Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the macular changes using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCT-A) in eyes with high myopia. Determining the alterations in vascular structures can provide a clearer understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease and help define new treatment options and preventive measures. Materials and methods Ninety-two patients with high myopia (axial length ≥ 26 mm) and 70 control cases without any known systemic or ocular diseases were enrolled in this prospective study. One eye of each patient was included in the statistical analyses. Results Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) macula map values were lower in myopia compared with the controls. Both superior and inferior ganglion cell complex (GCC) thicknesses were significantly thinner in the high myopia compared with the controls (p < 0.001). Regarding the OCT-A findings, although superficial or deep foveal avascular zones (FAZ) did not significantly differ between the two groups, the density values of superficial and deep microvessels were significantly lower in the high myopia group compared with the control cases. Conclusions In patients with high myopia, with an increase in the axial length and a decrease in RNFL and GCC thicknesses, the vascular densities of the superficial and deep retina were reduced in the macular region.

Background: We aimed to compare the morphological characteristics of corneal endothelial cells in type 2 diabetic patients and age-matched healthy subjects by specular microscopy. We also aimed to determine the association of corneal morphological features with the general characteristics and laboratory data of diabetic patients, including disease duration, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and urine albumin creatinine ratio. Methods: A total of 195 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. Corneal endothelial measurements were performed using a noncontact specular microscopy. Laboratory data including serum fasting glucose, haemoglobin A1c levels, creatinine levels, and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio were recorded. Diabetic patients were further subdivided into 3 groups according to the presence and stage of diabetic retinopathy. Specular microscopy findings and central corneal thickness of all patients were compared. Results: The ECD and hexagonal cell ratio were significantly lower, while the average cell size, CV%, and central corneal thickness were determined to be significantly higher in diabetic patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.001). With the presence and advancement of diabetic retinopathy, the ECD and hexagonal cell ratio decreased, while the average cell size, CV%, and central corneal thickness increased. When correlation analysis was performed between corneal morphological features and laboratory data of diabetic patients, ECD showed a significant negative correlation with diabetes duration (p = 0.028). HbA1c levels, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (p = 0.041), average cell size and CV showed a positive correlation with these parameters. Conclusion: In conclusion, keratopathy is an important complication of type 2 diabetes. With an increase in the stage of diabetic retinopathy, alterations in corneal findings also increased. In that respect, we can suggest that keratopathy should be evaluated more cautiously in diabetic patients.

Purpose: To investigate the relation between high axial myopia and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) values. Methods: Seventy-nine cases were enrolled, 50 myopic and 29 emmetropic. All participants were assigned into three groups: Group I (high myopia with no retinal involvement), Group II (high myopia with retinal involvement) and Group III (control). NLR and PLR values calculated from blood tests were compared among the groups. Results: Mean NLR levels were 2.23 ± 0.78 in Group I, 2.36 ± 1.06 in Group II, and 1.57 ± 0.33 in Group III. Mean PLR levels were 114.62 ± 23.21 in Group I, 145.16 ± 52.36 in Group II, and 91.42 ± 18.73 in Group III. NLR and PLR values in the high myopia groups were significantly higher than in the control group. Conclusion: NLR and PLR values in cases with high axial myopia were higher than in the emmetropic group. Higher inflammation in the degenerative myopic group in particular may be related to pathological chorioretinal changes.

To perform the measurements of the optic disc and macula in healthy children using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in order to determine the normative data values and compare these by age, gender, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL). A total of 146 eyes belonging to 146 healthy children (74 girls, 72 boys) aged 6 to 16 years were included in this prospective study. Refraction and biometry measurements were performed. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), central macular volume, and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) after dilatation. Using the OCTA device, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vascular density (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) of the macula, and the VD of the radial peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP) of the optic disc were recorded. The mean age of the study group was 11.27±3 years, the mean AL was 23.39±1.18 mm and the mean SE was -1.31±1.61 diopters. The mean FAZ area was 0.3±0.09 mm2, the mean SCP-VD was 43.88±3.4%, the mean DCP-VD was 39.6±3.55%, and the mean RPCP-VD was 52.47±3.42%. When the relationship between the OCTA measurements and the SE and AL values were analyzed, there was no statistical significance (p>0.05). When age and OCTA measurements were compared, only DCP-VD values were found to significantly decrease with increasing age (p=0.015). There was no significant difference in OCTA measurements based on gender (p>0.05). Similarly, no statistical age-based differences were observed in RNFLT, CMV and CMT values (p>0.05). With its short procedure time and no dye requirement, OCTA can be safely used in the evaluation of the optic disc and macular perfusion in children. Determination of normative values in children will be useful in detecting pathologic changes in tissue in patients with retinal diseases.

Purpose: To establish a normative database for macular and peripapillary vessel densities (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics in healthy subjects with the new version of AngioScan software of RS-3000 Advance (Nidek Co, Ltd) optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) device. Methods: The study design was prospective and cross-sectional. VDs of the SCP, deep capillary plexus (DCP), retinal peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP) and FAZ area, perimeter and circularity index (CI) along with the structural OCT measurements were scanned by using the Nidek’s RS-3000 Advance OCT-A device in healthy subjects. The new version of the AngioScan software was used for analytics. The relations between the OCT-A parameters with age, gender and OCT parameters were analyzed. Results: A total of 128 right eyes of 128 subjects (50% female) were included in this study. We divided subjects into 3 groups in accordance with age; 19-39 years to Group 1, 40-59 years to Group 2, >60 y. to Group 3. The mean SCP and DCP VDs were 41.25 ±2.51% and 36.01 ± 5.07% respectively (P<0.001). The DCP VD was significantly different between groups (P = 0.001). The mean FAZ area, perimeter and CI were 0.33 ± 0.12 mm², 2.68 ± 0.6 mm and 0.47 ± 0.09 respectively. Only FAZ CI significantly differed between groups (P = 0.003). The FAZ area was significantly greater in female subjects than males (P = 0.025). The SCP and DCP VDs were inversely correlated with FAZ area and perimeter (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study provided for the first time the normative data of the recently updated AngioScan software of Nidek. Additional studies are needed to define pathological vascular changes in ocular and systemic diseases with this new software.