Effective cancer treatment requires early detection and monitoring the development progress in a simple and affordable manner. Point-of care (POC) screening can provide a portable and inexpensive tool for the end-users to conveniently operate test and screen their health conditions without the necessity of special skills. Electrochemical methods hold great potential for clinical analysis of variety of chemicals and substances as well as cancer biomarkers due to their low cost, high sensitivity, multiplex detection ability, and miniaturization aptitude. Advances in two-dimensional (2D) material-based electrochemical biosensors/sensors are accelerating the performance of conventional devices toward more practical approaches. Here, recent trends in the development of 2D material-based electrochemical biosensors/sensors, as the next generation of POC cancer screening tools, are summarized. Three cancer biomarker categories, including proteins, nucleic acids, and some small molecules, will be considered. Various 2D materials will be introduced and their biomedical applications and electrochemical properties will be given. The role of 2D materials in improving the performance of electrochemical sensing mechanisms as well as the pros and cons of current sensors as the prospective devices for POC screening will be emphasized. Finally, the future scopes of implementing 2D materials in electrochemical POC cancer diagnostics for the clinical translation will be discussed.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) plays a critical role in regulating physiological symptoms in human, thus it is important to detect TSH with high sensitivity and in human serum sample. In this study, we proposed a strategy to detect TSH antigen using a membrane-based microwave-mediated analytical device developed for highly responsive electrochemical immunoassay with sandwich ELISA format. Experimental assay was done with different TSH antigen concentrations. It was found that the immunoassay was able to detect TSH antigen as low as 0.2 mIU/L. The total detection time from preparation of samples to measurement was within 60 min. The specificity of this immunoassay was proven that against unspecific proteins as the almost low signal was obtained for all tested solutions. Finally, exploratory experiments using standard human serum samples with TSH antigens were carried out prior to a successful trial using clinical human serum samples. Our results indicate that this membrane-based microwave-mediated analytical electrochemical immunoassay device could be used as a new platform for low cost, sensitive, specific, swift, and point-of-care diagnosis of TSH. Moreover, this advanced system could define a powerful point-of-care tool in the next generation of technology in detecting and signaling biomarkers at early stages by using electrochemical immunosensor.