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Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez
Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, México

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Journal article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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This project examines the role of hurricane-strength events likely to have exceeded 119 km/h in wind speed that entered the Gulf of California from the open Pacific Ocean during Late Pleistocene and Holocene times to impact the granodiorite shoreline on Isla San Diego. Conglomerate dominated by large, ellipsoidal to subspherical boulders at the islands south end were canvassed at six stations. A total of 200 individual cobbles and boulders were systematically measured in three dimensions, providing the database for analyses of variations in clast shape and size. The project’s goal was to apply mathematical equations elaborated after Nott (2003) with subsequent refinements to estimate individual wave heights necessary to lift igneous blocks from the joint-bound and exfoliated coast on Isla San Diego. On average, wave heights on the order of 3 m are calculated as having impacted the Late Pleistocene rocky coastline on Isla San Diego during storms, although the largest boulders more than a meter in diameter are estimated to weigh two metric tons and would have required waves in excess of 10 m for extraction. Described for the first time, a fossil marine biota associated with the boulder beds confirms a littoral-to-very-shallow water setting correlated with Marine Isotope Substage 5e approximately 125,000 years ago. A narrow submarine ridge consisting, in part, of loose cobbles and boulders extends for 1.4 km to the southwest from the island’s tip, suggesting that Holocene storms continued to transport rock debris removed from the shore. The historical record of events registered on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale in the Gulf of California suggests that major storms with the same intensity struck the island in earlier times.

ACS Style

Ginni Callahan; Markes Johnson; Rigoberto Guardado-France; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Upper Pleistocene and Holocene Storm Deposits Eroded from the Granodiorite Coast on Isla San Diego (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 555 .

AMA Style

Ginni Callahan, Markes Johnson, Rigoberto Guardado-France, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Upper Pleistocene and Holocene Storm Deposits Eroded from the Granodiorite Coast on Isla San Diego (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):555.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ginni Callahan; Markes Johnson; Rigoberto Guardado-France; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. 2021. "Upper Pleistocene and Holocene Storm Deposits Eroded from the Granodiorite Coast on Isla San Diego (Baja California Sur, Mexico)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5: 555.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The 450-m long spit that extends westward from the northwest corner of Isla San Luis Gonzaga is one of the largest and most complex constructions of unconsolidated cobbles and boulders found anywhere in Mexico’s Gulf of California. The material source derives from episodic but intense storm erosion along the island’s andesitic cliff face with steep northern exposures. A well-defined marine terrace from the late Pleistocene cuts across the same corner of the island and provides a marker for the subsequent development of the spit that post-dates tectonic-eustatic adjustments. A total of 660 individual andesite clasts from seven transects across the spit were measured for analyses of change in shape and size. These data are pertinent to the application of mathematical formulas elaborated after Nott (2003) and subsequent refinements to estimate individual wave heights necessary for lift from parent sea cliffs and subsequent traction. Although the ratio of boulders to clasts diminishes from the proximal to distal end of the structure, relatively large boulders populate all transects and the average wave height required for the release of joint-bound blocks at the rocky shore amounts to 5 m. Based on the region’s historical record of hurricanes, such storms tend to decrease in intensity as they migrate northward through the Gulf of California’s 1100-km length. However, the size and complexity of the San Luis Gonzaga spit suggests that a multitude of extreme storm events impacted the island in the upper gulf area through the Holocene time, yielding a possible average growth rate between 7 and 8 m/century over the last 10,000 years. In anticipation of future storms, a system to track the movement of sample boulders should be emplaced on the San Luis Gonzaga spit and similar localities with major coastal boulder deposits.

ACS Style

Rigoberto Guardado-France; Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; Miguel Angel Santa Rosa del Rio; Ángel R. Herrera-Gutiérrez. Multiphase Storm Deposits Eroded from Andesite Sea Cliffs on Isla San Luis Gonzaga (Northern Gulf of California, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 525 .

AMA Style

Rigoberto Guardado-France, Markes E. Johnson, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez, Miguel Angel Santa Rosa del Rio, Ángel R. Herrera-Gutiérrez. Multiphase Storm Deposits Eroded from Andesite Sea Cliffs on Isla San Luis Gonzaga (Northern Gulf of California, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (7):525.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rigoberto Guardado-France; Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; Miguel Angel Santa Rosa del Rio; Ángel R. Herrera-Gutiérrez. 2020. "Multiphase Storm Deposits Eroded from Andesite Sea Cliffs on Isla San Luis Gonzaga (Northern Gulf of California, Mexico)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7: 525.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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This work advances research on the role of hurricanes in degrading the rocky coastline within Mexico’s Gulf of California, most commonly formed by widespread igneous rocks. Under evaluation is a distinct coastal boulder bed (CBB) derived from banded rhyolite with boulders arrayed in a partial-ring configuration against one side of the headland on Ensenada Almeja (Clam Bay) north of Loreto. Preconditions related to the thickness of rhyolite flows and vertical fissures that intersect the flows at right angles along with the specific gravity of banded rhyolite delimit the size, shape and weight of boulders in the Almeja CBB. Mathematical formulae are applied to calculate the wave height generated by storm surge impacting the headland. The average weight of the 25 largest boulders from a transect nearest the bedrock source amounts to 1200 kg but only 30% of the sample is estimated to exceed a full metric ton in weight. The wave height calculated to move those boulders is close to 8 m. Additional localities with CBBs composed of layered rock types such as basalt and andesite are proposed for future studies within the Gulf of California. Comparisons with selected CBBs in other parts of the world are made.

ACS Style

Markes E. Johnson; Rigoberto Guardado-France; Erlend M. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Geomorphology of a Holocene Hurricane Deposit Eroded from Rhyolite Sea Cliffs on Ensenada Almeja (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 193 .

AMA Style

Markes E. Johnson, Rigoberto Guardado-France, Erlend M. Johnson, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Geomorphology of a Holocene Hurricane Deposit Eroded from Rhyolite Sea Cliffs on Ensenada Almeja (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (6):193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markes E. Johnson; Rigoberto Guardado-France; Erlend M. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. 2019. "Geomorphology of a Holocene Hurricane Deposit Eroded from Rhyolite Sea Cliffs on Ensenada Almeja (Baja California Sur, Mexico)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 6: 193.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2019 in Geosciences
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San Basilio basin in Baja California Sur (Mexico) exhibits distinct styles of volcanism that interrupted phases of normal sedimentation correlated with the Zanclean Stage (Lower Pliocene). Sea cliffs around a 4-km2 bay opening onto the Gulf of California are dominated by rhyolite, mudstone, sandstone, and limestone. Volcanism associated with re-sedimented hyaloclastite is regionally uncommon and the goal was to investigate interactions between volcanic events and intervals of stability represented by fossil-rich strata. Methods of study involved a combination of microfossil and macrofossil analyses. Relating the basin’s faults to Pliocene development in the greater Gulf of California was a secondary goal. Microfossils Bolivina bicostata and B. interjuncta recovered from mudstone indicate an initial water column of 150 m. An abrupt hydromagmatic explosion ruptured the mudstone cover, followed by banded rhyolite flows inter-bedded with sandstone. Outlying limestone beds with the index fossil Clypeaster bowersi are separated from rhyolite by conglomerate eroded under intertidal conditions. A renewed phase of activity saw eruption of smaller volcanoes in the basin center semi-contemporaneous with pecten limestone deposited on unstable slopes. Normal faults conform to a pattern of extensional rifting in the proto-gulf, followed by cross-cutting faults indicating the onset of transtensional tectonics beginning about 3.5 Ma.

ACS Style

Markes E. Johnson; David H. Backus; Ana Luisa Carreño; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Rhyolite Domes and Subsequent Offlap of Pliocene Carbonates on Volcanic Islets at San Basilio (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Geosciences 2019, 9, 87 .

AMA Style

Markes E. Johnson, David H. Backus, Ana Luisa Carreño, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Rhyolite Domes and Subsequent Offlap of Pliocene Carbonates on Volcanic Islets at San Basilio (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Geosciences. 2019; 9 (2):87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markes E. Johnson; David H. Backus; Ana Luisa Carreño; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. 2019. "Rhyolite Domes and Subsequent Offlap of Pliocene Carbonates on Volcanic Islets at San Basilio (Baja California Sur, Mexico)." Geosciences 9, no. 2: 87.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2018 in Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia
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ACS Style

Aurora A. Jiménez-Mendoza; Ana Luisa Carreño; Adriana Y. Miranda-Martínez; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Neogene calcareous nannofossils from San José Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 2018, 21, 208 -224.

AMA Style

Aurora A. Jiménez-Mendoza, Ana Luisa Carreño, Adriana Y. Miranda-Martínez, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. Neogene calcareous nannofossils from San José Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 2018; 21 (3):208-224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aurora A. Jiménez-Mendoza; Ana Luisa Carreño; Adriana Y. Miranda-Martínez; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez. 2018. "Neogene calcareous nannofossils from San José Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 21, no. 3: 208-224.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2018 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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This study reports the first example of major erosion from hurricanes degrading a rocky coastline anywhere around the Gulf of California, although other sources of evidence are well known regarding the effect of inland erosion due to catastrophic rainfall in the Southern Cape Region of the Baja California peninsula and farther north. The uplifted, 12-m terrace on the eastern shore of Isla del Carmen is the site of an unconsolidated coastal boulder deposit (CBD) consisting of large limestone blocks and boulders eroded from underlying Pliocene strata. The CBD stretches approximately 1.5 km in length, mostly set back 25 m from the lip of the terrace. The largest blocks of upturned limestone near the terrace edge are estimated to weigh between 5.8 and 28 metric tons. Waves impacting the rocky coast that peeled back slabs of horizontally-layered limestone at this spot are calculated to have been between 11.5 and 14 m in height. Analysis of sampled boulders from the CBD set back from the terrace edge by 25 m suggest that the average wave height responsible for moving those boulders was on the order of 4.3 m. Additional localities with exposed limestone shores, as well as other more common rock types of igneous origin have yet to be surveyed for this phenomenon elsewhere around the Gulf of California.

ACS Style

Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; Rigoberto Guardado-France. Coastal Geomorphology of a Holocene Hurricane Deposit on a Pleistocene Marine Terrace from Isla Carmen (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2018, 6, 108 .

AMA Style

Markes E. Johnson, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez, Rigoberto Guardado-France. Coastal Geomorphology of a Holocene Hurricane Deposit on a Pleistocene Marine Terrace from Isla Carmen (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018; 6 (4):108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; Rigoberto Guardado-France. 2018. "Coastal Geomorphology of a Holocene Hurricane Deposit on a Pleistocene Marine Terrace from Isla Carmen (Baja California Sur, Mexico)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4: 108.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
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Bioturbation structures from Ponta das Bicudas in Santiago Island, Cape Verde Archipelagoare located in coarse-grained biocalcirudite sandwiched between basaltic lavas of the Upper Pleistocene Assomada Formation. Four ichnospecies have been identified: Rhizocorallium commune irregulare, Rhizocorallium jenense versum, nov ichnosubsp., Alaichnus kabuverdiensis nov. ichnogen. nov. ichnosp. and cf. Dactyloidites. From a taphonomic point of view, most trace fossil specimens are undergoing throughout intense erosion. Nevertheless, the observations made on their taphonomy and state of preservation allowed i) to reconstruct the original, complete structures of the trace fossils, ii) to evaluate the existence and magnitude of erosional and depositional episodes, and iii) to quantify the reach of erosion on the seafloor sediment. In this context, it was possible to quantify the thickness of sediment being eroded at the final erosional episode, which happened right before the second extrusion episode of volcanic pillow lava, which buried all the traces previously formed: the total interval of sediment eroded was estimated in ca. one meter. From a palaeoenvironmental point of view, in a synthesis, the traces were produced in a soft to stiffground substrate composed of very coarse-grained biocalcirudite with common rhodolith debris, in a shallow setting (4 to10 m of depth) with moderate wave energy, nearby rocky basalt knobs where corals and red coralline algae crusts were growing. Organisms producing Rhizocorallium commune irregular settled in the seafloor during a first phase of sedimentation, which was followed by an erosional episode. Once sedimentation resumed, specimens of R. jenense versum nov. ichnosubsp. were produced and overlapped with the former ones. Later, a new erosional event erased most of the previous traces, being preserved only the basal imprint of the specimens. This was followed by a rapid sedimentation episode where Alaichnus kabuverdiensis nov. ichnogen. nov. ichnosp. recorded intense bioturbation activity of the bivalve Panopea. Subsequently, under low-energy sedimentation, a new episode of intense bioturbation of the seafloor occurred, resulting in the development of abundant cf. Dactyloidites. Finally, a strong erosional event – probably related to the onset of the second volcanic episode – cut all previous structures before being buried by the overlying, well preserved pillow lava.

ACS Style

E. Mayoral; A. Santos; J.A. Gámez Vintaned; J. Ledesma-Vazquez; B.G. Baarli; M. Cachão; C.M. da Silva; M.E. Johnson. Upper Pleistocene trace fossils from Ponta das Bicudas, Santiago, Cape Verde Islands: Systematics, taphonomy and palaeoenvironmetal evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018, 498, 83 -98.

AMA Style

E. Mayoral, A. Santos, J.A. Gámez Vintaned, J. Ledesma-Vazquez, B.G. Baarli, M. Cachão, C.M. da Silva, M.E. Johnson. Upper Pleistocene trace fossils from Ponta das Bicudas, Santiago, Cape Verde Islands: Systematics, taphonomy and palaeoenvironmetal evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2018; 498 ():83-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Mayoral; A. Santos; J.A. Gámez Vintaned; J. Ledesma-Vazquez; B.G. Baarli; M. Cachão; C.M. da Silva; M.E. Johnson. 2018. "Upper Pleistocene trace fossils from Ponta das Bicudas, Santiago, Cape Verde Islands: Systematics, taphonomy and palaeoenvironmetal evolution." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 498, no. : 83-98.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2012 in Sedimentary Geology
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ACS Style

Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; David H. Backus; Maria R. González. Lagoon microbialites on Isla Angel de la Guarda and associated peninsular shores, Gulf of California (Mexico). Sedimentary Geology 2012, 263-264, 76 -84.

AMA Style

Markes E. Johnson, Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez, David H. Backus, Maria R. González. Lagoon microbialites on Isla Angel de la Guarda and associated peninsular shores, Gulf of California (Mexico). Sedimentary Geology. 2012; 263-264 ():76-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; David H. Backus; Maria R. González. 2012. "Lagoon microbialites on Isla Angel de la Guarda and associated peninsular shores, Gulf of California (Mexico)." Sedimentary Geology 263-264, no. : 76-84.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2011 in Facies
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Coastal sedimentary deposits including beach and dunes within the south-central region of the Gulf of California show a high percentage of biogenic components, up to 84%, derived from the fragmentation of organisms that, among other oceanographic factors, reflect wave energy and effect of seasonal winds. Our report shows that due to high-energy waves, coastal deposits on points or islands with a northern exposure contain massive biocalcarenite deposits derived from mollusk shells, while areas of lower water energy located on coastal areas facing east or west commonly accumulate the crushed debris of coralline red algae, both as beach and dune deposits. Sheltered areas along any point or island oriented to the south will most likely attract colonization by coral reefs. Isla del Carmen clearly displays all these different types of biogenic deposits, making it an ideal model for the development of coastal carbonates throughout the western Gulf of California. Equally important, the general model has been persistent since early Pliocene times for the whole region. In particular for Isla del Carmen, this scenario precludes any tectonic block rotation, postulated in previous reports.

ACS Style

Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; Ana Luisa Carreño; Rigoberto Guardado-France. Biogenic coastal deposits: Isla del Carmen, Gulf of California, Mexico. Facies 2011, 58, 169 -178.

AMA Style

Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez, Ana Luisa Carreño, Rigoberto Guardado-France. Biogenic coastal deposits: Isla del Carmen, Gulf of California, Mexico. Facies. 2011; 58 (2):169-178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez; Ana Luisa Carreño; Rigoberto Guardado-France. 2011. "Biogenic coastal deposits: Isla del Carmen, Gulf of California, Mexico." Facies 58, no. 2: 169-178.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 1999 in PALAIOS
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ACS Style

Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vazquez. Biological Zonation on a Rocky-Shore Boulder Deposit: Upper Pleistocene Bahia San Antonio (Baja California Sur, Mexico). PALAIOS 1999, 14, 569 .

AMA Style

Markes E. Johnson, Jorge Ledesma-Vazquez. Biological Zonation on a Rocky-Shore Boulder Deposit: Upper Pleistocene Bahia San Antonio (Baja California Sur, Mexico). PALAIOS. 1999; 14 (6):569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markes E. Johnson; Jorge Ledesma-Vazquez. 1999. "Biological Zonation on a Rocky-Shore Boulder Deposit: Upper Pleistocene Bahia San Antonio (Baja California Sur, Mexico)." PALAIOS 14, no. 6: 569.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 1991 in PALAIOS
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ACS Style

Halard L. Lescinsky; Jorge Ledesma-Vazquez; Markes E. Johnson. Dynamics of Late Cretaceous Rocky Shores (Rosario Formation) from Baja California, Mexico. PALAIOS 1991, 6, 126 .

AMA Style

Halard L. Lescinsky, Jorge Ledesma-Vazquez, Markes E. Johnson. Dynamics of Late Cretaceous Rocky Shores (Rosario Formation) from Baja California, Mexico. PALAIOS. 1991; 6 (2):126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halard L. Lescinsky; Jorge Ledesma-Vazquez; Markes E. Johnson. 1991. "Dynamics of Late Cretaceous Rocky Shores (Rosario Formation) from Baja California, Mexico." PALAIOS 6, no. 2: 126.