This study was performed to elucidate the effects of linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA) and their combination (LA + OA) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, and the lipid metabolism related gene expression in bovine satellite cells (BSCs), isolated from bovine muscles. Cell viability was significantly increased with the OA and LA treatment. Furthermore, LA + OA enhanced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (10 to 100 µM), whereas it lowered at 250 µM. In addition, a cell-cycle analysis showed that 100 µM of LA and OA markedly decreased the G0/G1 phase proportion (62.58% and 61.33%, respectively), compared to controls (68.02%), whereas the S-phase cells’ proportion was increased. The ratio of G2/M phase cells was not significantly different among the groups. Moreover, analyses with AO/EtBr staining showed that no apoptosis occurred. Necrosis were determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining which revealed no early apoptosis in the cells pretreated with LA or OA, but occurred in the LA + OA group. We also analyzed the mRNA expression of lipid metabolizing genes such as peroxisome proliferator receptor alfa (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPARγ), acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT-1), and fatty-acid binding protein4 (FABP4), which were upregulated in LA or OA treated cells compared to the control group. In essence, LA and OA alone promote the cell proliferation without any apoptosis and necrosis, which might upregulate the lipid metabolism related gene expressions, and increase fatty-acid oxidation in the BSCs’ lipid metabolism.

Food Science of Animal Resources (Food Sci. Anim. Resour.) is an international, peer-reviewed bimonthly journal publishing original research and reviews on basic and applied aspects of the use of animal resources including the meat, egg, dairy, and edible insect/worm products. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. is published and distributed by the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources.

This study was to investigate physicochemical characteristics, fatty acids, minerals and hematological alterations in broiler chickens artificially infected with 1 × 10⁴ sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Results revealed that pH values were decreased (p ˂ .05) in the infected group (IG) at 7 and 9 days post infection (dpi) than those at 5 dpi, although no significant differences between the non-infected group (NIG) and IG. Infection with E. tenella did not affect meat colour parameters except that redness was lower (p ˂ .05) than that in the NIG. Cooking loss was decreased (p ˂ .05) in NIG and IG at 7 and 9 dpi than that at 5 dpi. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value was increased (p ˂ .05) in IG at 7 dpi than 5 or 9 dpi and NIG (p ˂ .01). Total protein (TP) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly lowered in IG at 5 dpi. Other blood parameter results showed decreases of glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in infected chicken at 7 dpi compared to those in the NIG without significance. However, albumin (ALB) level was decreased (p ˂ .01) in the IG compared with NIG at 5 dpi. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were lowered (p < .05) in the IG than NIG at 7 dpi. Mineral contents of Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn were lowered (p ˂ .01) in the IG than those in the NIG at 7 dpi. Based on these results indicate that a low dose of E. tenella has no impact on meat quality traits, fatty acids although it can slightly affect blood parameters and mineral contents.

Co-culture is mimicked in vivo condition, which is influenced by adjacent cells. This study aimed to determine different myogenic genes in mono- and co-culture of satellite cells and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts and satellite cells were isolated from the piglet’s thigh muscles. The expression of PAX-7, MyoD, MyoG, and PAX-3 was downregulated in 24 h co-culture satellite cells than in monoculture. The expression of Myf-5 and CAV-1 was upregulated in 24 h co-culture satellite cells than in 24 h monoculture. The expression of PAX-7, MyoD, and Myf-5 was downregulated in 24 and 48 h co-culture fibroblasts than 24 h monoculture. The expression of MyoG and PAX-3 was upregulated in 24 and 48 h co-culture than 48 h monoculture fibroblasts. The Cyto-C was downregulated in 24 and 48 h co-culture fibroblast than 24 h monoculture. The expression of MyoG and CAV-1 was upregulated in 48 h incubation period co-culture fibroblasts than 24 h monoculture. The MyoD and CAV-1 expression were upregulated in 24 h co-culture than 24 h satellite cells and fibroblasts. The Bcl-2 and BAX were downregulated in 48 h co-culture than 24 h. This result recommended that the satellite cells and fibroblasts interaction enhance the myogenesis marker expression without cellular morphology change. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

We aimed to determine the effects of oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA), alone or in combination, on proliferation, differentiation, triacylglycerol (TAG) content, and gene expression in porcine muscle satellite cells (PMSCs). Results revealed that OA-alone- and PA + OA-treated PMSCs showed significantly increased viability than those in the control or PA-alone-treated groups. No significant effects on apoptosis were observed in all three treatments, whereas necrosis was significantly lower in OA-alone- and PA + OA-treated groups than in the control and PA-alone-treated groups. Myotube formation significantly increased in OA-alone and PA + OA-treated PMSCs than in the control and PA-alone-treated PMSCs. mRNA expression of the myogenesis-related genes MyoD1 and MyoG and of the adipogenesis-related genes PPARα, C/EBPα, PLIN1, FABP4, and FAS was significantly upregulated in OA-alone- and PA + OA-treated cells compared to control and PA-alone-treated cells, consistent with immunoblotting results for MyoD1 and MyoG. Supplementation of unsaturated fatty acid (OA) with/without saturated fatty acid (PA) significantly stimulated TAG accumulation in treated cells compared to the control and PA-alone-treated PMSCs. These results indicate that OA (alone and with PA) promotes proliferation by inhibiting necrosis and promoting myotube formation and TAG accumulation, likely upregulating myogenesis- and adipogenesis-related gene expression by modulating the effects of PA in PMSCs.

Journal of Animal Science and Technology (JAST) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal publishing original research, review articles and notes in all fields of animal science. Topics covered by the journal include: genetics and breeding, physiology, nutrition of monogastric animals, nutrition of ruminants, animal products (milk, meat, eggs and their by-products) and their processing, grasslands and roughages, livestock environment, animal biotechnology, animal behavior and welfare.