Over 10,000 failures have occurred in US oil and gas pipelines in the past 15 years, highlighting the significance of safety measures for such facilities. Various models have been proposed by researchers to predict different failure parameters. Despite such efforts, no comprehensive review has yet been conducted in this domain. The objective of this study is to provide a detailed review of the methodologies proposed to predict failure parameters for oil and gas pipelines. Such a review gathers, organizes, classifies, and analyzes previous contributions in this domain and highlights the gaps associated with different failure prediction models. In addition, the current code-based methodologies for predicting the failure of oil and gas pipelines and their corresponding limitations are discussed. As such, this study provides pipeline operators and researchers with a comprehensive overview of the research and practices in oil and gas pipeline failure and safety. In conclusion, several avenues for future research are discussed. In particular, a maintenance planning procedure directed by pipeline availability analysis is proposed to address the existing gaps and limitations.

Water quality management policies, which are proposed to prevent, control, or treat environmental problems related to quality of water, are broad and complex issues. We have various types of water resources, different water uses, and a lot of decision parameters with several levels of decision makers involved. Moreover, there are a lot of strategies and technologies available to be applied for water quality management and so environmental decision makers are required to evaluate and prioritize them in order to choose the best possible plan for each particular problem. To provide a comprehensive but easy to use tool in the assessment and evaluation of water quality policies, the concept of water quality index (WQI) has been developed. Due to the abovementioned complexities, to get this index, there is a need for a methodology to not only structure and identify information relevant to the problem but also to help users reach a decision. Designing a multiple-attribute decision support expert system, which ma...