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Simon J Langan
International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Nature Communications
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Seasonal mismatches between electricity supply and demand is increasing due to expanded use of wind, solar and hydropower resources, which in turn raises the interest on low-cost seasonal energy storage options. Seasonal pumped hydropower storage (SPHS) can provide long-term energy storage at a relatively low-cost and co-benefits in the form of freshwater storage capacity. We present the first estimate of the global assessment of SPHS potential, using a novel plant-siting methodology based on high-resolution topographical and hydrological data. Here we show that SPHS costs vary from 0.007 to 0.2 US$ m−1 of water stored, 1.8 to 50 US$ MWh−1 of energy stored and 370 to 600 US$ kW−1 of installed power generation. This potential is unevenly distributed with mountainous regions demonstrating significantly more potential. The estimated world energy storage capacity below a cost of 50 US$ MWh−1 is 17.3 PWh, approximately 79% of the world electricity consumption in 2017.

ACS Style

Julian D. Hunt; Edward Byers; Yoshihide Wada; Simon Parkinson; David E. H. J. Gernaat; Simon Langan; Detlef P. Van Vuuren; Keywan Riahi. Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 947 .

AMA Style

Julian D. Hunt, Edward Byers, Yoshihide Wada, Simon Parkinson, David E. H. J. Gernaat, Simon Langan, Detlef P. Van Vuuren, Keywan Riahi. Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):947.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julian D. Hunt; Edward Byers; Yoshihide Wada; Simon Parkinson; David E. H. J. Gernaat; Simon Langan; Detlef P. Van Vuuren; Keywan Riahi. 2020. "Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 947.

Research article
Published: 18 December 2019 in Hydrological Processes
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Feeding nine billion people in 2050 will require sustainable development of all water resources, both surface and subsurface. Yet, little is known about the irrigation potential of hillside shallow aquifers in many highland settings in sub‐Saharan Africa that are being considered for providing irrigation water during the dry monsoon phase for smallholder farmers. Information on the shallow groundwater being available in space and time on sloping lands might aid in increasing food production in the dry monsoon phase. Therefore, the research objective of this work is to estimate potential groundwater storage as a potential source of irrigation water for hillside aquifers where lateral subsurface flow is dominant. The research was carried out in the Robit‐Bata experimental watershed in the Lake Tana basin which is typical of many undulating watersheds in the Ethiopian highlands. Farmers have excavated more than 300 hand dug wells for irrigation. We used 42 of these wells, to monitor water table fluctuation from April 16, 2014 to December 2015. Precipitation, and runoff data were recorded for the same period. The temporal groundwater storage was estimated using two methods: one based on the water balance with rainfall as input and baseflow and evaporative losses leaving the watershed as outputs; the second based on the observed rise and fall of water levels in wells. We found that maximum groundwater storage was at the end of the rain phase in September after which it decreased linearly until the middle of December due to short groundwater retention times. In the remaining part of the dry season period, only wells located close to faults contained water. Thus, without additional water sources, sloping lands can only be used for significant irrigation inputs during the first three months out of the eight month long dry season.

ACS Style

Seifu A. Tilahun; Debebe L. Yilak; Petra Schmitter; Fasikaw A. Zimale; Simon Langan; Jennie Barron; Jean‐Yves Parlange; Tammo S. Steenhuis. Establishing irrigation potential of a hillside aquifer in the African highlands. Hydrological Processes 2019, 34, 1741 -1753.

AMA Style

Seifu A. Tilahun, Debebe L. Yilak, Petra Schmitter, Fasikaw A. Zimale, Simon Langan, Jennie Barron, Jean‐Yves Parlange, Tammo S. Steenhuis. Establishing irrigation potential of a hillside aquifer in the African highlands. Hydrological Processes. 2019; 34 (8):1741-1753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seifu A. Tilahun; Debebe L. Yilak; Petra Schmitter; Fasikaw A. Zimale; Simon Langan; Jennie Barron; Jean‐Yves Parlange; Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2019. "Establishing irrigation potential of a hillside aquifer in the African highlands." Hydrological Processes 34, no. 8: 1741-1753.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in Land
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Intensification of rainfed agriculture in the Ethiopian highlands has resulted in soil degradation and hardpan formation, which has reduced rooting depth, decreased deep percolation, and increased direct runoff and sediment transport. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of subsoiling on surface runoff, sediment loss, soil water content, infiltration rate, and maize yield. Three tillage treatments were replicated at five locations: (i) no tillage (zero tillage), (ii) conventional tillage (ox-driven Maresha plow, up to a depth of 15 cm), and (iii) manual deep ripping of the soil’s restrictive layers down to a depth of 60 cm (deep till). Results show that the posttreatment bulk density and penetration resistance of deep tillage was significantly less than in the traditional tillage and zero-tillage systems. In addition, the posttreatment infiltration rate for deep tillage was significantly greater, which resulted in significantly smaller runoff and sedimentation rates compared to conventional tillage and zero tillage. Maize yields were improved by 6% under deep tillage compared to conventional tillage and by 29% compared to no tillage. Overall, our findings show that deep tillage can be effective in overcoming some of the detrimental effects of hardpans in degraded soils.

ACS Style

Misbah Abidela Hussein; Habtamu Muche; Petra Schmitter; Prossie Nakawuka; Seifu A. Tilahun; Simon Langan; Jennie Barron; Tammo S. Steenhuis. Deep Tillage Improves Degraded Soils in the (Sub) Humid Ethiopian Highlands. Land 2019, 8, 159 .

AMA Style

Misbah Abidela Hussein, Habtamu Muche, Petra Schmitter, Prossie Nakawuka, Seifu A. Tilahun, Simon Langan, Jennie Barron, Tammo S. Steenhuis. Deep Tillage Improves Degraded Soils in the (Sub) Humid Ethiopian Highlands. Land. 2019; 8 (11):159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Misbah Abidela Hussein; Habtamu Muche; Petra Schmitter; Prossie Nakawuka; Seifu A. Tilahun; Simon Langan; Jennie Barron; Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2019. "Deep Tillage Improves Degraded Soils in the (Sub) Humid Ethiopian Highlands." Land 8, no. 11: 159.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2018 in Nature Communications
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Quantitative modelling is commonly used to assist the policy dimension of sustainability problems. Validation is an important step to make models credible and useful. To investigate existing validation viewpoints and approaches, we analyse a broad academic literature and conduct a survey among practitioners. We find that empirical data plays an important role in the validation practice in all main areas of sustainability science. Qualitative and participatory approaches that can enhance usefulness and public reliability are much less visible. Data-oriented validation is prevalent even when models are used for scenario exploration. Usefulness regarding a given task is more important for model developers than for users. As the experience of modellers and users increases, they tend to better acknowledge the decision makers’ demand for clear communication of assumptions and uncertainties. These findings provide a reflection on current validation practices and are expected to facilitate communication at the modelling and decision-making interface.

ACS Style

Sibel Eker; Elena Rovenskaya; Michael Obersteiner; Simon Langan. Practice and perspectives in the validation of resource management models. Nature Communications 2018, 9, 5359 .

AMA Style

Sibel Eker, Elena Rovenskaya, Michael Obersteiner, Simon Langan. Practice and perspectives in the validation of resource management models. Nature Communications. 2018; 9 (1):5359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sibel Eker; Elena Rovenskaya; Michael Obersteiner; Simon Langan. 2018. "Practice and perspectives in the validation of resource management models." Nature Communications 9, no. 1: 5359.

Review article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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Assessing global water quality issues requires a multi-pollutant modelling approach. We discuss scientific challenges and future directions for such modeling. Multi-pollutant river models need to integrate information on sources of pollutants such as plastic debris, nutrients, chemicals, pathogens, their effects and possible solutions. In this paper, we first explain what we consider multi-pollutant modelling. Second, we discuss scientific challenges in multi-pollutant modelling relating to consistent model inputs, modelling approaches and model evaluation. Next, we illustrate the potential of global multi-pollutant modelling for hotspot analyses. We show hotspots of river pollution with microplastics, nutrients, triclosan and Cryptosporidium in many sub-basins of Europe, North America and South Asia. Finally, we reflect on future directions for multi-pollutant modelling, and for linking model results to policy-making.

ACS Style

Maryna Strokal; J Emiel Spanier; Carolien Kroeze; Albert A Koelmans; Martina Flörke; Wietse Franssen; Nynke Hofstra; Simon Langan; Ting Tang; Michelle T.H. van Vliet; Yoshihide Wada; Mengru Wang; Jikke van Wijnen; Richard Williams. Global multi-pollutant modelling of water quality: scientific challenges and future directions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2018, 36, 116 -125.

AMA Style

Maryna Strokal, J Emiel Spanier, Carolien Kroeze, Albert A Koelmans, Martina Flörke, Wietse Franssen, Nynke Hofstra, Simon Langan, Ting Tang, Michelle T.H. van Vliet, Yoshihide Wada, Mengru Wang, Jikke van Wijnen, Richard Williams. Global multi-pollutant modelling of water quality: scientific challenges and future directions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2018; 36 ():116-125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maryna Strokal; J Emiel Spanier; Carolien Kroeze; Albert A Koelmans; Martina Flörke; Wietse Franssen; Nynke Hofstra; Simon Langan; Ting Tang; Michelle T.H. van Vliet; Yoshihide Wada; Mengru Wang; Jikke van Wijnen; Richard Williams. 2018. "Global multi-pollutant modelling of water quality: scientific challenges and future directions." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 36, no. : 116-125.

Review article
Published: 22 November 2018 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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“Everything changes and nothing stands still” (Heraclitus). Here we review three major improvements to freshwater aquatic ecosystem models — and ecological models in general — as water quality scenario analysis tools towards a sustainable future. To tackle the rapid and deeply connected dynamics characteristic of the Anthropocene, we argue for the inclusion of eco-evolutionary, novel ecosystem and social-ecological dynamics. These dynamics arise from adaptive responses in organisms and ecosystems to global environmental change and act at different integration levels and different time scales. We provide reasons and means to incorporate each improvement into aquatic ecosystem models. Throughout this study we refer to Lake Victoria as a microcosm of the evolving novel social-ecological systems of the Anthropocene. The Lake Victoria case clearly shows how interlinked eco-evolutionary, novel ecosystem and social-ecological dynamics are, and demonstrates the need for transdisciplinary research approaches towards global sustainability.

ACS Style

Wolf M Mooij; Dianneke van Wijk; Arthur Hw Beusen; Robert J Brederveld; Manqi Chang; Marleen Mp Cobben; Don L DeAngelis; Andrea S Downing; Pamela Green; Alena S Gsell; Inese Huttunen; Jan H Janse; Annette Bg Janssen; Geerten M Hengeveld; Xiangzhen Kong; Lilith Kramer; Jan J Kuiper; Simon J Langan; Bart A Nolet; Rascha Jm Nuijten; Maryna Strokal; Tineke A Troost; Anne A van Dam; Sven Teurlincx. Modeling water quality in the Anthropocene: directions for the next-generation aquatic ecosystem models. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2018, 36, 85 -95.

AMA Style

Wolf M Mooij, Dianneke van Wijk, Arthur Hw Beusen, Robert J Brederveld, Manqi Chang, Marleen Mp Cobben, Don L DeAngelis, Andrea S Downing, Pamela Green, Alena S Gsell, Inese Huttunen, Jan H Janse, Annette Bg Janssen, Geerten M Hengeveld, Xiangzhen Kong, Lilith Kramer, Jan J Kuiper, Simon J Langan, Bart A Nolet, Rascha Jm Nuijten, Maryna Strokal, Tineke A Troost, Anne A van Dam, Sven Teurlincx. Modeling water quality in the Anthropocene: directions for the next-generation aquatic ecosystem models. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2018; 36 ():85-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wolf M Mooij; Dianneke van Wijk; Arthur Hw Beusen; Robert J Brederveld; Manqi Chang; Marleen Mp Cobben; Don L DeAngelis; Andrea S Downing; Pamela Green; Alena S Gsell; Inese Huttunen; Jan H Janse; Annette Bg Janssen; Geerten M Hengeveld; Xiangzhen Kong; Lilith Kramer; Jan J Kuiper; Simon J Langan; Bart A Nolet; Rascha Jm Nuijten; Maryna Strokal; Tineke A Troost; Anne A van Dam; Sven Teurlincx. 2018. "Modeling water quality in the Anthropocene: directions for the next-generation aquatic ecosystem models." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 36, no. : 85-95.

Review article
Published: 07 November 2018 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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Global water quality (WQ) modeling is an emerging field. In this article, we identify the missing linkages between global and basin/local-scale WQ models, and discuss the possibilities to fill these gaps. We argue that WQ models need stronger linkages across spatial scales. This would help to identify effective scale-specific WQ management options and contribute to future development of global WQ models. Two directions are proposed to improve the linkages: nested multiscale WQ modeling towards enhanced water management, and development of next-generation global WQ models based-on basin/local-scale mechanistic understanding. We highlight the need for better collaboration among WQ modelers and policy-makers in order to deliver responsive water policies and management strategies across scales.

ACS Style

Ting Tang; Maryna Strokal; Michelle T.H. van Vliet; Piet Seuntjens; Peter Burek; Carolien Kroeze; Simon Langan; Yoshihide Wada. Bridging global, basin and local-scale water quality modeling towards enhancing water quality management worldwide. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2018, 36, 39 -48.

AMA Style

Ting Tang, Maryna Strokal, Michelle T.H. van Vliet, Piet Seuntjens, Peter Burek, Carolien Kroeze, Simon Langan, Yoshihide Wada. Bridging global, basin and local-scale water quality modeling towards enhancing water quality management worldwide. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2018; 36 ():39-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ting Tang; Maryna Strokal; Michelle T.H. van Vliet; Piet Seuntjens; Peter Burek; Carolien Kroeze; Simon Langan; Yoshihide Wada. 2018. "Bridging global, basin and local-scale water quality modeling towards enhancing water quality management worldwide." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 36, no. : 39-48.

Research article
Published: 11 October 2018 in Water Resources Research
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This study presents the development of a new bottom‐up large‐scale hydro‐economic model, Extended Continental‐scale Hydro‐economic Optimization (ECHO), that works at a sub‐basin scale over a continent. The strength of ECHO stems from the integration of a detailed representation of local hydrological and technological constraints with regional and global policies, while accounting for the feedbacks between water, energy and agricultural sectors. In this study, ECHO has been applied over Africa as a case study with the aim of demonstrating the benefits of this integrated hydro‐economic modeling framework. Results of this framework are overall consistent with previous findings evaluating the cost of water supply and adaptation to global changes in Africa. Moreover, results provide critical assessments of future investment needs in both supply and demand side water management options, economic implications of contrasting future socio‐economic and climate change scenarios, and the potential tradeoffs among economic and environmental objectives. Overall, this study demonstrates the capacity of ECHO to address challenging research questions examining the sustainability of water supply, and the impacts of water management on energy and food sectors and vice versa. As such, we propose ECHO as useful tool for water‐related scenario analysis and management options evaluation.

ACS Style

Taher Kahil; Simon Parkinson; Yusuke Satoh; Peter Greve; Peter Burek; Ted I. E. Veldkamp; Robert Burtscher; Edward Byers; Ned Djilali; Guenther Fischer; Volker Krey; Simon Langan; Keywan Riahi; Sylvia Tramberend; Yoshihide Wada. A Continental‐Scale Hydroeconomic Model for Integrating Water‐Energy‐Land Nexus Solutions. Water Resources Research 2018, 54, 7511 -7533.

AMA Style

Taher Kahil, Simon Parkinson, Yusuke Satoh, Peter Greve, Peter Burek, Ted I. E. Veldkamp, Robert Burtscher, Edward Byers, Ned Djilali, Guenther Fischer, Volker Krey, Simon Langan, Keywan Riahi, Sylvia Tramberend, Yoshihide Wada. A Continental‐Scale Hydroeconomic Model for Integrating Water‐Energy‐Land Nexus Solutions. Water Resources Research. 2018; 54 (10):7511-7533.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taher Kahil; Simon Parkinson; Yusuke Satoh; Peter Greve; Peter Burek; Ted I. E. Veldkamp; Robert Burtscher; Edward Byers; Ned Djilali; Guenther Fischer; Volker Krey; Simon Langan; Keywan Riahi; Sylvia Tramberend; Yoshihide Wada. 2018. "A Continental‐Scale Hydroeconomic Model for Integrating Water‐Energy‐Land Nexus Solutions." Water Resources Research 54, no. 10: 7511-7533.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2018 in Nature Sustainability
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Water scarcity, a critical environmental issue worldwide, has primarily been driven by a significant increase in water extractions during the last century. In the coming decades, climate and societal changes are projected to further exacerbate water scarcity in many regions worldwide. Today, a major issue for the ongoing policy debate is to identify interventions able to address water scarcity challenges in the presence of large uncertainties. Here, we take a probabilistic approach to assess global water scarcity projections following feasible combinations of shared socioeconomic pathways and representative concentration pathways for the first half of the twenty-first century. We identify—alongside trends in median water scarcity—changes in the uncertainty range of anticipated water scarcity conditions. Our results show that median water scarcity and the associated range of uncertainty are generally increasing worldwide, including many major river basins. On the basis of these results, we develop a general decision-making framework to enhance policymaking by identifying four representative clusters of specific water policy challenges and needs.

ACS Style

Peter Greve; T. Kahil; J. Mochizuki; T. Schinko; Y. Satoh; Peter Burek; G. Fischer; S. Tramberend; R. Burtscher; Simon Langan; Y. Wada. Global assessment of water challenges under uncertainty in water scarcity projections. Nature Sustainability 2018, 1, 486 -494.

AMA Style

Peter Greve, T. Kahil, J. Mochizuki, T. Schinko, Y. Satoh, Peter Burek, G. Fischer, S. Tramberend, R. Burtscher, Simon Langan, Y. Wada. Global assessment of water challenges under uncertainty in water scarcity projections. Nature Sustainability. 2018; 1 (9):486-494.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter Greve; T. Kahil; J. Mochizuki; T. Schinko; Y. Satoh; Peter Burek; G. Fischer; S. Tramberend; R. Burtscher; Simon Langan; Y. Wada. 2018. "Global assessment of water challenges under uncertainty in water scarcity projections." Nature Sustainability 1, no. 9: 486-494.

Review
Published: 01 June 2018 in Global Food Security
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Smallholder irrigation expansion would significantly increase agricultural production, and reduce food insecurity and poverty levels in East Africa. This paper reviews literature on trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in four East African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Irrigation development has been slow in these countries, and has been mainly through traditional schemes. Recently, individual irrigation technologies such as small motorized pumps, drip kits, treadle pumps, rope and washer pumps are being promoted. Adoption of these technologies and expansion of smallholder irrigation however face a number of challenges including land tenure issues; lack of access to appropriate irrigation technologies, improved agricultural inputs, reliable markets, finance and credit services, and research support; poor transport and communication infrastructures; poor irrigation water management; poor extension systems; and the over dependence on national governments, NGOs and donors for support. Despite these challenges, opportunities exist for smallholder irrigation expansion in East Africa. Such opportunities include: high untapped irrigation potential; rainwater harvesting to improve water availability; high commitment of national governments, NGOs and donors to smallholder irrigation expansion; low cost irrigation technologies adaptable to local conditions; traditional schemes rehabilitation; growing urbanization; and increased use of mobile phones that can be used to disseminate information

ACS Style

Prossie Nakawuka; Simon Langan; Petra Schmitter; Jennie Barron. A review of trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in East Africa. Global Food Security 2018, 17, 196 -212.

AMA Style

Prossie Nakawuka, Simon Langan, Petra Schmitter, Jennie Barron. A review of trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in East Africa. Global Food Security. 2018; 17 ():196-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prossie Nakawuka; Simon Langan; Petra Schmitter; Jennie Barron. 2018. "A review of trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in East Africa." Global Food Security 17, no. : 196-212.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Energy Conversion and Management
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Renewable sources of energy are providing an increasing share of the electricity generation mix, but their intermittency drives a need for energy storage. At the same time, water resources are increasingly scarce due to changes in demand, such as from population growth, supply side pressures such as climate change and governance challenges relating to poor management. Large storage reservoirs are used for water management and for energy storage. However, some existing and proposed hydropower reservoirs require vast areas of land and have considerable social and environmental impacts. Growing concerns on water and energy storage from a water-energy-land nexus approach motivated this study. Our objective is to compare how energy and water storage services, such as hydropower generation, electricity grid and water management, are provided with Seasonal Pumped-Storage (SPS) and Conventional Reservoir Dams (CRD) plants. Our case study region is Brazil, a country with extensive hydropower capacity and development plans, for which we compare the cost, land requirement and social impacts between CRD and potential SPS plants. Whilst seasonal pumped-storage have higher capital costs than conventional reservoir dams, given the much lower land requirements and evaporative losses, they are a valuable water and energy storage alternative especially in locations with plain topography and high evaporation. Results show that if Sobradinho CRD was built today it would result in a $USD 1.46 billion loss, on the other hand, Muquém SPS plant would result in a $USD 0.67b revenue.

ACS Style

Julian David Hunt; Edward Byers; Keywan Riahi; Simon Langan. Comparison between seasonal pumped-storage and conventional reservoir dams from the water, energy and land nexus perspective. Energy Conversion and Management 2018, 166, 385 -401.

AMA Style

Julian David Hunt, Edward Byers, Keywan Riahi, Simon Langan. Comparison between seasonal pumped-storage and conventional reservoir dams from the water, energy and land nexus perspective. Energy Conversion and Management. 2018; 166 ():385-401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julian David Hunt; Edward Byers; Keywan Riahi; Simon Langan. 2018. "Comparison between seasonal pumped-storage and conventional reservoir dams from the water, energy and land nexus perspective." Energy Conversion and Management 166, no. : 385-401.

Letter
Published: 01 May 2018 in Environmental Research Letters
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Understanding the interplay between multiple climate change risks and socioeconomic development is increasingly required to inform effective actions to manage these risks and pursue sustainable development. We calculate a set of 14 impact indicators at different levels of global mean temperature (GMT) change and socioeconomic development covering water, energy and land sectors from an ensemble of global climate, integrated assessment and impact models. The analysis includes changes in drought intensity and water stress index, cooling demand change and heat event exposure, habitat degradation and crop yield, amongst others. To investigate exposure to multi-sector climate impacts, these are combined with gridded socioeconomic projections of population and those 'vulnerable to poverty' from three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) (income <$10/day, currently 4.2 billion people). We show that global exposure to multi-sector risks approximately doubles between 1.5 °C and 2 °C GMT change, doubles again with 3 °C GMT change and is ~6x between the best and worst cases (SSP1/1.5 °C vs SSP3/3 °C, 0.8–4.7bi). For populations vulnerable to poverty, the exposure is an order of magnitude greater (8–32x) in the high poverty and inequality scenarios (SSP3) compared to sustainable socioeconomic development (SSP1). Whilst 85%–95% of global exposure falls to Asian and African regions, they have 91%–98% of the exposed and vulnerable population (depending on SSP/GMT combination), approximately half of which in South Asia. In higher warming scenarios, African regions have growing proportion of the global exposed and vulnerable population, ranging from 7%–17% at 1.5 °C, doubling to 14%–30% at 2 °C and again to 27%–51% at 3 °C. Finally, beyond 2 °C and at higher risk thresholds, the world's poorest are disproportionately impacted, particularly in cases (SSP3) of high inequality in Africa and southern Asia. Sustainable development that reduces poverty, mitigates emissions and meets targets in the water, energy and land sectors has the potential for order-of-magnitude scale reductions in multi-sector climate risk for the most vulnerable.

ACS Style

Edward Byers; Matthew Gidden; David Leclère; Juraj Balkovic; Peter Burek; Kristie Ebi; Peter Greve; David Grey; Petr Havlik; Astrid Hillers; Nils Johnson; Taher Kahil; Volker Krey; Simon Langan; Nebjosa Nakicenovic; Robert Novak; Michael Obersteiner; Shonali Pachauri; Amanda Palazzo; Simon Parkinson; Narasimha Rao; Joeri Rogelj; Yusuke Satoh; Yoshihide Wada; Barbara Willaarts; Keywan Riahi. Global exposure and vulnerability to multi-sector development and climate change hotspots. Environmental Research Letters 2018, 13, 055012 .

AMA Style

Edward Byers, Matthew Gidden, David Leclère, Juraj Balkovic, Peter Burek, Kristie Ebi, Peter Greve, David Grey, Petr Havlik, Astrid Hillers, Nils Johnson, Taher Kahil, Volker Krey, Simon Langan, Nebjosa Nakicenovic, Robert Novak, Michael Obersteiner, Shonali Pachauri, Amanda Palazzo, Simon Parkinson, Narasimha Rao, Joeri Rogelj, Yusuke Satoh, Yoshihide Wada, Barbara Willaarts, Keywan Riahi. Global exposure and vulnerability to multi-sector development and climate change hotspots. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13 (5):055012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward Byers; Matthew Gidden; David Leclère; Juraj Balkovic; Peter Burek; Kristie Ebi; Peter Greve; David Grey; Petr Havlik; Astrid Hillers; Nils Johnson; Taher Kahil; Volker Krey; Simon Langan; Nebjosa Nakicenovic; Robert Novak; Michael Obersteiner; Shonali Pachauri; Amanda Palazzo; Simon Parkinson; Narasimha Rao; Joeri Rogelj; Yusuke Satoh; Yoshihide Wada; Barbara Willaarts; Keywan Riahi. 2018. "Global exposure and vulnerability to multi-sector development and climate change hotspots." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 5: 055012.

Report
Published: 01 January 2018 in Highlights of soil and water conservation investments in four regions of Ethiopia
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Zenebe Adimassu; S. Langan; J. Barron. Highlights of soil and water conservation investments in four regions of Ethiopia. Highlights of soil and water conservation investments in four regions of Ethiopia 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Zenebe Adimassu, S. Langan, J. Barron. Highlights of soil and water conservation investments in four regions of Ethiopia. Highlights of soil and water conservation investments in four regions of Ethiopia. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zenebe Adimassu; S. Langan; J. Barron. 2018. "Highlights of soil and water conservation investments in four regions of Ethiopia." Highlights of soil and water conservation investments in four regions of Ethiopia , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 28 July 2017 in Earth's Future
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This paper presents one of the first quantitative scenario assessments for future water supply and demand in Asia to 2050. The assessment, developed by the Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative, uses the latest set of global climate change and socioeconomic scenarios and state-of-the-art global hydrological models. In Asia, water demand for irrigation, industry, and households is projected to increase substantially in the coming decades (30–40% by 2050 compared to 2010). These changes are expected to exacerbate water stress, especially in the current hotspots such as north India and Pakistan, and north China. By 2050, 20% of the land area in the Asia-Pacific region, with a population of 1.6–2 billion, is projected to experience severe water stress. We find that socioeconomic changes are the main drivers of worsening water scarcity in Asia, with climate change impacts further increasing the challenge into the 21st century. Moreover, a detailed basin-level analysis of the hydro-economic conditions of 40 Asian basins shows that although the coping capacity of all basins is expected to improve due to gross domestic product (GDP) growth, some basins continuously face severe water challenges. These basins will potentially be home to up to 1.6 billion people by mid-21st century.

ACS Style

Yusuke Satoh; Taher Kahil; Edward Byers; Peter Burek; Günther Fischer; Sylvia Tramberend; Peter Greve; Martina Flörke; Stephanie Eisner; Naota Hanasaki; Piotr Magnuszewski; Luzma Fabiola Nava; William Cosgrove; Simon Langan; Yoshihide Wada. Multi-model and multi-scenario assessments of Asian water futures: The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative. Earth's Future 2017, 5, 823 -852.

AMA Style

Yusuke Satoh, Taher Kahil, Edward Byers, Peter Burek, Günther Fischer, Sylvia Tramberend, Peter Greve, Martina Flörke, Stephanie Eisner, Naota Hanasaki, Piotr Magnuszewski, Luzma Fabiola Nava, William Cosgrove, Simon Langan, Yoshihide Wada. Multi-model and multi-scenario assessments of Asian water futures: The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative. Earth's Future. 2017; 5 (7):823-852.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yusuke Satoh; Taher Kahil; Edward Byers; Peter Burek; Günther Fischer; Sylvia Tramberend; Peter Greve; Martina Flörke; Stephanie Eisner; Naota Hanasaki; Piotr Magnuszewski; Luzma Fabiola Nava; William Cosgrove; Simon Langan; Yoshihide Wada. 2017. "Multi-model and multi-scenario assessments of Asian water futures: The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative." Earth's Future 5, no. 7: 823-852.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Agricultural Systems
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Kindie Getnet; Wolde Mekuria; Simon Langan; Mike Rivington; Paula Novo; Helaina Black. Ecosystem-based interventions and farm household welfare in degraded areas: Comparative evidence from Ethiopia. Agricultural Systems 2017, 154, 53 -62.

AMA Style

Kindie Getnet, Wolde Mekuria, Simon Langan, Mike Rivington, Paula Novo, Helaina Black. Ecosystem-based interventions and farm household welfare in degraded areas: Comparative evidence from Ethiopia. Agricultural Systems. 2017; 154 ():53-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kindie Getnet; Wolde Mekuria; Simon Langan; Mike Rivington; Paula Novo; Helaina Black. 2017. "Ecosystem-based interventions and farm household welfare in degraded areas: Comparative evidence from Ethiopia." Agricultural Systems 154, no. : 53-62.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in CATENA
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Abeyou W. Worqlul; Haw Yen; Amy S. Collick; Seifu A. Tilahun; Simon Langan; Tammo S. Steenhuis. Evaluation of CFSR, TMPA 3B42 and ground-based rainfall data as input for hydrological models, in data-scarce regions: The upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. CATENA 2017, 152, 242 -251.

AMA Style

Abeyou W. Worqlul, Haw Yen, Amy S. Collick, Seifu A. Tilahun, Simon Langan, Tammo S. Steenhuis. Evaluation of CFSR, TMPA 3B42 and ground-based rainfall data as input for hydrological models, in data-scarce regions: The upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. CATENA. 2017; 152 ():242-251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abeyou W. Worqlul; Haw Yen; Amy S. Collick; Seifu A. Tilahun; Simon Langan; Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2017. "Evaluation of CFSR, TMPA 3B42 and ground-based rainfall data as input for hydrological models, in data-scarce regions: The upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia." CATENA 152, no. : 242-251.

Article
Published: 16 February 2017 in Irrigation and Drainage
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Development partners and public investors assume that spate irrigation reduces household poverty and malnutrition. This article examines whether the poverty profiles of smallholder farmers and the nutritional outcomes of their children have improved as a result of using spate irrigation. The study areas were in two regional states in Ethiopia. Twenty-five users each, both from traditional and modern spate irrigation schemes, and an equal number of non-users responded to a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures of 122 children under five were measured using a hanging scale and stadiometer. The results indicated that all poverty indices were significantly lower for the spate irrigation users compared to non-users, and were even lower for modern spate compared to traditional spate systems. Our results did not show gender differences, using sex of the household head as a crude measure of gender, in poverty profiles. Stochastic dominance tests showed that the poverty comparisons between users, traditional and modern, and non-users are statistically robust. It can be concluded that the use of spate irrigation can significantly reduce poverty, and modernizing spate systems further increases its poverty-reduction impact. However, anthropometric measures indicated that use of spate irrigation did not have significant nutritional effects, suggesting the need for nutrition-sensitive interventions, such as nutrition education and awareness and multisectoral collaboration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.RésuméL'irrigation par épandage de crues est supposée réduire la pauvreté des ménages et la malnutrition. Cet article examine si les profils de pauvreté des petits exploitants agricoles et les résultats nutritionnels des enfants se sont améliorés en tant que résultats de l'utilisation de l'irrigation de crue en Ethiopie. Deux Etats régionaux, vingt-cinq utilisateurs chacun, à la fois de systèmes traditionnels et modernes d'irrigation de crue, et un nombre égal de non-utilisateurs ont été sélectionnés et interrogés à l'aide d'un questionnaire structuré. Les mesures anthropométriques de 122 enfants de moins de cinq ont été effectuées en utilisant une balance à suspendre et un stadiomètre. Tous les indices de pauvreté étaient significativement plus faibles pour les utilisateurs d'irrigation de crue par rapport aux non-utilisateurs, et ils étaient plus faibles pour l'irrigation moderne par rapport aux techniques traditionnelles. Nos résultats ne montrent pas de différences entre les sexes dans les profils de pauvreté. Les tests de dominance stochastiques ont montré que les comparaisons de la pauvreté entre les utilisateurs, traditionnels et modernes, et non-utilisateurs sont statistiquement robustes. On peut conclure que l'utilisation de l'irrigation par épandage peut réduire considérablement la pauvreté, et la modernisation des systèmes de crue encore plus. Toutefois, les mesures anthropométriques ont indiqué que l'utilisation de l'irrigation par épandage n'a pas eu les effets nutritionnels importants, en raison d'interventions telles que l'éducation et la sensibilisation de la nutrition, et des collaborations multisectorielles. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Fitsum Hagos; Afework Mulugeta; Teklu Erkossa; Simon Langan; Nicole Lefore; Yenenesh Abebe. Poverty Profiles and Nutritional Outcomes of Using Spate Irrigation in Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage 2017, 66, 577 -588.

AMA Style

Fitsum Hagos, Afework Mulugeta, Teklu Erkossa, Simon Langan, Nicole Lefore, Yenenesh Abebe. Poverty Profiles and Nutritional Outcomes of Using Spate Irrigation in Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage. 2017; 66 (4):577-588.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fitsum Hagos; Afework Mulugeta; Teklu Erkossa; Simon Langan; Nicole Lefore; Yenenesh Abebe. 2017. "Poverty Profiles and Nutritional Outcomes of Using Spate Irrigation in Ethiopia." Irrigation and Drainage 66, no. 4: 577-588.

Article
Published: 23 November 2016 in Land Degradation & Development
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Planning effective landscape interventions is an important tool to fight against land degradation and requires knowledge on spatial distribution of runoff. The objective of this paper was to test models that predict temporal and spatial distribution of runoff. The selected models were parameter-efficient semi-distributed watershed model (PED-WM), Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning integrated hydrological modeling system (HBV-IHMS), and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). We choose 7-km2 Awramba watershed in the Lake Tana basin with detailed hydrological information for testing these models. Discharge at the outlet, rainfall, and distributed information on infiltration rates, water table, and extent of the saturated area were collected from 2013 to 2015. The maximum saturated area was 6·5% of the watershed. Infiltration rates exceeded rainfall intensities 91% of the time. Hence, saturation excess runoff was the main runoff mechanism. Models were calibrated for the rainy seasons in 2013 and 2014 and validated for 2015. For daily flow validation, the PED-WM model (Nash–Sutcliff efficiency, NSE = 0·61) outperformed HBV-IHMS (NSE = 0·51) and SWAT (NSE = 0·48). Performance on monthly time step was similar. Difference in model behavior depended on runoff mechanism. In PED-WM, saturation excess is the main direct runoff process and could predict the maximum extent of the saturated area closely at 6·9%. HBV-IHMS model runoff simulation depended on soil moisture status and evapotranspiration, and hence was able to simulate saturation excess flow but not the extent of the saturated area. SWAT, where infiltration excess is the main runoff mechanism, could only predict the monthly discharges well. This study shows that prevailing runoff mechanisms and distribution of runoff source areas should be used for proper model selection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Mamaru A. Moges; Petra Schmitter; Seifu A. Tilahun; Simon Langan; Dessalegn C. Dagnew; Adugnaw T. Akale; Tammo S. Steenhuis. Suitability of Watershed Models to Predict Distributed Hydrologic Response in the Awramba Watershed in Lake Tana Basin. Land Degradation & Development 2016, 28, 1386 -1397.

AMA Style

Mamaru A. Moges, Petra Schmitter, Seifu A. Tilahun, Simon Langan, Dessalegn C. Dagnew, Adugnaw T. Akale, Tammo S. Steenhuis. Suitability of Watershed Models to Predict Distributed Hydrologic Response in the Awramba Watershed in Lake Tana Basin. Land Degradation & Development. 2016; 28 (4):1386-1397.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mamaru A. Moges; Petra Schmitter; Seifu A. Tilahun; Simon Langan; Dessalegn C. Dagnew; Adugnaw T. Akale; Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2016. "Suitability of Watershed Models to Predict Distributed Hydrologic Response in the Awramba Watershed in Lake Tana Basin." Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 4: 1386-1397.

Review
Published: 13 October 2016 in Environmental Management
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Research results published regarding the impact of soil and water conservation practices in the highland areas of Ethiopia have been inconsistent and scattered. In this paper, a detailed review and synthesis is reported that was conducted to identify the impacts of soil and water conservation practices on crop yield, surface run-off, soil loss, nutrient loss, and the economic viability, as well as to discuss the implications for an integrated approach and ecosystem services. The review and synthesis showed that most physical soil and water conservation practices such as soil bunds and stone bunds were very effective in reducing run-off, soil erosion and nutrient depletion. Despite these positive impacts on these services, the impact of physical soil and water conservation practices on crop yield was negative mainly due to the reduction of effective cultivable area by soil/stone bunds. In contrast, most agronomic soil and water conservation practices increase crop yield and reduce run-off and soil losses. This implies that integrating physical soil and water conservation practices with agronomic soil and water conservation practices are essential to increase both provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. Additionally, effective use of unutilized land (the area occupied by bunds) by planting multipurpose grasses and trees on the bunds may offset the yield lost due to a reduction in planting area. If high value grasses and trees can be grown on this land, farmers can harvest fodder for animals or fuel wood, both in scarce supply in Ethiopia. Growing of these grasses and trees can also help the stability of the bunds and reduce maintenance cost. Economic feasibility analysis also showed that, soil and water conservation practices became economically more viable if physical and agronomic soil and water conservation practices are integrated.

ACS Style

Zenebe Adimassu; Simon Langan; Robyn Johnston; Wolde Mekuria; Tilahun Amede. Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Crop Yield, Run-off, Soil Loss and Nutrient Loss in Ethiopia: Review and Synthesis. Environmental Management 2016, 59, 87 -101.

AMA Style

Zenebe Adimassu, Simon Langan, Robyn Johnston, Wolde Mekuria, Tilahun Amede. Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Crop Yield, Run-off, Soil Loss and Nutrient Loss in Ethiopia: Review and Synthesis. Environmental Management. 2016; 59 (1):87-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zenebe Adimassu; Simon Langan; Robyn Johnston; Wolde Mekuria; Tilahun Amede. 2016. "Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Crop Yield, Run-off, Soil Loss and Nutrient Loss in Ethiopia: Review and Synthesis." Environmental Management 59, no. 1: 87-101.

Article
Published: 08 September 2016 in Climatic Change
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As much as 66% of the Nile River flow that reaches Egypt originates in the Highlands of the Ethiopian Blue Nile Basin (BNB). This imbalance in water availability poses a threat to water security in the region and could be impacted by climate change. This study coupled a watershed model analysis with bias corrected and downscaled Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) climate data to assess the potential impact of climate change on water resources and sediment dynamics in two critical headwater basins of the BNB. Climate scenarios analyzed include RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 from six climate models, which were used to force watershed models calibrated against historic streamflow for six gauged sub-watersheds in the Tana basin and four gauged sub-watersheds in the Beles basin. We developed distributed watershed model parameter estimates from the gauged sub-watersheds, which were applied to un-gauged portions of the basins using topographically informed parameter transfer functions. We analyzed the impact of climate change for two future time periods (2041–2065 and 2075–2099) by running each of the six downscaled and bias corrected CMIP5 model predicted climate forcings through the watershed models to assess the impact of ensemble model mean and variance in climate change prediction on water availability and sediment transport. Results indicate that the Tana and Beles basins will experience increases both in mean annual flow (22-27%) and sediment concentrations (16-19%). Interestingly, and of significance for water availability and hydropower development, the monsoon in the Tana and Beles basins will lengthen by approximately four (Tana) to six (Beles) weeks. These results highlight both the considerable variance in climate change impacts as well as the potential for beneficial outcomes in the region.

ACS Style

Moges B. Wagena; Andrew Sommerlot; Anteneh Z. Abiy; Amy S. Collick; Simon Langan; Daniel R. Fuka; Zachary M. Easton. Climate change in the Blue Nile Basin Ethiopia: implications for water resources and sediment transport. Climatic Change 2016, 139, 229 -243.

AMA Style

Moges B. Wagena, Andrew Sommerlot, Anteneh Z. Abiy, Amy S. Collick, Simon Langan, Daniel R. Fuka, Zachary M. Easton. Climate change in the Blue Nile Basin Ethiopia: implications for water resources and sediment transport. Climatic Change. 2016; 139 (2):229-243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moges B. Wagena; Andrew Sommerlot; Anteneh Z. Abiy; Amy S. Collick; Simon Langan; Daniel R. Fuka; Zachary M. Easton. 2016. "Climate change in the Blue Nile Basin Ethiopia: implications for water resources and sediment transport." Climatic Change 139, no. 2: 229-243.