Cost of preventing workplace heat-related illness through worker breaks and the benefit of climate-change mitigation Jun'ya Takakura, Shinichiro Fujimori, Kiyoshi Takahashi et al.-Inclusive climate change mitigation and food security policy under 1.5 °C climate goal

Seasonal mismatches between electricity supply and demand is increasing due to expanded use of wind, solar and hydropower resources, which in turn raises the interest on low-cost seasonal energy storage options. Seasonal pumped hydropower storage (SPHS) can provide long-term energy storage at a relatively low-cost and co-benefits in the form of freshwater storage capacity. We present the first estimate of the global assessment of SPHS potential, using a novel plant-siting methodology based on high-resolution topographical and hydrological data. Here we show that SPHS costs vary from 0.007 to 0.2 US$ m⁻¹ of water stored, 1.8 to 50 US$ MWh⁻¹ of energy stored and 370 to 600 US$ kW⁻¹ of installed power generation. This potential is unevenly distributed with mountainous regions demonstrating significantly more potential. The estimated world energy storage capacity below a cost of 50 US$ MWh⁻¹ is 17.3 PWh, approximately 79% of the world electricity consumption in 2017.