPa), where iWUE can be increased without damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of leaves; and high-stress (ΨSWP below about −3.5 MPa), where gs dropped below 150 mmol m−2 s−1 and the intercellular CO2 concentration increased proportionally, suggesting non-stomatal limitation to photosynthesis was operative. This study confirmed that olive ΨSWP should be maintained between −2 and −3.5 MPa for optimal irrigation efficiency and to avoid harmful water stress levels.

ACS Style

Giulia Marino; Tiziano Caruso; Louise Ferguson; Francesco Paolo Marra. Gas Exchanges and Stem Water Potential Define Stress Thresholds for Efficient Irrigation Management in Olive (Olea europea L.). Water 2018, 10, 342 .

AMA Style

Giulia Marino, Tiziano Caruso, Louise Ferguson, Francesco Paolo Marra. Gas Exchanges and Stem Water Potential Define Stress Thresholds for Efficient Irrigation Management in Olive (Olea europea L.). Water. 2018; 10 (3):342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Marino; Tiziano Caruso; Louise Ferguson; Francesco Paolo Marra. 2018. "Gas Exchanges and Stem Water Potential Define Stress Thresholds for Efficient Irrigation Management in Olive (Olea europea L.)." Water 10, no. 3: 342.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2018 in Sustainability
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California growers in the San Joaquin Valley believe that climate change will affect the pistachio yield dramatically. As the central valley fog disappears, insufficient dormant chill accumulation results in poor flowering synchrony, flower quality, and fruit set in this dioecious species. We have developed a novel, user-friendly, and low-cost Voice-Controlled Wireless Solid Set Canopy Delivery (VCW-SSCD) system to increase bud chill accumulation with evaporative cooling on sunny (winter) days. This system includes: (i) an automated solid-state canopy delivery (SSCD) system; (ii) a wireless weather-, crop-related data acquisition system; (iii) a Voice-Controlled (VC) system using Amazon Alexa; (iv) a mobile application to visualize the collected data and wirelessly control the SSCD system; and (v) a smart control system. The proposed system was deployed and evaluated in a commercial pistachio orchard in Bakersfield, CA. The system worked well with no reported errors. Results demonstrated the system’s ability to cool bud temperatures in a low relative humidity climate. At an ambient temperature of 10–20 °C, bud temperatures were lowered 5–10 °C.

ACS Style

Yiannis Ampatzidis; Josh Kiner; Reza Abdolee; Louise Ferguson. Voice-Controlled and Wireless Solid Set Canopy Delivery (VCW-SSCD) System for Mist-Cooling. Sustainability 2018, 10, 421 .

AMA Style

Yiannis Ampatzidis, Josh Kiner, Reza Abdolee, Louise Ferguson. Voice-Controlled and Wireless Solid Set Canopy Delivery (VCW-SSCD) System for Mist-Cooling. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):421.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yiannis Ampatzidis; Josh Kiner; Reza Abdolee; Louise Ferguson. 2018. "Voice-Controlled and Wireless Solid Set Canopy Delivery (VCW-SSCD) System for Mist-Cooling." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 421.

Book chapter
Published: 23 June 2017 in Olives and Olive Oil as Functional Foods
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ACS Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia; Louise Ferguson. Mechanical harvesting of olives. Olives and Olive Oil as Functional Foods 2017, 117 -126.

AMA Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia, Louise Ferguson. Mechanical harvesting of olives. Olives and Olive Oil as Functional Foods. 2017; ():117-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia; Louise Ferguson. 2017. "Mechanical harvesting of olives." Olives and Olive Oil as Functional Foods , no. : 117-126.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Biosystems Engineering
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ACS Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia; G.L. Blanco-Roldán; Louise Ferguson; E.J. González-Sánchez; J.A. Gil-Ribes. Frequency response of late-season ‘Valencia’ orange to selective harvesting by vibration for juice industry. Biosystems Engineering 2017, 155, 77 -83.

AMA Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia, G.L. Blanco-Roldán, Louise Ferguson, E.J. González-Sánchez, J.A. Gil-Ribes. Frequency response of late-season ‘Valencia’ orange to selective harvesting by vibration for juice industry. Biosystems Engineering. 2017; 155 ():77-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia; G.L. Blanco-Roldán; Louise Ferguson; E.J. González-Sánchez; J.A. Gil-Ribes. 2017. "Frequency response of late-season ‘Valencia’ orange to selective harvesting by vibration for juice industry." Biosystems Engineering 155, no. : 77-83.

Research article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Plant Disease
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Approximately 25 potted 2-year-old pistachio rootstock trees in a Kern Co., California (CA) research plot maintained outdoors and irrigated to container capacity exhibited wilting in June 2013. Symptomatic plants gradually declined and died through November 2013. Extensive root necrosis was observed on symptomatic plants. Necrotic roots of seedling UCB-1 rootstock (Pistacia atlantica x Pistacia integerrima) submerged in CMA-PARP selective medium (Jeffers and Martin, 1986) yielded a Pythium-like organism. On V8 juice agar, a representative isolate produced rapidly growing colonies (188 mm/day, radial) that produced subglobose, papillate sporangia measuring from 25 to 42.5 × 25.0 to 37.5µm (33.4 × 30.4µm average). Sexual structures were not observed. DNA was extracted from the isolate and amplified by PCR with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al., 1990). BLAST query of the sequence, GenBank accession no. KT901799 matched HQ643382, Phytopythium helicoides with 98% identity. Diseases caused by P. helicoides have been reported on several plants and include root and stem rot on begonia (eg. Yang et al., 2013) and rhizome rot on lotus (Yin et al., 2016). Phytopythium is a recently-established genus containing organisms formerly classified as Pythium Clade K species (de Cock, et al, 2015). For completion of Koch’s postulates, two isolates of P. helicoides were grown for 14 days on V8-oat-vermiculite substrate. UCB-1 clonal rootstock plants were purchased from a wholesale nursery, acclimatized in the greenhouse, grown to approximately 12 cm in height and then transplanted into potting medium mixed with either uninfested substrate (the control) at a rate of 5% (v/v), or P. helicoides-infested substrate (2.5% v/v of each isolate). To induce zoospore release, pots were submerged in water for 4 h with the water surface maintained 1 cm above the soil. Control plants were treated identically to those in infested soil. The soil was then allowed to drain, and plants were watered daily. Two experimental runs included eight and twelve replicate plants of each treatment, respectively. Plants challenged with P. helicoides wilted within 1 week of inoculation. By 2 weeks after inoculation, 100% and 43% of inoculated plants died in the first and second experimental runs conducted in summer and winter, respectively. Control plants remained asymptomatic. By 6 weeks after inoculation, root mass of inoculated plants was only 28% and 65% of that of control plants in respective experimental runs. Phytopythium helicoides was consistently isolated from symptomatic plants and never from control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of root rot caused by P. helicoides on pistachio. The results indicate that the pathogen can be aggressive on UCB-1 rootstock, which is used for approximately half the commercial pistachio acreage in CA. The greater mortality observed in summer than in winter suggests that variation in host or environmental factors may modulate disease development. The source of primary inoculum in the original symptomatic plants is unknown. Future work is needed to assess the importance and epidemiology of P. helicoides in commercial pistachio orchards. References A.W.A.M. deCock et al. Persoonia. 34:25, 2015. S. N. Jeffers and S. B. Martin. Plant Dis. 70:1038, 1986. T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990. X. Yang et al. Plant Dis. 97:1385, 2013. X. Yin et al. Plant Dis. 100:532, 2016.

ACS Style

E. J. Fichtner; G. T. Browne; M. Mortaz; L. Ferguson; C. L. Blomquist. First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytopythium helicoides on Pistachio Rootstock in California. Plant Disease 2016, 100, 2337 -2337.

AMA Style

E. J. Fichtner, G. T. Browne, M. Mortaz, L. Ferguson, C. L. Blomquist. First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytopythium helicoides on Pistachio Rootstock in California. Plant Disease. 2016; 100 (11):2337-2337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. J. Fichtner; G. T. Browne; M. Mortaz; L. Ferguson; C. L. Blomquist. 2016. "First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytopythium helicoides on Pistachio Rootstock in California." Plant Disease 100, no. 11: 2337-2337.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2014 in HortTechnology
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As one of the oldest continuously produced tree crops in the world, it is ironic that table olive (Olea europaea) production has benefitted from few technological innovations, including harvesting. Two harvesting technologies, trunk shaking and canopy contact, have been identified. In a 2013 trial, a prototype canopy contact harvester successfully harvested 92% of a 5.3-ton/acre mechanically pruned crop, vs. 81% for a 12.8-ton/acre hand-pruned control crop in a 19-year-old, 13 × 26-ft grove, spaced at 139 trees/acre and adapted for mechanical harvesting with 6 years of mechanical topping and hedging. About 85% of the hand-pruned olives were cannable vs. 86% of the mechanically pruned olives. Over the 6 years of mechanical pruning, the mechanically pruned trees averaged an annual 4.2 tons/acre vs. 5.3 tons/acre with hand-pruned trees. Again in 2013, this same canopy contact harvester achieved 81% final harvester efficiency with a 5.8-ton/acre crop in a 12-year-old, 12 × 18-ft, 202-tree/acre, mechanically pruned hedgerow grove vs. 80% efficiency for a 5.17-ton/acre crop with hand-pruned hedgerow trees. Similarly, no significant differences in the percentage of cannable olives, fruit size distribution, or value per ton was produced by the pruning treatments. In this trial in which both hand and mechanical pruning were used to produce a hedgerow, the hand-pruned trees averaged 3.7 tons/acre vs. 4.3 tons/acre for mechanically pruned trees. In a commercial trial in 2012, the trunk-shaking harvester achieved 77% average harvester efficiency in a 40-acre, 180-tree/acre grove, with a 4-ton/acre crop prepared with both hand and mechanical pruning. These ongoing trials indicate that adapting groves with mechanical pruning does not decrease average annual yields and can produce table olive groves that can be mechanically harvested at a cost and speed that is competitive with hand harvesting.

ACS Style

Louise Ferguson; Sergio Castro-Garcia. Transformation of an Ancient Crop: Preparing California ‘Manzanillo’ Table Olives for Mechanical Harvesting. HortTechnology 2014, 24, 274 -280.

AMA Style

Louise Ferguson, Sergio Castro-Garcia. Transformation of an Ancient Crop: Preparing California ‘Manzanillo’ Table Olives for Mechanical Harvesting. HortTechnology. 2014; 24 (3):274-280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louise Ferguson; Sergio Castro-Garcia. 2014. "Transformation of an Ancient Crop: Preparing California ‘Manzanillo’ Table Olives for Mechanical Harvesting." HortTechnology 24, no. 3: 274-280.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2014 in HortTechnology
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Developing mechanical harvesting is the most effective, and most difficult, factor in improving horticultural crop profitability. It requires simultaneous incremental changes by multiple entities; engineers, horticulturists, food scientists, economists, local extension personnel, the commercial harvester industry, growers, and displaced laborers and their management. There is a narrow annual testing window. The initial research by engineers and horticulturists focuses on developing effective removal technologies and can be applied or basic. When funding is local, the research is generally applied and is usually an adaptation of existing technology. With national funding, the research is basic or investigates novel technologies. Both are conducted first on model systems or individual plants. Properly executed, both types can be published, but publication is difficult if engineering parameters are changed during the trials. Evaluation of developed removal technologies requires cross-disciplinary teams to evaluate the effects on the final marketable product quality and long-term plant health. Publications can be produced on testing technology or effects on marketable product quality or plant health. An industry education program with field days, industry publications and websites, and annual presentations should frequently report progress. Finally, a prototype should be demonstrated to show the economic feasibility of a mobile platform with catching technology. The research team then expands to include the harvester industry and grower cooperators. Orchard adaptations to increase harvester efficiency are incorporated at this point. Usually by this time all research is applied and the funding local. If results demonstrate economic feasibility, the technology should now segue to the commercial harvester industry as university laboratories mostly lack the capacity to generate truly commercial harvesters. Publications could be delayed to avoid premature disclosure to make patents achievable and to facilitate cooperation between university researchers and commercial fabricators.

ACS Style

Jesús A. Gil-Ribes; Louise Ferguson; Sergio Castro-Garcia; Gregorio L. Blanco-Rodán. How Agricultural Engineers Develop Mechanical Harvesters: The University Perspective. HortTechnology 2014, 24, 270 -273.

AMA Style

Jesús A. Gil-Ribes, Louise Ferguson, Sergio Castro-Garcia, Gregorio L. Blanco-Rodán. How Agricultural Engineers Develop Mechanical Harvesters: The University Perspective. HortTechnology. 2014; 24 (3):270-273.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús A. Gil-Ribes; Louise Ferguson; Sergio Castro-Garcia; Gregorio L. Blanco-Rodán. 2014. "How Agricultural Engineers Develop Mechanical Harvesters: The University Perspective." HortTechnology 24, no. 3: 270-273.

Book chapter
Published: 21 November 2011 in Fruit Breeding
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Hundreds of fruit species with commercial potential are currently in a status of low economic importance. Some, such as quince, pomegranate, and figs, have been cultivated for thousands of years. Others have only been locally collected and consumed from wild populations of the fruit. The development of these underappreciated crops depends on a range of factors including the cultivation limitations, yields, uses of the fruit, and marketing potential. Although initially many crops are developed using selections from the wild, as they are developed, breeding programs work toward improving the crop for both production and quality. This chapter examines nine emerging crops chosen among hundreds of potential crops which are currently showing much promise as commercial crops. These include five tree fruits, namely, pawpaw, quince, mayhaw, pomegranate, and fig, and four berry crops, namely, blue honeysuckle, elder, goji, and ‘ōhelo.

ACS Style

Kim E. Hummer; Kirk W. Pomper; Joseph Postman; Charles J. Graham; Ed Stover; Eric W. Mercure; Malli Aradhya; Carlos H. Crisosto; Louise Ferguson; Maxine M. Thompson; Patrick L Byers; Francis Zee. Emerging Fruit Crops. Fruit Breeding 2011, 97 -147.

AMA Style

Kim E. Hummer, Kirk W. Pomper, Joseph Postman, Charles J. Graham, Ed Stover, Eric W. Mercure, Malli Aradhya, Carlos H. Crisosto, Louise Ferguson, Maxine M. Thompson, Patrick L Byers, Francis Zee. Emerging Fruit Crops. Fruit Breeding. 2011; ():97-147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim E. Hummer; Kirk W. Pomper; Joseph Postman; Charles J. Graham; Ed Stover; Eric W. Mercure; Malli Aradhya; Carlos H. Crisosto; Louise Ferguson; Maxine M. Thompson; Patrick L Byers; Francis Zee. 2011. "Emerging Fruit Crops." Fruit Breeding , no. : 97-147.

Contributors
Published: 01 January 2011 in Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits
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ACS Style

S. Ketsa; R.E. Paull; M.E. Saltveit; O. Duarte; A. Carrillo López; E.M. Yahia; C.H. Crisosto; L. Ferguson; G. Nanos; S.P. Singh; D. V Sudhakar Rao; W.C. Schotsmans; G. Fischer; A.A. Gardea; M.A. Martínez-Téllez; A.B. Woolf; R. Ben-Arie; A. Hassan; Z. Othman; J. Siriphanich; M. Kashaninejad; L.G. Tabil; F. Le Bellec; F. Vaillant; M. Vizzotto; A.S. Lopes; L. Cabral; M. Erkan; A.A. Kader; M.M. Wall; D. Sivakumar; L. Korsten; S. Supapvanich; R. Megia; P. Ding; F. Guttierrez-Orozco; M.A. Coêlho De Lima; R.E. Alves; C. Wongs-Aree; S. Noichinda; A. East; N. K.-E. Salih; Z.-H. Shü; C.-C. Hsieh; H.-L. Lin. Contributor contact details. Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits 2011, 1 .

AMA Style

S. Ketsa, R.E. Paull, M.E. Saltveit, O. Duarte, A. Carrillo López, E.M. Yahia, C.H. Crisosto, L. Ferguson, G. Nanos, S.P. Singh, D. V Sudhakar Rao, W.C. Schotsmans, G. Fischer, A.A. Gardea, M.A. Martínez-Téllez, A.B. Woolf, R. Ben-Arie, A. Hassan, Z. Othman, J. Siriphanich, M. Kashaninejad, L.G. Tabil, F. Le Bellec, F. Vaillant, M. Vizzotto, A.S. Lopes, L. Cabral, M. Erkan, A.A. Kader, M.M. Wall, D. Sivakumar, L. Korsten, S. Supapvanich, R. Megia, P. Ding, F. Guttierrez-Orozco, M.A. Coêlho De Lima, R.E. Alves, C. Wongs-Aree, S. Noichinda, A. East, N. K.-E. Salih, Z.-H. Shü, C.-C. Hsieh, H.-L. Lin. Contributor contact details. Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. 2011; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Ketsa; R.E. Paull; M.E. Saltveit; O. Duarte; A. Carrillo López; E.M. Yahia; C.H. Crisosto; L. Ferguson; G. Nanos; S.P. Singh; D. V Sudhakar Rao; W.C. Schotsmans; G. Fischer; A.A. Gardea; M.A. Martínez-Téllez; A.B. Woolf; R. Ben-Arie; A. Hassan; Z. Othman; J. Siriphanich; M. Kashaninejad; L.G. Tabil; F. Le Bellec; F. Vaillant; M. Vizzotto; A.S. Lopes; L. Cabral; M. Erkan; A.A. Kader; M.M. Wall; D. Sivakumar; L. Korsten; S. Supapvanich; R. Megia; P. Ding; F. Guttierrez-Orozco; M.A. Coêlho De Lima; R.E. Alves; C. Wongs-Aree; S. Noichinda; A. East; N. K.-E. Salih; Z.-H. Shü; C.-C. Hsieh; H.-L. Lin. 2011. "Contributor contact details." Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2010 in HortTechnology
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Most fig (Ficus carica) cultivars have potentially two crops; fruit from the first crop are called brebas. This crop is commercially important in some Mediterranean area cultivars. The second or main crop, called figs, is the commercially important crop for most fig cultivars. Due to labor cost increases, harvest of the breba crop, with its low production and lower quality fruit, has become economically unviable in some cultivars. Unharvested brebas are potential sites for fungal pathogens and they attract insects. Spring ethephon applications of 250 to 500 ppm applied before full leaf expansion, when the largest fruit are about 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter reduced the breba crop load (≈92%) without adverse side effects. The use of early fall ethephon applications of 500 ppm also resulted in breba crop load reductions (≈30%), but with significantly lower efficacy than spring treatments. These fall and/or spring ethephon treatments did not affect the percentage of vegetative budbreak, breba weight, breba soluble solids concentration, fig crop load, fig weight, or ethephon residues. Thus, early spring ethephon application at 300 ppm (0.22–0.36 kg·ha−1), when breba fruit and leaves are just starting to develop and figs are not present, was a safe, effective and inexpensive way (about $16 per hectare) to reduce the breba crop. Currently, ethephon is included in the federal IR-4 program, and residue studies are ongoing as a protocol for future registration.

ACS Style

Carlos H. Crisosto; Vanessa Bremer; Maxwell Norton; Louise Ferguson; Todd Einhorn. Preharvest Ethephon Eliminates First Crop Figs. HortTechnology 2010, 20, 173 -178.

AMA Style

Carlos H. Crisosto, Vanessa Bremer, Maxwell Norton, Louise Ferguson, Todd Einhorn. Preharvest Ethephon Eliminates First Crop Figs. HortTechnology. 2010; 20 (1):173-178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos H. Crisosto; Vanessa Bremer; Maxwell Norton; Louise Ferguson; Todd Einhorn. 2010. "Preharvest Ethephon Eliminates First Crop Figs." HortTechnology 20, no. 1: 173-178.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2009 in HortTechnology
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Table olives (Olea europaea) traditionally are hand harvested when green in color and before physiological maturity is attained. Hand harvesting accounts for the grower's main production costs. Several mechanical harvesting methods have been previously tested. However, tree configuration and fruit injury are major constraints to the adoption of mechanical harvesting. In prior work with a canopy shaker, promising results were attained after critical machine components were reconfigured. In this study, stereo video analysis based on two high-speed cameras operating during the harvesting process were used to identify the sources of fruit damage due to canopy-harvester interaction. Damage was subjectively evaluated after harvest. Fruit mechanically harvested had 35% more bruising and three times as many fruit with broken skin as that of hand-harvested fruit. The main source of fruit damaged in the canopy was the strike-impact of fruit by harvester rods. Implementation of softer padding materials were effective in mitigating fruit injury caused by the impact of rods and hard surfaces. Canopy acceleration was correlated with fruit damage, thus restricting improvements needed for fruit removal efficiency through increased tine frequency.

ACS Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia; Uriel A. Rosa; Christopher J. Gliever; David Smith; Jacqueline K. Burns; William H. Krueger; Louise Ferguson; Kitren Glozer. Video Evaluation of Table Olive Damage during Harvest with a Canopy Shaker. HortTechnology 2009, 19, 260 -266.

AMA Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia, Uriel A. Rosa, Christopher J. Gliever, David Smith, Jacqueline K. Burns, William H. Krueger, Louise Ferguson, Kitren Glozer. Video Evaluation of Table Olive Damage during Harvest with a Canopy Shaker. HortTechnology. 2009; 19 (2):260-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Castro-Garcia; Uriel A. Rosa; Christopher J. Gliever; David Smith; Jacqueline K. Burns; William H. Krueger; Louise Ferguson; Kitren Glozer. 2009. "Video Evaluation of Table Olive Damage during Harvest with a Canopy Shaker." HortTechnology 19, no. 2: 260-266.