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Emanuele Montomoli
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Article
Published: 12 August 2021
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To understand the nature of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, we analyzed at single cell level the B cell responses of five naïve and five convalescent people immunized with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Convalescents had higher frequency of spike protein specific memory B cells and by cell sorting delivered 3,532 B cells, compared with 2,352 from naïve people. Of these, 944 from naïve and 2,299 from convalescents produced monoclonal antibodies against the spike protein and 411 of them neutralized the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 virus. More than 75% of the monoclonal antibodies from naïve people lost their neutralization activity against the B.1.351 (beta) and B.1.1.248 (gamma) variants while this happened only for 61% of those from convalescents. The overall loss of neutralization was lower for the B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.617.2 (delta) variants, however it was always significantly higher in those of naïve people. In part this was due to the IGHV2-5;IGHJ4-1 germline, which was found only in convalescents and generated potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies. Overall, vaccination of seropositive people increases the frequency of B cells encoding antibodies with high potency and that are not susceptible to escape by any of the four variants of concern. Our data suggest that people that are seropositive following infection or primary vaccination will produce antibodies with increased potency and breadth and will be able to better control SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants.

ACS Style

Emanuele Andreano; Ida Paciello; Giulia Piccini; Noemi Manganaro; Piero Pileri; Inesa Hyseni; Margherita Leonardi; Elisa Pantano; Valentina Abbiento; Linda Benincasa; Ginevra Giglioli; Concetta De Santi; Massimiliano Fabbiani; Ilaria Rancan; Mario Tumbarello; Francesca Montagnani; Claudia Sala; Emanuele Montomoli; Rino Rappuoli. Hybrid immunity improves B cell frequency, antibody potency and breadth against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Andreano, Ida Paciello, Giulia Piccini, Noemi Manganaro, Piero Pileri, Inesa Hyseni, Margherita Leonardi, Elisa Pantano, Valentina Abbiento, Linda Benincasa, Ginevra Giglioli, Concetta De Santi, Massimiliano Fabbiani, Ilaria Rancan, Mario Tumbarello, Francesca Montagnani, Claudia Sala, Emanuele Montomoli, Rino Rappuoli. Hybrid immunity improves B cell frequency, antibody potency and breadth against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Andreano; Ida Paciello; Giulia Piccini; Noemi Manganaro; Piero Pileri; Inesa Hyseni; Margherita Leonardi; Elisa Pantano; Valentina Abbiento; Linda Benincasa; Ginevra Giglioli; Concetta De Santi; Massimiliano Fabbiani; Ilaria Rancan; Mario Tumbarello; Francesca Montagnani; Claudia Sala; Emanuele Montomoli; Rino Rappuoli. 2021. "Hybrid immunity improves B cell frequency, antibody potency and breadth against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 04 August 2021
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Summary Background The emerging threat represented by SARS-CoV-2 variants, demands the development of therapies for better clinical management of COVID-19. MAD0004J08 is an extremely potent Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody (mAb) able to neutralise in vitro all current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs). This ongoing study, evaluates safety, pharmacokinetics and SARS-CoV-2 sera neutralization effect of MAD0004J08 when administered as single dose intramuscularly in healthy adults. Method We conducted a dose escalation study with sequential enrolment of three cohorts, each with an increasing dose level of MAD0004J08 (48mg, 100mg and 400mg). Within each cohort, 10 young healthy adults were randomized with 4:1 ratio to a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of MAD0004J08 or placebo. The primary endpoint is the proportion of subjects with severe and/or serious treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) within 7 days post-treatment. Secondary endpoints reported in this paper are the proportion of subjects with solicited TEAEs up 7 days post dosing, MAD0004J08 serum concentrations and neutralising activity versus the original SARS-COV-2 Wuhan virus at different timepoints post-dosing. As post-hoc analyses, we compared the sera neutralising titres of subjects who received MAD0004J08 with those of people that had received the COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in the previous sixty days (n=10) and COVID-19 convalescent patients (n=20), and assessed serum neutralisation activity against the B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta) and B.1.1.248 (gamma) SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Findings A total of 30 subjects, 10 per cohort, were enrolled and randomized. Data up to 30 days were available and analysed in this report. No severe TEAEs were reported in any of the cohorts in the 7 days post-treatment. MAD0004J08 was detected in the sera of treated subjects within few hours post-administration and reached almost maximal levels on day 8. The geometric mean neutralising titres (GMT) assessed against the original Wuhan virus peaked on day 8 and ranged 226 – 905, 905 – 2,560, and 1,280 – 5,120 for cohort 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The sera neutralising GMT in MAD0004J08 treated subjects in all the three cohorts were found to be 1·5-54·5-fold higher compared to sera from convalescent patients and 1·83– 76·4-fold higher compared to sera from COVID-19 vaccinees. Finally, GMT in MAD0004J08 treated subjects showed high neutralising titres versus the B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta) and B.1.1.248 (gamma) SARS-CoV-2 VoCs. Interpretation A single dose administration of MAD0004J08 via i.m. route is safe and well tolerated and results in a rapid systemic distribution of the MAD0004J08 and sera neutralising titres higher than COVID-19 convalescent and vaccinated subjects. A single dose administration of MAD0004J08 is also sufficient to effectively neutralise major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Based on these results, a Phase 2-3 trial is ongoing to further assess the safety, dosage, and efficacy of MAD0004J08 in asymptomatic or mild-moderate symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Funding EU Malaria Fund, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, Ministero della Salute, Regione Toscana, Toscana Life Sciences Sviluppo and European Research Council. Research in context Evidence before this study We searched PUBMED, MEDLINE and MedRxiv for clinical trials, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials evaluating the antibody neutralization titres vs. different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern obtained from subjects who received monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of COVID-19 using the following search terms: (“COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2”) AND (“monoclonal antibody” OR “neutralising antibody”) AND (“variants” OR “variants of concern”). No relevant studies were identified. Added value of this study This is the first human study assessing safety, PK and neutralising potential of MAD0004J08, a monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 wild type Wuhan virus and variants of concern, administered intramuscularly at low dosages (48, 100 and 400 mg). MAD0004J08 showed to be safe and well tolerated in the tested dose range. Anti-spike antibodies were detected in the sera of tested SARS-CoV-2 negative healthy adults few hours post-injection. In addition, the sera obtained from MAD0004J08treated subjects, showed to have high neutralisation titres against the Wuhan virus, the B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta) and B.1.1.248 (gamma) variants of concern. Implications of all the available evidence A potent monoclonal antibody such as MAD0004J08, capable of neutralising multiple variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 rapidly and long lastingly when given as a single intramuscular injection. The antibody, presently tested in a phase 2-3 efficacy trial, can be a major advancement in the prophylaxis and clinical management of COVID-19, because of its broad spectrum, ease of use in non-hospital settings and economic sustainability.

ACS Style

Simone Lanini; Stefano Milleri; Emanuele Andreano; Sarah Nosari; Ida Paciello; Giulia Piccini; Alessandra Gentili; Adhuna Phogat; Inesa Hyseni; Margherita Leonardi; Alessandro Torelli; Emanuele Montomoli; Andrea Paolini; Andrea Frosini; Andrea Antinori; Emanuele Nicastri; Enrico Girardi; Maria Maddalena Plazzi; Giuseppe Ippolito; Francesco Vaia; Giovanni Della Cioppa; Rino Rappuoli. A single intramuscular injection of monoclonal antibody MAD0004J08 induces in healthy adults SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody titres exceeding those induced by infection and vaccination. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Simone Lanini, Stefano Milleri, Emanuele Andreano, Sarah Nosari, Ida Paciello, Giulia Piccini, Alessandra Gentili, Adhuna Phogat, Inesa Hyseni, Margherita Leonardi, Alessandro Torelli, Emanuele Montomoli, Andrea Paolini, Andrea Frosini, Andrea Antinori, Emanuele Nicastri, Enrico Girardi, Maria Maddalena Plazzi, Giuseppe Ippolito, Francesco Vaia, Giovanni Della Cioppa, Rino Rappuoli. A single intramuscular injection of monoclonal antibody MAD0004J08 induces in healthy adults SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody titres exceeding those induced by infection and vaccination. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simone Lanini; Stefano Milleri; Emanuele Andreano; Sarah Nosari; Ida Paciello; Giulia Piccini; Alessandra Gentili; Adhuna Phogat; Inesa Hyseni; Margherita Leonardi; Alessandro Torelli; Emanuele Montomoli; Andrea Paolini; Andrea Frosini; Andrea Antinori; Emanuele Nicastri; Enrico Girardi; Maria Maddalena Plazzi; Giuseppe Ippolito; Francesco Vaia; Giovanni Della Cioppa; Rino Rappuoli. 2021. "A single intramuscular injection of monoclonal antibody MAD0004J08 induces in healthy adults SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody titres exceeding those induced by infection and vaccination." , no. : 1.

Communication
Published: 12 July 2021 in Viruses
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The recent spreading of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, carrying several mutations in the spike protein, could impact immune protection elicited by natural infection or conferred by vaccination. In this study, we evaluated the neutralizing activity against the viral variants that emerged in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7), Brazil (P.1), and South Africa (B.1.351) in human serum samples from hospitalized patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the first pandemic wave in Italy in 2020. Of the patients studied, 59.5% showed a decrease (≥2 fold) in neutralizing antibody titer against B.1.1.7, 83.3% against P.1, and 90.5% against B.1.351 with respect to the original strain. The reduction in antibody titers against all analyzed variants, and in particular P.1 and B.1.351, suggests that previous symptomatic infection might be not fully protective against exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying a set of relevant spike mutations.

ACS Style

Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Alessandro Manenti; Linda Benincasa; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Emanuele Montomoli. Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2021, 13, 1347 .

AMA Style

Claudia Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Alessandro Manenti, Linda Benincasa, Antonella Ruello, Emilio Bombardieri, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Emanuele Montomoli. Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Alessandro Manenti; Linda Benincasa; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Emanuele Montomoli. 2021. "Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1347.

Article
Published: 07 July 2021
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To control future epidemics, discovery platforms are urgently needed, for the rapid development of diagnostic assays. Molecular diagnostic tests for COVID-19 emerged shortly after the isolation of SARS-CoV-2, however, serological tests based on antiviral antibody detection, revealing previous exposure to the virus, required longer developmental phases, due to the need for correctly folded and glycosylated antigens. The delay between the identification of a new virus and the development of reliable serodiagnostic tools limits our readiness for the control of a future epidemic. In this context, we propose the protozoan Leishmania tarentolae as an easy-to-handle micro-factory for the rapid production of viral antigens, to be used at the forefront of emerging epidemics. As a study model, we engineered L. tarentolae to express the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and report the ability of the purified RBD antigen to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a sensitivity and reproducibility comparable to that of a reference antigen produced in human cells. This is the first application of an antigen produced in L. tarentolae for the serodiagnosis of a Coronaviridae infection. Based on our results, we propose L. tarentolae as an effective system for viral antigen production, even in countries that lack high-tech cell factories.

ACS Style

Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi; Alessandro Manenti; Francesca Dapporto; Louise J. Gourlay; Beatrice Bisaglia; Paolo Gabrieli; Federico Forneris; Silvia Faravelli; Valentina Bollati; Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti; Emanuele Montomoli; Sara Epis; Claudio Bandi. Epidemic preparedness - Leishmania tarentolae as an easy-to-handle tool to produce antigens for viral diagnosis: application to COVID-19. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi, Alessandro Manenti, Francesca Dapporto, Louise J. Gourlay, Beatrice Bisaglia, Paolo Gabrieli, Federico Forneris, Silvia Faravelli, Valentina Bollati, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Emanuele Montomoli, Sara Epis, Claudio Bandi. Epidemic preparedness - Leishmania tarentolae as an easy-to-handle tool to produce antigens for viral diagnosis: application to COVID-19. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi; Alessandro Manenti; Francesca Dapporto; Louise J. Gourlay; Beatrice Bisaglia; Paolo Gabrieli; Federico Forneris; Silvia Faravelli; Valentina Bollati; Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti; Emanuele Montomoli; Sara Epis; Claudio Bandi. 2021. "Epidemic preparedness - Leishmania tarentolae as an easy-to-handle tool to produce antigens for viral diagnosis: application to COVID-19." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2021 in Pathogens
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Although in humans West Nile virus is mainly the cause of mild or sub-clinical infections, in some cases a neuroinvasive disease may occur predominantly in the elderly. In Italy, several cases of West Nile virus infection are reported every year. Tuscany was the first Italian region where the virus was identified; however, to date only two cases of infection have been reported in humans. This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of antibodies against West Nile virus in the area of Siena Province to estimate the recent circulation of the virus. Human serum samples collected in Siena between 2016 and 2019 were tested for the presence of antibodies against West Nile virus by ELISA. ELISA positive samples were further evaluated using immunofluorescence, micro neutralization, and plaque reduction neutralization assays. In total, 1.9% (95% CI 1.2–3.1) and 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.4) of samples collected in 2016–2017 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies were found in 0.7% (95% CI 0.3–1.5) of samples. Additionally, 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.7) and 0.65% (95% CI 0.3–1.45) of samples collected in 2018–2019 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 0.5% (95% CI 0.2–1.3). Although no human cases of West Nile infection were reported in the area between 2016 and 2019 and virus prevalence in the area of Siena Province was as low as less than 1%, the active asymptomatic circulation confirms the potential concern of this emergent virus for human health.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Simone Giannecchini; Maria Stincarelli; Gianvito Lanave; Michele Camero; Caterina Alessio; Rosa Coluccio; Claudia Trombetta. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019. Pathogens 2021, 10, 844 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, Simone Giannecchini, Maria Stincarelli, Gianvito Lanave, Michele Camero, Caterina Alessio, Rosa Coluccio, Claudia Trombetta. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (7):844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Simone Giannecchini; Maria Stincarelli; Gianvito Lanave; Michele Camero; Caterina Alessio; Rosa Coluccio; Claudia Trombetta. 2021. "West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019." Pathogens 10, no. 7: 844.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2021 in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
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The worldwide circulation of different viruses coupled with the increased frequency and diversity of new outbreaks, strongly highlight the need for new antiviral drugs to quickly react against potential pandemic pathogens. Broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) represent the ideal option for a prompt response against multiple viruses, new and re-emerging. Starting from previously identified anti-flavivirus hits, we report herein the identification of promising BSAAs by submitting the multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine chemotype to a system-oriented optimization based on phenotypic screening on cell cultures infected with different viruses. Among the synthesized compounds, 6i showed low micromolar potency against Dengue, Zika, West Nile and Influenza A viruses (IC50 = 0.5–5.3 μM) with high selectivity index. Interestingly, 6i also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in different cell lines, with higher potency on Calu-3 cells that better mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo (IC50 = 0.5 μM, SI = 240). The multi-target effect of 6i on flavivirus replication was also analyzed in whole cell studies (in vitro selection and immunofluorescence) and against isolated host/viral targets.

ACS Style

Ilaria Vicenti; Maria Grazia Martina; Adele Boccuto; Marta De Angelis; Giorgia Giavarini; Filippo Dragoni; Serena Marchi; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Emmanuele Crespan; Giovanni Maga; Cecilia Eydoux; Etienne Decroly; Emanuele Montomoli; Lucia Nencioni; Maurizio Zazzi; Marco Radi. System-oriented optimization of multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives: Easily accessible broad-spectrum antivirals active against flaviviruses, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2021, 224, 113683 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Vicenti, Maria Grazia Martina, Adele Boccuto, Marta De Angelis, Giorgia Giavarini, Filippo Dragoni, Serena Marchi, Claudia Maria Trombetta, Emmanuele Crespan, Giovanni Maga, Cecilia Eydoux, Etienne Decroly, Emanuele Montomoli, Lucia Nencioni, Maurizio Zazzi, Marco Radi. System-oriented optimization of multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives: Easily accessible broad-spectrum antivirals active against flaviviruses, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2021; 224 ():113683.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Vicenti; Maria Grazia Martina; Adele Boccuto; Marta De Angelis; Giorgia Giavarini; Filippo Dragoni; Serena Marchi; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Emmanuele Crespan; Giovanni Maga; Cecilia Eydoux; Etienne Decroly; Emanuele Montomoli; Lucia Nencioni; Maurizio Zazzi; Marco Radi. 2021. "System-oriented optimization of multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives: Easily accessible broad-spectrum antivirals active against flaviviruses, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 224, no. : 113683.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In Italy, the influenza season lasts from October until April of the following year. Influenza A and B viruses are the two viral types that cocirculate during seasonal epidemics and are the main causes of respiratory infections. We analyzed influenza A and B viruses in samples from hospitalized patients at Le Scotte University Hospital in Siena (Central Italy). From 2015 to 2020, 182 patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections were enrolled. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from patients and tested by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to identify influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 and B. Epidemiological and virological surveillance remain an essential tool for monitoring circulating viruses and possible mismatches with seasonal vaccine strains, and provide information that can be used to improve the composition of influenza vaccines.

ACS Style

Ilaria Manini; Andrea Camarri; Serena Marchi; Claudia Trombetta; Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Giacomo Lazzeri; Giovanni Bova; Emanuele Montomoli; Pier Capecchi. Surveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections among Hospitalized Subjects from 2015/2016 to 2019/2020 Seasons in Tuscany, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3875 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Manini, Andrea Camarri, Serena Marchi, Claudia Trombetta, Ilaria Vicenti, Filippo Dragoni, Giacomo Lazzeri, Giovanni Bova, Emanuele Montomoli, Pier Capecchi. Surveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections among Hospitalized Subjects from 2015/2016 to 2019/2020 Seasons in Tuscany, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):3875.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Manini; Andrea Camarri; Serena Marchi; Claudia Trombetta; Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Giacomo Lazzeri; Giovanni Bova; Emanuele Montomoli; Pier Capecchi. 2021. "Surveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections among Hospitalized Subjects from 2015/2016 to 2019/2020 Seasons in Tuscany, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3875.

Communication
Published: 17 February 2021 in Vaccines
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Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of equines that is caused mainly by the H3N8 subtype of influenza A virus. Vaccinating horses against EI is the most effective strategy to prevent the infection. The current study aimed to compare the kinetics of EI-specific humoral- and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in horses receiving either identical or mixed vaccinations. Two groups of horses were previously (six months prior) vaccinated with either Calvenza 03 EIV EHV® (G1) or Fluvac Innovator® (G2) vaccine. Subsequently, both groups received a booster single dose of Calvenza 03 EIV EHV®. Immune responses were assessed after 10 weeks using single radial hemolysis (SRH), virus neutralization (VN), and EliSpot assays. Our results revealed that Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV®-immunized horses had significantly higher protective EI-specific SRH antibodies and VN antibodies. Booster immunization with Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® vaccine significantly stimulated cell-mediated immune response as evidenced by significant increase in interferon-γ-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® vaccine can be safely and effectively used for booster immunization to elicit optimal long persisting humoral and CMI responses even if the horses were previously immunized with a heterogeneous vaccine.

ACS Style

Selvaraj Pavulraj; Tobias Bergmann; Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Sidi Alami; Roberto Ragni-Alunni; Nikolaus Osterrieder; Walid Azab. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 166 .

AMA Style

Selvaraj Pavulraj, Tobias Bergmann, Claudia Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Emanuele Montomoli, Sidi Alami, Roberto Ragni-Alunni, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Walid Azab. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (2):166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Selvaraj Pavulraj; Tobias Bergmann; Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Sidi Alami; Roberto Ragni-Alunni; Nikolaus Osterrieder; Walid Azab. 2021. "Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study." Vaccines 9, no. 2: 166.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Journal of General Virology
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Recent studies have suggested that the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC) may exert an HIV-1 latency reversal effect. This study aimed at defining MVC-mediated induction of HIV-1 in three cell line latency models and in ex vivo CD4 T cells from six patients with suppressed viraemia. HIV-1 induction was evaluated in TZM-bl cells by measuring HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase expression, and in ACH-2 and U1 latently infected cell lines by measuring cell-free (CFR) and cell-associated (CAR) HIV-1 RNA by qPCR. NF-κB p65 was quantified in nuclear extracts by immunodetection. In ex vivo CD4 T cells, CAR, CFR and cell-associated DNA (CAD) were quantified at baseline and 1–7–14 days post-induction (T1, T7, T14). At T7 and T14, the infectivity of the CD4 T cells co-cultured with MOLT-4/CCR5 target cells was evaluated in the TZM-bl assay (TZA). Results were expressed as fold activation (FA) with respect to untreated cells. No LTR activation was observed in TZM-bl cells at any MVC concentration. NF-κB activation was only modestly upregulated (1.6±0.4) in TZM-bl cells with 5 µM MVC. Significant FA of HIV-1 expression was only detected at 80 µM MVC, namely on HIV-1 CFR in U1 (3.1±0.9; P=0.034) and ACH-2 cells (3.9±1.4; P=0.037). CFR was only weakly stimulated at 20 µM in ACH-2 (1.7±1.0 FA) cells and at 5 µM in U1 cells (1.9±0.5 FA). Although no consistent pattern of MVC-mediated activation was observed in ex vivo experiments, substantial FA values were detected sparsely on individual samples with different parameters. Notably, in one sample, MVC stimulated all parameters at T7 (2.3±0.2 CAD, 6.8±3.7 CAR, 18.7±16.7 CFR, 7.3±0.2 TZA). In conclusion, MVC variably induces HIV-1 production in some cell line models not previously used to test its latency reversal potential. In ex vivo CD4 T cells, MVC may exert patient-specific HIV-1 induction; however, clinically relevant patterns, if any, remain to be defined.

ACS Style

Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Martina Monti; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Alessia Giannini; Adele Boccuto; Francesco Saladini; Barbara Rossetti; Andrea De Luca; Annalisa Ciabattini; Gabiria Pastore; Donata Medaglini; Giancarlo Orofino; Emanuele Montomoli; Maurizio Zazzi. Maraviroc as a potential HIV-1 latency-reversing agent in cell line models and ex vivo CD4 T cells. Journal of General Virology 2021, 102, jgv001499 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Vicenti, Filippo Dragoni, Martina Monti, Claudia Maria Trombetta, Alessia Giannini, Adele Boccuto, Francesco Saladini, Barbara Rossetti, Andrea De Luca, Annalisa Ciabattini, Gabiria Pastore, Donata Medaglini, Giancarlo Orofino, Emanuele Montomoli, Maurizio Zazzi. Maraviroc as a potential HIV-1 latency-reversing agent in cell line models and ex vivo CD4 T cells. Journal of General Virology. 2021; 102 (1):jgv001499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Martina Monti; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Alessia Giannini; Adele Boccuto; Francesco Saladini; Barbara Rossetti; Andrea De Luca; Annalisa Ciabattini; Gabiria Pastore; Donata Medaglini; Giancarlo Orofino; Emanuele Montomoli; Maurizio Zazzi. 2021. "Maraviroc as a potential HIV-1 latency-reversing agent in cell line models and ex vivo CD4 T cells." Journal of General Virology 102, no. 1: jgv001499.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2020 in Vaccines
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The stalk domain of the hemagglutinin has been identified as a target for induction of protective antibody responses due to its high degree of conservation among numerous influenza subtypes and strains. However, current assays to measure stalk-based immunity are not standardized. Hence, harmonization of assay readouts would help to compare experiments conducted in different laboratories and increase confidence in results. Here, serum samples from healthy individuals (n = 110) were screened using a chimeric cH6/1 hemagglutinin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures stalk-reactive antibodies. We identified samples with moderate to high IgG anti-stalk antibody levels. Likewise, screening of the samples using the mini-hemagglutinin (HA) headless construct #4900 and analysis of the correlation between the two assays confirmed the presence and specificity of anti-stalk antibodies. Additionally, samples were characterized by a cH6/1N5 virus-based neutralization assay, an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, and competition ELISAs, using the stalk-reactive monoclonal antibodies KB2 (mouse) and CR9114 (human). A “pooled serum” (PS) consisting of a mixture of selected serum samples was generated. The PS exhibited high levels of stalk-reactive antibodies, had a cH6/1N5-based neutralization titer of 320, and contained high levels of stalk-specific antibodies with ADCC activity. The PS, along with blinded samples of varying anti-stalk antibody titers, was distributed to multiple collaborators worldwide in a pilot collaborative study. The samples were subjected to different assays available in the different laboratories, to measure either binding or functional properties of the stalk-reactive antibodies contained in the serum. Results from binding and neutralization assays were analyzed to determine whether use of the PS as a standard could lead to better agreement between laboratories. The work presented here points the way towards the development of a serum standard for antibodies to the HA stalk domain of phylogenetic group 1.

ACS Style

Juan Manuel Carreño; Jacqueline U. McDonald; Tara Hurst; Peter Rigsby; Eleanor Atkinson; Lethia Charles; Raffael Nachbagauer; Mohammad Amin Behzadi; Shirin Strohmeier; Lynda Coughlan; Teresa Aydillo; Boerries Brandenburg; Adolfo García-Sastre; Krisztian Kaszas; Min Z. Levine; Alessandro Manenti; Adrian B. McDermott; Emanuele Montomoli; Leacky Muchene; Sandeep R. Narpala; Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera; Nadine C. Salisch; Sophie A. Valkenburg; Fan Zhou; Othmar G. Engelhardt; Florian Krammer. Development and Assessment of a Pooled Serum as Candidate Standard to Measure Influenza A Virus Group 1 Hemagglutinin Stalk-Reactive Antibodies. Vaccines 2020, 8, 666 .

AMA Style

Juan Manuel Carreño, Jacqueline U. McDonald, Tara Hurst, Peter Rigsby, Eleanor Atkinson, Lethia Charles, Raffael Nachbagauer, Mohammad Amin Behzadi, Shirin Strohmeier, Lynda Coughlan, Teresa Aydillo, Boerries Brandenburg, Adolfo García-Sastre, Krisztian Kaszas, Min Z. Levine, Alessandro Manenti, Adrian B. McDermott, Emanuele Montomoli, Leacky Muchene, Sandeep R. Narpala, Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera, Nadine C. Salisch, Sophie A. Valkenburg, Fan Zhou, Othmar G. Engelhardt, Florian Krammer. Development and Assessment of a Pooled Serum as Candidate Standard to Measure Influenza A Virus Group 1 Hemagglutinin Stalk-Reactive Antibodies. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (4):666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Manuel Carreño; Jacqueline U. McDonald; Tara Hurst; Peter Rigsby; Eleanor Atkinson; Lethia Charles; Raffael Nachbagauer; Mohammad Amin Behzadi; Shirin Strohmeier; Lynda Coughlan; Teresa Aydillo; Boerries Brandenburg; Adolfo García-Sastre; Krisztian Kaszas; Min Z. Levine; Alessandro Manenti; Adrian B. McDermott; Emanuele Montomoli; Leacky Muchene; Sandeep R. Narpala; Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera; Nadine C. Salisch; Sophie A. Valkenburg; Fan Zhou; Othmar G. Engelhardt; Florian Krammer. 2020. "Development and Assessment of a Pooled Serum as Candidate Standard to Measure Influenza A Virus Group 1 Hemagglutinin Stalk-Reactive Antibodies." Vaccines 8, no. 4: 666.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Vaccines
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After the influenza H1N1 pandemic of 2009, the seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 strain was replaced by the A/California/07/2009 strain for the influenza virus vaccine composition. After several seasons with no indications on the occurrence of antigenic drift, A/Michigan/45/2015 was chosen as the H1N1 vaccine strain for the 2017/2018 season. Since the immune response to influenza is shaped by the history of exposure to antigenically similar strains, the potential cross-protection between seasonal human influenza vaccine strains and the emerging pandemic strains was investigated. Human serum samples were tested by hemagglutination inhibition and single radial hemolysis assays against A/Brisbane/59/2007, A/California/07/2009, and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains. Strong cross-reactions between A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains were observed in 2009/2010, most likely induced by the start of the 2009 pandemic, and the subsequent post-pandemic seasons from 2010/2011 onward when A/California/07/2009 became the predominant strain. In the 2014/2015 season, population immunity against A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains increased again, associated with strong cross-reactions. Whereas hemagglutination inhibition assay has a higher sensitivity for detection of new seasonal drift, the single radial hemolysis assay is an excellent tool for determining the presence of pre-existing immunity, allowing a potential prediction on the booster potential of influenza vaccines against newly emerging drifted strains.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-Based Evaluation of Cross-Protection Antibody Responses among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. Vaccines 2020, 8, 656 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Pietro Piu, Edmond J. Remarque, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Tommaso Carli, Giacomo Lazzeri, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-Based Evaluation of Cross-Protection Antibody Responses among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (4):656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Serologically-Based Evaluation of Cross-Protection Antibody Responses among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains." Vaccines 8, no. 4: 656.

Preprint content
Published: 07 October 2020
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Human monoclonal antibodies are safe, preventive and therapeutic tools, that can be rapidly developed to help restore the massive health and economic disruption caused by the Covid−19 pandemic. By single cell sorting 4277 SARS−CoV−2 spike protein specific memory B cells from 14 Covid−19 survivors, 453 neutralizing antibodies were identified and 220 of them were expressed as IgG. Up to 65,9% of monoclonals neutralized the wild type virus at a concentration of >500 ng/mL, 23,6% neutralized the virus in the range of 100 − 500 ng/mL and 9,1% had a neutralization potency in the range of 10 − 100 ng/mL. Only 1,4% neutralized the authentic virus with a potency of 1−10 ng/mL. We found that the most potent neutralizing antibodies are extremely rare and recognize the RBD, followed in potency by antibodies that recognize the S1 domain, the S-protein trimeric structure and the S2 subunit. The three most potent monoclonal antibodies identified were able to neutralize the wild type and D614G mutant viruses with less than 10 ng/mL and are good candidates for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic tools against SARS−CoV−2.

ACS Style

Emanuele Andreano; Emanuele Nicastri; Ida Paciello; Piero Pileri; Noemi Manganaro; Giulia Piccini; Alessandro Manenti; Elisa Pantano; Anna Kabanova; Marco Troisi; Fabiola Vacca; Dario Cardamone; Concetta De Santi; Linda Benincasa; Chiara Agrati; Maria Rosaria Capobianchi; Concetta Castilletti; Arianna Emiliozzi; Massimiliano Fabbiani; Francesca Montagnani; Lorenzo Depau; Jlenia Brunetti; Luisa Bracci; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Sala; Giuseppe Ippolito; Rino Rappuoli. Extremely potent human monoclonal antibodies from convalescent Covid-19 patients. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Andreano, Emanuele Nicastri, Ida Paciello, Piero Pileri, Noemi Manganaro, Giulia Piccini, Alessandro Manenti, Elisa Pantano, Anna Kabanova, Marco Troisi, Fabiola Vacca, Dario Cardamone, Concetta De Santi, Linda Benincasa, Chiara Agrati, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Concetta Castilletti, Arianna Emiliozzi, Massimiliano Fabbiani, Francesca Montagnani, Lorenzo Depau, Jlenia Brunetti, Luisa Bracci, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Sala, Giuseppe Ippolito, Rino Rappuoli. Extremely potent human monoclonal antibodies from convalescent Covid-19 patients. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Andreano; Emanuele Nicastri; Ida Paciello; Piero Pileri; Noemi Manganaro; Giulia Piccini; Alessandro Manenti; Elisa Pantano; Anna Kabanova; Marco Troisi; Fabiola Vacca; Dario Cardamone; Concetta De Santi; Linda Benincasa; Chiara Agrati; Maria Rosaria Capobianchi; Concetta Castilletti; Arianna Emiliozzi; Massimiliano Fabbiani; Francesca Montagnani; Lorenzo Depau; Jlenia Brunetti; Luisa Bracci; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Sala; Giuseppe Ippolito; Rino Rappuoli. 2020. "Extremely potent human monoclonal antibodies from convalescent Covid-19 patients." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 05 October 2020
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After the influenza H1N1 pandemic of 2009, the seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 strain was replaced by the A/California/07/2009 strain for the influenza virus vaccine composition. After several seasons with no indications on the occurrence of antigenic drift, A/Michigan/45/2015 was chosen as the H1N1 vaccine strain for season 2017/2018. Since the immune response to influenza is shaped by the history of exposure to antigenically similar strains, the potential cross-protection between seasonal human influenza vaccine strains and the emerging pandemic strains was investigated. Human serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis assays against A/Brisbane/59/2007, A/California/07/2009, and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains. Strong cross-reactions between A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains were observed in 2009/2010, most likely induced by the start of the 2009 pandemic, and the subsequent post-pandemic seasons from 2010/2011 onwards when A/California/07/2009 becomes the predominant strain. In 2014/2015 season, population immunity against A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains increased again, associated with strong cross-reactions. While haemagglutination inhibition assay has a higher sensitivity for detection of new seasonal drift, the single radial haemolysis assay is an excellent tool to determine the presence of pre-existing immunity, allowing a potential prediction on the booster potential of influenza vaccines against newly emerging drifted strains.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-based Evaluation of Cross-protection Antibody Responses Among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Pietro Piu, Edmond J. Remarque, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Tommaso Carli, Giacomo Lazzeri, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-based Evaluation of Cross-protection Antibody Responses Among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Serologically-based Evaluation of Cross-protection Antibody Responses Among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2020 in Viruses
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The recent outbreak of a novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid spread across the continents has generated an urgent need for assays to detect the neutralising activity of human sera or human monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and to evaluate the serological immunity in humans. Since the accessibility of live virus microneutralisation (MN) assays with SARS-CoV-2 is limited and requires enhanced bio-containment, the approach based on “pseudotyping” can be considered a useful complement to other serological assays. After fully characterising lentiviral pseudotypes bearing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, we employed them in pseudotype-based neutralisation assays in order to profile the neutralising activity of human serum samples from an Italian sero-epidemiological study. The results obtained with pseudotype-based neutralisation assays mirrored those obtained when the same panel of sera was tested against the wild type virus, showing an evident convergence of the pseudotype-based neutralisation and MN results. The overall results lead to the conclusion that the pseudotype-based neutralisation assay is a valid alternative to using the wild-type strain, and although this system needs to be optimised and standardised, it can not only complement the classical serological methods, but also allows serological assessments to be made when other methods cannot be employed, especially in a human pandemic context.

ACS Style

Inesa Hyseni; Eleonora Molesti; Linda Benincasa; Pietro Piu; Elisa Casa; Nigel J Temperton; Alessandro Manenti; Emanuele Montomoli. Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 Lentiviral Pseudotypes and Correlation between Pseudotype-Based Neutralisation Assays and Live Virus-Based Micro Neutralisation Assays. Viruses 2020, 12, 1011 .

AMA Style

Inesa Hyseni, Eleonora Molesti, Linda Benincasa, Pietro Piu, Elisa Casa, Nigel J Temperton, Alessandro Manenti, Emanuele Montomoli. Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 Lentiviral Pseudotypes and Correlation between Pseudotype-Based Neutralisation Assays and Live Virus-Based Micro Neutralisation Assays. Viruses. 2020; 12 (9):1011.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inesa Hyseni; Eleonora Molesti; Linda Benincasa; Pietro Piu; Elisa Casa; Nigel J Temperton; Alessandro Manenti; Emanuele Montomoli. 2020. "Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 Lentiviral Pseudotypes and Correlation between Pseudotype-Based Neutralisation Assays and Live Virus-Based Micro Neutralisation Assays." Viruses 12, no. 9: 1011.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Vaccines
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Every season, circulating influenza viruses change; therefore, vaccines must be reformulated each year. We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe influenza infection for the 2018/19 season in Italy. We conducted a test-negative design case-control study at five Italian hospitals. We estimated influenza VE against severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) requiring hospitalisation overall, and by virus subtype, vaccine brand, and age. The 2018/19 season was characterised by A(H1N1)pmd09 and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. Vaccine coverage among <18 years recruited SARI cases was very low (3.2%). Seasonal vaccines were moderately effective against type A influenza overall (adjusted VE = 40.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 18.7–56.4%) and subtype A(H1N1)pmd09 viruses (adjusted VE = 55%; 95% CI = 34.5–69.1%), but ineffective against subtype A(H3N2) viruses (adjusted VE = 2.5%; 95% CI = −50.0–36.7%). Both Fluad and Fluarix Tetra vaccines were effective against type A influenza overall and subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. VE appeared to be similar across age groups (0–64 years, ≥65 years). Seasonal influenza vaccines in the 2018/19 season were moderately effective in preventing SARI caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza but ineffective against A(H3N2).

ACS Style

Caterina Rizzo; Francesco Gesualdo; Daniela Loconsole; Elisabetta Pandolfi; Antonino Bella; Andrea Orsi; Giulia Guarona; Donatella Panatto; Giancarlo Icardi; Christian Napoli; Giovanni Battista Orsi; Ilaria Manini; Emanuele Montomoli; Ilaria Campagna; Luisa Russo; Valeria Alfonsi; Simona Puzelli; Antonino Reale; Umberto Raucci; Livia Piccioni; Carlo Concato; Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Ciofi Degli Atti; Alberto Villani; Maria Chironna; Alberto Eugenio Tozzi. Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy. Vaccines 2020, 8, 427 .

AMA Style

Caterina Rizzo, Francesco Gesualdo, Daniela Loconsole, Elisabetta Pandolfi, Antonino Bella, Andrea Orsi, Giulia Guarona, Donatella Panatto, Giancarlo Icardi, Christian Napoli, Giovanni Battista Orsi, Ilaria Manini, Emanuele Montomoli, Ilaria Campagna, Luisa Russo, Valeria Alfonsi, Simona Puzelli, Antonino Reale, Umberto Raucci, Livia Piccioni, Carlo Concato, Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Ciofi Degli Atti, Alberto Villani, Maria Chironna, Alberto Eugenio Tozzi. Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (3):427.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caterina Rizzo; Francesco Gesualdo; Daniela Loconsole; Elisabetta Pandolfi; Antonino Bella; Andrea Orsi; Giulia Guarona; Donatella Panatto; Giancarlo Icardi; Christian Napoli; Giovanni Battista Orsi; Ilaria Manini; Emanuele Montomoli; Ilaria Campagna; Luisa Russo; Valeria Alfonsi; Simona Puzelli; Antonino Reale; Umberto Raucci; Livia Piccioni; Carlo Concato; Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Ciofi Degli Atti; Alberto Villani; Maria Chironna; Alberto Eugenio Tozzi. 2020. "Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy." Vaccines 8, no. 3: 427.

Review
Published: 21 July 2020 in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections are a leading cause of bacteremia in Sub-Saharan Africa (sSA), thereby representing a major public health threat. Salmonella Typhimurium clade ST313 and Salmonella Enteriditis lineages associated with Western and Central/Eastern Africa are among the iNTS serovars which are of the greatest concern due to their case-fatality rate, especially in children and in the immunocompromised population. Identification of pathogen-associated features and host susceptibility factors that increase the risk for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis would be instrumental for the design of targeted prevention strategies, which are urgently needed given the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant iNTS in Africa. This review summarizes current knowledge of bacterial traits and host immune responses associated with iNTS infections in sSA, then discusses how this knowledge can guide vaccine development while providing a summary of vaccine candidates in preclinical and early clinical development.

ACS Style

Giulia Piccini; Emanuele Montomoli. Pathogenic signature of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Africa: implications for vaccine development. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2020, 16, 2056 -2071.

AMA Style

Giulia Piccini, Emanuele Montomoli. Pathogenic signature of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Africa: implications for vaccine development. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2020; 16 (9):2056-2071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Piccini; Emanuele Montomoli. 2020. "Pathogenic signature of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Africa: implications for vaccine development." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 16, no. 9: 2056-2071.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in Pathogens
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People with some occupational or recreational activities, such as hunters and veterinarians, may have increased risk to be infected by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The aim of the present study was to establish whether forestry workers could be considered at a higher risk of HEV infection than a control group. One hundred and fifty sera from forestry workers and a control group of 85 sera were analysed by anti-HEV IgG antibodies detection using a commercial ELISA kit. The anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence was 14% for forestry workers and 9.4% for the control group. Comparing the risk of HEV infection in the two groups, there was no difference in the odds ratio. However, the seroprevalence in older subjects was higher in the forestry workers than in the control group. Two sera from forestry workers were also positive for anti-HEV IgM, and, in one of them, HEV-RNA was detected. Our findings showed an increase of seroprevalence with age, which is likely to reflect cumulative exposure to HEV over time. The occupation of forestry workers did not seem to be associated with a higher risk of HEV infection. The study provided new insights into the risk of acquiring HEV in occupational exposure workers with open-air activities.

ACS Style

Marina Monini; Fabio Ostanello; Alessandra Dominicis; Valentina Tagliapietra; Gabriele Vaccari; Annapaola Rizzoli; Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Ilaria Di Bartolo. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Forestry Workers from Trentino-Alto Adige Region (Northern Italy). Pathogens 2020, 9, 568 .

AMA Style

Marina Monini, Fabio Ostanello, Alessandra Dominicis, Valentina Tagliapietra, Gabriele Vaccari, Annapaola Rizzoli, Claudia M. Trombetta, Emanuele Montomoli, Ilaria Di Bartolo. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Forestry Workers from Trentino-Alto Adige Region (Northern Italy). Pathogens. 2020; 9 (7):568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Monini; Fabio Ostanello; Alessandra Dominicis; Valentina Tagliapietra; Gabriele Vaccari; Annapaola Rizzoli; Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Ilaria Di Bartolo. 2020. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Forestry Workers from Trentino-Alto Adige Region (Northern Italy)." Pathogens 9, no. 7: 568.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2020 in Vaccine
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Influenza is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Whilst vaccination is key for the prevention of influenza infection, there are many factors which may contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness, including antigenic evolution via both antigenic drift and egg-adaptations. Due to the currently dissociated and indirect evidence supporting both the occurrence of these two phenomena in the egg-based manufacturing process and their effects on vaccine effectiveness, this topic remains a subject of debate. To review the evidence and level of agreement in expert opinion supporting a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness due to egg-based manufacturing, using an expert consensus-based methodology and literature reviews. Ten European influenza specialists were recruited to the expert panel. The overall research question was deconstructed into four component principles, which were examined in series using a novel, online, two-stage assessment of proportional group awareness and consensus. The first stage independently generated a list of supporting references for each component principle via literature searches and expert assessments. In the second stage, a summary of each reference was circulated amongst the experts, who rated their agreement that each reference supported the component principle on a 5-point Likert scale. Finally, the panel were asked if they agreed that, as a whole, the evidence supported a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness due to egg-based manufacturing. All component principles were reported to have a majority of strong or very strong supporting evidence (70–90%). On reviewing the evidence for all component principles, experts unanimously agreed that there is a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness resulting from candidate influenza virus variation due to egg-based manufacturing, particularly in the influenza A/H3N2 strain. Experts pointed to surveillance, candidate vaccine virus selection and manufacturing stages involving eggs as the most likely to impact vaccine effectiveness.

ACS Style

Sankarasubramanian Rajaram; Radek Wojcik; Catherine Moore; Raúl Ortiz De Lejarazu; Simon De Lusignan; Emanuele Montomoli; Alessandro Rossi; Alberto Pérez-Rubio; Antoni Trilla; Vincenzo Baldo; Ravi Jandhyala; George Kassianos. The impact of candidate influenza virus and egg-based manufacture on vaccine effectiveness: Literature review and expert consensus. Vaccine 2020, 38, 6047 -6056.

AMA Style

Sankarasubramanian Rajaram, Radek Wojcik, Catherine Moore, Raúl Ortiz De Lejarazu, Simon De Lusignan, Emanuele Montomoli, Alessandro Rossi, Alberto Pérez-Rubio, Antoni Trilla, Vincenzo Baldo, Ravi Jandhyala, George Kassianos. The impact of candidate influenza virus and egg-based manufacture on vaccine effectiveness: Literature review and expert consensus. Vaccine. 2020; 38 (38):6047-6056.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sankarasubramanian Rajaram; Radek Wojcik; Catherine Moore; Raúl Ortiz De Lejarazu; Simon De Lusignan; Emanuele Montomoli; Alessandro Rossi; Alberto Pérez-Rubio; Antoni Trilla; Vincenzo Baldo; Ravi Jandhyala; George Kassianos. 2020. "The impact of candidate influenza virus and egg-based manufacture on vaccine effectiveness: Literature review and expert consensus." Vaccine 38, no. 38: 6047-6056.

Abstract
Published: 24 June 2020 in Proceedings
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Before its recent spread, serological investigations conducted between the 1960s and the 1990s showed the wide presence of Zika virus in Africa. According to the World Health Organization, the entire Africa continent is at risk of Zika outbreak due to the presence of the virus, competent vectors, and the low capacity for surveillance and containment of an epidemic. However, limited data are available on the recent prevalence in the African population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunity against Zika virus in samples of a selected cohort from West Africa, in order to investigate the circulation of the virus in the region during the first years of its emergence in the Pacific. Human serum samples were collected in 2007 and between 2011 and 2012 from a cohort of subjects from Mali, Senegal, and The Gambia. The samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection kit and positives were further confirmed by microneutralization test. The results indicate that Zika virus is present and actively circulating in Senegal and The Gambia, with prevalence values of 13.7% and 6.9% in 2012, respectively. Although no significant differences in prevalence were found for the considered time period, seroconversion of some subjects showed the active circulation of Zika virus in the West African area. Analysis by age showed an increase in immunity in relation to increasing age, demonstrating that the population is consistently exposed to the virus throughout life and with a high possibility of being infected during reproductive age. In conclusion, the obtained results allow for better knowledge of the circulation of Zika virus within three different ecological and demographic contexts, and represent an update to the limited data currently available.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012. Proceedings 2020, 50, 100 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Yuxiao Tang, Adele Boccuto, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Samba Sow, Aldiouma Diallo, Olubukola T. Idoko, Niranjan Bhat, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012. Proceedings. 2020; 50 (1):100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012." Proceedings 50, no. 1: 100.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Vaccines
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Influenza carries an enormous burden each year. Annual influenza vaccination is the best means of reducing this burden. To be clinically effective, influenza vaccines must be immunogenic, and several immunological assays to test their immunogenicity have been developed. This study aimed to describe the patterns of use of the various immunological assays available to measure the influenza vaccine-induced adaptive immune response and to determine its correlates of protection. A total of 76.5% of the studies included in our analysis measured only the humoral immune response. Among these, the hemagglutination-inhibition assay was by far the most widely used. Other, less common, humoral immune response assays were: virus neutralization (21.7%), enzyme-linked immunosorbent (10.1%), single radial hemolysis (4.6%), and assays able to quantify anti-neuraminidase antibodies (1.7%). By contrast, cell-mediated immunity was quantified in only 23.5% of studies. Several variables were significantly associated with the use of single assays. Specifically, some influenza vaccine types (e.g., adjuvanted, live attenuated and cell culture-derived or recombinant), study phase and study sponsorship pattern were usually found to be statistically significant predictors. We discuss the principal findings and make some suggestions from the point of view of the various stakeholders.

ACS Style

Alexander Domnich; Ilaria Manini; Donatella Panatto; Giovanna Elisa Calabrò; Emanuele Montomoli. Immunogenicity Measures of Influenza Vaccines: A Study of 1164 Registered Clinical Trials. Vaccines 2020, 8, 325 .

AMA Style

Alexander Domnich, Ilaria Manini, Donatella Panatto, Giovanna Elisa Calabrò, Emanuele Montomoli. Immunogenicity Measures of Influenza Vaccines: A Study of 1164 Registered Clinical Trials. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (2):325.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander Domnich; Ilaria Manini; Donatella Panatto; Giovanna Elisa Calabrò; Emanuele Montomoli. 2020. "Immunogenicity Measures of Influenza Vaccines: A Study of 1164 Registered Clinical Trials." Vaccines 8, no. 2: 325.