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Dr. Sara Wilkinson
Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, School of Built Environment, The University of Technology Sydney, Australia

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0 properties
0 food production
0 Smart green walls and roofs
0 Building adaptation, retrofit, rehabilitation, refurbishment, adaptive re-use and conversion
0 Social, economic, environmental, political and philosophical underpinning of sustainability

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Social, economic, environmental, political and philosophical underpinning of sustainability
Storm-water attenuation
food production

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Earlycite article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Smart and Sustainable Built Environment
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Purpose This study presents the results of empirical measurements of the thermal performance of retrofitted secondary glazed windows, involving installation of an additional windowpane, in a residential context in Australia. Design/methodology/approach In situ temperature measurements were collected from the surfaces of retrofitted secondary glazed windows in two residential buildings in the Australian Capital Territory. The heat loss savings and subsequently the electricity savings were calculated based on these temperature measurements. Findings Heat loss reductions of up to 60.8% and electricity savings of up to 9.96% could be achieved by retrofitting single glazed windows with secondary glazing. The findings suggest that the thermal performance of retrofitted secondary glazed windows is comparable to double glazed windows. Practical implications Multiple glazed windows provide better energy efficiency, thermal and acoustic performance compared to single glazed windows. It is estimated, however, that 85% Australian buildings still have single glazed windows. Secondary glazing has emerged as a cost-efficient and easier-to-install alternative to double glazed windows. The results of this research can contribute to a wider market uptake of secondary glazed windows in Australia by showing that they have similar thermal performance to double glazed windows. Originality/value This research is a first attempt to empirically measure the thermal performance of retrofitted secondary glazed windows with an additional windowpane in a residential setting in Australia. Secondary glazing is the provision of an additional windowpane to the original single glazed window. Previous studies in Australia have focused on performance of double glazed windows.

ACS Style

Mehmet Börühan Bulut; Sara Wilkinson; Aila Khan; Xiao-Hua Jin; Chyi Lin Lee. Thermal performance of retrofitted secondary glazed windows in residential buildings – two cases from Australia. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Mehmet Börühan Bulut, Sara Wilkinson, Aila Khan, Xiao-Hua Jin, Chyi Lin Lee. Thermal performance of retrofitted secondary glazed windows in residential buildings – two cases from Australia. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehmet Börühan Bulut; Sara Wilkinson; Aila Khan; Xiao-Hua Jin; Chyi Lin Lee. 2021. "Thermal performance of retrofitted secondary glazed windows in residential buildings – two cases from Australia." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Journal of Architectural Conservation
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Two key benefits of building retention and adaptation, over demolition and new build are identified in the academic literature as: the conservation of heritage, and reductions in embodied greenhouse gas emissions from construction materials. A four-year research project, including expert interviews, focus groups and three detailed case studies, developed extensive data on how these benefits are considered in decisions to demolish or retain buildings within larger urban development sites. The research found that heritage and embodied impacts are considered quite differently. Heritage is frequently a key driver towards retaining individual buildings, whilstembodied emissions are rarely key considerations. Where there are insufficient arguments based on heritage value, many buildings are therefore demolished and replaced rather than retained. To reduce the impact of construction on the environment it is crucial that we calculate the embodied as well as operational impacts of demolition decisions and retain and refurbish buildings where this is the lower carbon choice. Using heritage arguments as a basis, this paper proposes that the introduction of policy drivers for retention and against demolition, and the conversion of environmental value into economic uplift, are likely to be necessary conditions to encourage the retention of buildings for lower whole life carbon.

ACS Style

Hannah Baker; Alice Moncaster; Hilde Remøy; Sara Wilkinson. Retention not demolition: how heritage thinking can inform carbon reduction. Journal of Architectural Conservation 2021, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Hannah Baker, Alice Moncaster, Hilde Remøy, Sara Wilkinson. Retention not demolition: how heritage thinking can inform carbon reduction. Journal of Architectural Conservation. 2021; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hannah Baker; Alice Moncaster; Hilde Remøy; Sara Wilkinson. 2021. "Retention not demolition: how heritage thinking can inform carbon reduction." Journal of Architectural Conservation , no. : 1-19.

Earlycite article
Published: 29 April 2021 in International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation
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Purpose Through an empirical study, this research proposes a multi-dimensional assessment method for Sustainable Building Design (SBD). This approach is adopted to investigate and evaluate the current practices of SBD and to provide a basis for refining such processes while reducing existing shortfalls. In doing so, a holistic sustainable framework for rating the sustainable performance of buildings is proposed. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the aforementioned purpose, this research (1) investigates the most current trends in SBD including the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM); (2) examines the practical issues of SBD; (3) proposes a multi-dimensional assessment method; and (4) compares 18 separate case studies in the three countries of Australia, United Kingdom and USA, as part of the SBD implementation. To compare these case studies, an additional SBD tool, Green Building Rating and Certification System (GBELS) was carefully selected and applied. Five core values of SBD were identified based on functionality, accessibility and productivity, which align with the GBELS outcomes. Findings This research found that, for the 18 examined buildings, the main issues in SBD in the three countries concerned environmental and ecological issues. These included the impacts of buildings on the environment, as well as issues concerning the buildings' life cycle analysis and assessment. It was also determined that energy usage, pollution reduction and climate change concerns were important inclusions in establishing these buildings, particularly in the USA. Originality/value To support the research aim, this paper explores the most innovative trends in SBD assessments including their Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), grade (stars) classification, Relative Weight (RW) and particularly GBELS. GBELS was selected for this research, since it is relatively new and there is little available literature discussing its adaptation. Accordingly, this research further evaluates the application of GBELS as a part of versatility in SBD multi-dimensional assessment method. As the basis of these tests, a total of 18 separate case studies are closely evaluated.

ACS Style

Koorosh Gharehbaghi; Maged Georgy; Kathryn Mary Robson; Sara Wilkinson; Ken Farnes. Versatility in sustainable building design (SBD) practices: an empirical study. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Koorosh Gharehbaghi, Maged Georgy, Kathryn Mary Robson, Sara Wilkinson, Ken Farnes. Versatility in sustainable building design (SBD) practices: an empirical study. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koorosh Gharehbaghi; Maged Georgy; Kathryn Mary Robson; Sara Wilkinson; Ken Farnes. 2021. "Versatility in sustainable building design (SBD) practices: an empirical study." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Earlycite article
Published: 12 March 2021 in Property Management
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Purpose The UN forecast of a 3-degree Celsius global temperature increase by 2,100 will exacerbate excessive heat. Population growth, urban densification, climate change and global warming contribute to heat waves, which are more intense in high-density environments. With urbanisation, vegetation is replaced by impervious materials which contribute to the urban heat island effect. Concurrently, adverse health outcomes and heat- related deaths are increasing, and heat stress affects labour productivity. More green infrastructure, such as green walls, is needed to mitigate these effects; however maintenance costs, OH&S issues and perceptions of fire risk inhibit take up. What if these barriers could be overcome by a green Wallbot? This research examines the feasibility of integrating smart technology in the form of a Wallbot. Design/methodology/approach The research design comprised two workshops with key stakeholders; comprising green wall designers and installers, green wall maintenance teams, project managers and building owners with green wall installations, horticulture scientists, designers and mechatronics engineers. The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of the issues affecting maintenance of green walls on different building types in New South Wales Australia to inform the design of a prototype robot to maintain green walls. Findings The Wallbot has great potential to overcome the perceived barriers associated with maintaining green walls and also fire risk and detection. If these barriers are addressed, other locations, such as the sides of motorways or rail corridors, could be used for more green wall installations thereby increasing mitigation of UHI. This innovation would be a welcome addition to smart building technology and property maintenance. Research limitations/implications This is a pilot study, and the sample of stakeholders attending the workshops was small, though experienced. The range of green walls is varied, and it was decided to focus initially on a specific type of green wall design for the prototype Wallbot. Therefore other types and sizes of green walls may suit other specifications of Wallbot design. Practical implications To date, no robot exists that maintains green walls, and this innovative research developed a prototype for trialling maintenance and inspection. Originality/value To date, no robot exists that maintains green walls. No study to date has assessed stakeholder perceptions and developed prototype Wallbot technology.

ACS Style

Sara Wilkinson; Marc Carmichael; Richardo Khonasty. Towards smart green wall maintenance and Wallbot technology. Property Management 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Sara Wilkinson, Marc Carmichael, Richardo Khonasty. Towards smart green wall maintenance and Wallbot technology. Property Management. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Wilkinson; Marc Carmichael; Richardo Khonasty. 2021. "Towards smart green wall maintenance and Wallbot technology." Property Management ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Earlycite article
Published: 16 February 2021 in Property Management
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Purpose Despite awareness of climate change for over 3 decades, per capita energy and water consumption increase and environmental impacts grow. The built environment contributes around 40% of total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; action is vital. Whilst building code standards have increased, rating tools and technology to reduce energy and water consumption are developed; environmental impact grows because of human behaviour. In the tertiary education sector, student accommodation constitutes a large part of the property portfolio, contributing significant amounts of GHG emissions and environmental impact. Property Managers can educate and install systems and technologies to improve behaviour if they understand it. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory study used a questionnaire survey to explore how student's worldviews vary and the possible limitations to behaviour in respect of climate change. In total, 71 responses from international university students living in residential accommodation on campuses in Stockholm were analysed. Findings The results show different perceptions about the environment and actions that are needed, and this leads to different behaviours. Limited knowledge and inability to relate environmental consequences to one's own actions, effective communication and risk averse behaviour, are critical in mitigating climate change. A deeper understanding of participants worldviews and the different resulting behaviours was achieved. Research limitations/implications This pilot study involved a small number of participants and future studies should expand participant numbers, including those with more varied backgrounds, education levels and age groups. Practical implications If property managers gain a deeper understanding the different behaviours of their residents, they can develop effective strategies to facilitate action that will lower the environment impact and GHG emissions of student accommodation. Originality/value The knowledge gained about environmental attitudes and human behaviour can help property and facility managers, policy makers and regulators to develop more effective strategies to deliver improved sustainability outcomes.

ACS Style

Sara Wilkinson; Agnieszka Zalejska Jonsson. Student accommodation, environmental behaviour and lessons for property managers. Property Management 2021, 39, 305 -324.

AMA Style

Sara Wilkinson, Agnieszka Zalejska Jonsson. Student accommodation, environmental behaviour and lessons for property managers. Property Management. 2021; 39 (3):305-324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Wilkinson; Agnieszka Zalejska Jonsson. 2021. "Student accommodation, environmental behaviour and lessons for property managers." Property Management 39, no. 3: 305-324.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This paper aims to assess the effects of urbanization on heat stress comparing two neighbourhoods in the tropical city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that differ in terms of building density and vegetation cover. The outdoor heat stress was evaluated by the Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature (WBGT) Index, which considers the combined effect of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed, during the year of 2016. The urban neighbourhood presented statistically (p < 0.01) higher WBGT levels (mean value 23.48 °C), than the suburban neighbourhood (mean value 22.0 °C). The results highlighted the effect of low wind velocities on heat stress in the urban environment over 75% of the time. Building spacing and street orientation considering the most frequent wind directions must be taken into account during the urban planning process. Otherwise stagnant air conditions in urban environments become a common feature that cannot be reverted. Under such circumstances, green areas such as pocket parks, green roofs and green walls should be implemented to mitigate heat stress. Public policies for many neighbourhoods in Brazilian cities are necessary to increase vegetated areas aiming to improve conditions of well-being.

ACS Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa; Sara J. Wilkinson; Beatriz Oliveira; Sandra Hacon. Wind and greenery effects in attenuating heat stress: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 291, 125919 .

AMA Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa, Sara J. Wilkinson, Beatriz Oliveira, Sandra Hacon. Wind and greenery effects in attenuating heat stress: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 291 ():125919.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa; Sara J. Wilkinson; Beatriz Oliveira; Sandra Hacon. 2021. "Wind and greenery effects in attenuating heat stress: A case study." Journal of Cleaner Production 291, no. : 125919.

Earlycite article
Published: 09 December 2020 in International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation
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PurposeRetrofitting single glazing with double glazing saves energy and enhances indoor comfort, however replacement can be expensive. Secondary glazing is an easier-to-install, cost-effective retrofit alternative. There is a gap in the literature about post-retrofit occupant satisfaction with secondary glazed windows in Australia.Design/methodology/approachThis research addresses this gap, with an online survey completed by 56 respondents in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory who retrofitted secondary glazing. This research seeks a deeper understanding of occupier views. Issues of validity and internal and external reliability were addressed in the research.FindingsStrong satisfaction and significant improvement in indoor comfort was found. Over 80% of respondents felt their home had better thermal and noise insulation. Nearly 79% found a positive impact on their property value and 77% would retrofit secondary glazing if they moved. Occupants considered secondary glazing a suitable technical, economic and environmental alternative to double glazing in retrofits.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a chance of sampling bias; only satisfied respondents answer the survey. Survey data was collected from occupants located in a small geographic area and who used the same manufacturer. Different climatic conditions, varying specifications and quality of installed systems could influence perceptions.Practical implicationsMany reported health and wellbeing improvements, higher comfort, higher property value and willingness to invest in residential energy efficiency measures. These findings need to be more widely known in the Australian market.Originality/valueFew studies focus on retrofitting secondary glazing to Australian residential buildings. This study highlights the social, economic and environmental benefits perceived by occupants post-retrofit.

ACS Style

Mehmet Bulut; Sara Wilkinson; Aila Khan; Xiao-Hua Jin; Chyi Lin Lee. Perceived benefits of retrofitted residential secondary glazing: an exploratory Australian study. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2020, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Mehmet Bulut, Sara Wilkinson, Aila Khan, Xiao-Hua Jin, Chyi Lin Lee. Perceived benefits of retrofitted residential secondary glazing: an exploratory Australian study. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 2020; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehmet Bulut; Sara Wilkinson; Aila Khan; Xiao-Hua Jin; Chyi Lin Lee. 2020. "Perceived benefits of retrofitted residential secondary glazing: an exploratory Australian study." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Earlycite article
Published: 26 May 2020 in International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation
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PurposeIn adaptive reuse, the importance of place referred to as “genius loci,” whereas authenticity refers to the design, materials, setting and workmanship of a building or place. Genius loci and authenticity are crucial evolving interconnected concepts; however, the concepts are usually studied separately, and consequently, overlooked in adaptive reuse practice. This paper provides precise definitions and a holistic understanding of these terms and discusses complications related to the understanding of the concepts in the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis is an acknowledged way of analysing information related to a subject area and allows researchers to provide new insights and knowledge in a particular area. This paper applies a critical content analysis of published works related to genius loci and authenticity over time.FindingsThe findings show the inter-relationship of genius loci and authenticity, and how these concepts can be considered in the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, in theory and in practice. Consequently, a checklist is proposed to enable all interested parties engaged with the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings to identify and preserve genius loci and authenticity.Originality/valueIdentity and values of heritage buildings are argued to be the strongest reasons for adaptation. Amongst a wide range of values associated with the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, place and authenticity are perceived to be the most confusing terms and concepts. Whilst place and authenticity are defined by many authors, their meaning and usage are subjective, which is a challenge in recognising and preserving the values they embody. This study contributes to the greater understanding of these concepts, their meanings and application in adaptive reuse.

ACS Style

Shabnam Yazdani Mehr; Sara Wilkinson. The importance of place and authenticity in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2020, 38, 689 -701.

AMA Style

Shabnam Yazdani Mehr, Sara Wilkinson. The importance of place and authenticity in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 2020; 38 (5):689-701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shabnam Yazdani Mehr; Sara Wilkinson. 2020. "The importance of place and authenticity in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 5: 689-701.

Earlycite article
Published: 14 May 2020 in International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation
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PurposeAs the impacts of climate change become more evident, the need to adopt new ways of constructing buildings becomes more urgent. The Earth has experienced hotter climates globally for the last 70 years (NASA, 2019), and this has resulted in unprecedented levels of bushfire in Australia, flooding in the UK and drought in Africa in early 2020 (World Resources Institute, 2019). The predictions are for increased temperatures globally and increasing carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption. There is a critical need to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels as a building energy source (WCED, 1987). Existing renewables focus on solar, wind and wave power, where technological improvements have increased efficiencies (Hinnells, 2008). Uptake of the technologies is variable depending on location and willingness to adopt renewables. As well as further uptake of existing renewable energy sources, we need to look wider and across traditional discipline groups, at new technologies such as biotechnologies. One potential energy source is biofuels. Biofuels are produced from biomass, which is algae. In 2016, the BIQ, a four-storey apartment building, was constructed in Hamburg, Germany. The BIQ features glazed façade panels filled with algae to produce biomass and solar thermal energy. Could algae building technology (ABT), in the form of façade panels, offer a new renewable energy source?Design/methodology/approachWhat are the technical issues associated with Algae building technology? This qualitative research sought to identify what technical issues likely to arise in terms of algae building construction, operation and maintenance. Semi-structured interviews with 24 experienced built environment professionals in Australia were undertaken in 2016 to assess the most likely issues that could arise with this new innovative technology.FindingsAs a result, a greater understanding of the range of technical issues related to design, construction, maintenance and operation were identified, as well as the perceived importance of those issues. It was possible to identify the top ten technical issues built environment professionals are concerned about with regard to ABT. The results can inform future designers of ABT.Research limitations/implicationsThis research was restricted to the views of 24 experienced built environment practitioners in Sydney, Australia. None of whom had direct experience of Algae Building Technology. Though knowledgeable, a greater number of interviews may have identified other technical issues.Practical implicationsNo guidelines exist for Algae Building Technology, and this research identifies a comprehensive range of technical issues that need to be considered for the technology to function at optimum levels. As such, this is a starting point for built environment professionals who may be asked to provide professional advice and guidance.Originality/valueTo date, no evaluation of Australian based built environment professionals has been conducted into the technical issues associated with Algae Building Technology.

ACS Style

Sara Wilkinson; Nimish Biloria; Peter Ralph. The technical issues associated with algae building technology. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2020, 38, 673 -688.

AMA Style

Sara Wilkinson, Nimish Biloria, Peter Ralph. The technical issues associated with algae building technology. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 2020; 38 (5):673-688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Wilkinson; Nimish Biloria; Peter Ralph. 2020. "The technical issues associated with algae building technology." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 5: 673-688.

Earlycite article
Published: 06 April 2020 in Journal of European Real Estate Research
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Purpose About 27 per cent of the total UK carbon emissions are attributed to residential buildings; therefore, improvements to the energy efficiency of the stock offers great potential. There are three main ways to achieve this. First is a mandatory approach, minimum energy efficiency standards are set and applied to new and existing buildings. Option 2 is voluntary, using energy ratings that classify performance to stimulate awareness and action. Third, financial measures, incentives and taxes, are applied to “nudge” behaviours. Most westernised countries have adopted a combination of Options 2 and 3, with the belief that the market will incentivize efficient properties. The belief is voluntary measures will stimulate demand, leading to value premiums. This paper aims to seek a deeper understanding of the relationship between energy efficiency and the value of residential property in Europe and, by so doing, to determine whether stronger policies are required to realise decarbonisation. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the current academic literature and large-scale quantitative studies conducted in Europe, mostly using hedonic pricing analysis to seek a relationship between energy performance certificates (EPCs) and either capital or rental values. It compares these to the reported findings of three case study projects that take a variety of different research approaches, all of which have the ambition to understand market behaviours and stimulate occupier or/and owner demand for energy efficient buildings. Findings The large-scale academic study results generally show a positive relationship between observed market prices and EPCs, which are commonly taken as surrogates for efficiency; however, outcomes are variable. One large study found energy upgrades may increase value, but not to the point where costs outweigh the value gain. Other studies found high returns on investment in energy efficiency technologies. The case study projects, however, revealed a more nuanced set of arguments in terms of the relationship between energy efficiency and market behaviours. Whilst there is some evidence that energy efficiency is beginning to impact on value, it is small compared to other value drivers; other drivers, including health, well-being and private sector finance deals, may prove more powerful market drivers. Further, the empirical findings reported point towards the emergence of a “brown” discount being more likely to be the long-term trend than a green premium. It is concluded that the current levels of action are unlikely to deliver the levels of decarbonisation urgently needed. Research limitations/implications This is a desktop study of other European studies that may have collected data on slightly different variables. Practical implications This study shows that more action is required to realise decarbonisation in new and existing residential property in the European states considered. The sector offers potential for substantial reductions, and other mandatory approaches need to be considered. Originality/value This is a timely review of the current outcomes of European programmes (EPCs) adopted in several countries to increase energy efficiency in the residential sector through a voluntary mechanism. The results show that more action is needed.

ACS Style

Sara Wilkinson; Sarah Sayce. Decarbonising real estate. Journal of European Real Estate Research 2020, 13, 387 -408.

AMA Style

Sara Wilkinson, Sarah Sayce. Decarbonising real estate. Journal of European Real Estate Research. 2020; 13 (3):387-408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Wilkinson; Sarah Sayce. 2020. "Decarbonising real estate." Journal of European Real Estate Research 13, no. 3: 387-408.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2020 in Atmosphere
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This paper investigates the literature and theoretical underpinning of the concept of “willingness to pay” (WTP) for green infrastructure (GI) with consequences for residential development. The benefits of GI in urban settlements include improved air quality, attenuation of the urban heat island, thermal insulation and lower energy bills for green roofs and walls, the creation of social amenity space, a habitat for biodiversity, and stormwater water attenuation. Collectively, these benefits are termed eco-system services and enhance sustainability. The role of GI, the “lungs of the planet”, is heavily correlated to atmospheric conditions; high levels of GI improve air quality, which is acknowledged widely with many cities increasing GI to make them more resilient to future predicted challenges with respect to heat and poor air quality. In addition, there is evidence that the biophilia effect enhances human well-being. There are some studies claiming that purchasers pay a premium for property with good GI. However, there is little research about the process in consumers’ minds leading to such a premium—if, how, when (under what circumstances), and then to what extent are consumers willing to pay for GI. This process, if better understood, may enable sellers or policy makers to influence the amounts of GI in developments, thus making it possible to enhance the value of GI to buyers. There is some research pointing to factors to be considered when modeling such processes. For developers, knowing the optimum amount of GI would enable them to design and construct developments with maximum purchaser appeal. To do this, stakeholders need to predict the level of WTP amongst potential purchasers for which they need to understand the decision processes behind WTP. In this way, sustainability in residential property development could be optimized. The paper analyzes the literature and theories concerning WTP, focusing on dwellings and GI. Our findings are that some quantitative evidence exists that purchasers pay more for residential property with high levels of GI in some cities, but they do so without any understanding of the possible decision processes leading to those premiums (if, how, when, and then to what extent). The paper proposes a comprehensive conceptual model that may explain buyers’ WTP for a dwelling based on a presumed cost–benefit analysis performed by buyers, which has been extended here to include GI and psychological factors. Thus, the paper has a consumer perspective. The model may be used to select variables and test them in empirical studies, and by integrating with other factors in the model, it can attain a more comprehensive understanding of WTP for GI in residential development.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Zalejska-Jonsson; Sara J. Wilkinson; Richard Wahlund. Willingness to Pay for Green Infrastructure in Residential Development—A Consumer Perspective. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 152 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Zalejska-Jonsson, Sara J. Wilkinson, Richard Wahlund. Willingness to Pay for Green Infrastructure in Residential Development—A Consumer Perspective. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (2):152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Zalejska-Jonsson; Sara J. Wilkinson; Richard Wahlund. 2020. "Willingness to Pay for Green Infrastructure in Residential Development—A Consumer Perspective." Atmosphere 11, no. 2: 152.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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New and retrofitted green roofs and green walls (GRGW) represent an opportunity to attenuate excessive heat produced in increasingly densely developed urban environments. This paper reports on the results of an original experiment in Sydney Australia in 2016 to evaluate seasonally the heat stress attenuation through green roofs and green walls. Data was collected from mid-summer 2016 (January) to early summer (November 2016) the following season. Two scaled-down structures representing a considerable percentage of housing stock were used to compare heat attenuation in a traditional design compared to a structure covered with a lightweight GRGW on two elevations. Importantly, the results inform our knowledge and understanding of the fluctuations in GRGW performance over an extended period. The combination of relative humidity and temperature plays an important role in establishing heat stress levels in terms of Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). The higher levels of WBGT occurred in summer, whereas the lower levels occurred in winter. The WBGT of both prototypes was similar during winter, showing no significant relevance of GRGW for heating an indoor environment. However, during the summer the vegetation had a major role in reducing WBGT. Heat stress is seasonally evaluated according to the percentage of the time, which the thresholds for different metabolic activities are reached. During warm conditions, GRGW attenuated heat stress and the associated health-related risks substantially.

ACS Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa; Sara J. Wilkinson. Small-scale experiments of seasonal heat stress attenuation through a combination of green roof and green walls. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 250, 119443 .

AMA Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa, Sara J. Wilkinson. Small-scale experiments of seasonal heat stress attenuation through a combination of green roof and green walls. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 250 ():119443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa; Sara J. Wilkinson. 2019. "Small-scale experiments of seasonal heat stress attenuation through a combination of green roof and green walls." Journal of Cleaner Production 250, no. : 119443.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2019 in Property Management
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand how built environment professionals approach the valuation of flood risk in commercial property markets and whether insurance promotes mitigation in different insurance and risk management regimes, draw common conclusions and highlight opportunities to transfer learning. Design/methodology/approach An illustrative case study approach involving literature search and 72 interviews with built environment professionals, across five countries in four continents. Findings Common difficulties arise in availability, reliability and interpretation of risk information, and in evaluating the impact of mitigation. These factors, coupled with the heterogeneous nature of commercial property, lack of transactional data and remote investors, make valuation of risk particularly challenging in the sector. Insurance incentives for risk mitigation are somewhat effective where employed and could be further developed, however, the influence of insurance is hampered by lack of insurance penetration and underinsurance. Research limitations/implications Further investigation of the means to improve uptake of insurance and to develop insurance incentives for mitigation is recommended. Practical implications Flood risk is inconsistently reflected in commercial property values leading to lack of mitigation and vulnerability of investments to future flooding. Improvements are needed in: access to adequate risk information; professional skills in valuing risk; guidance on valuation of flood risk; and regulation to ensure adequate consideration of risk and mitigation options. Originality/value The research addresses a global issue that threatens local, and regional economies through loss of utility, business profitability and commercial property value. It is unique in consulting professionals across international markets.

ACS Style

Jessica Elizabeth Lamond; Namrata Bhattacharya-Mis; Faith Ka Shun Chan; Heidi Kreibich; Burrell Montz; David G. Proverbs; Sara Wilkinson. Flood risk insurance, mitigation and commercial property valuation. Property Management 2019, 37, 512 -528.

AMA Style

Jessica Elizabeth Lamond, Namrata Bhattacharya-Mis, Faith Ka Shun Chan, Heidi Kreibich, Burrell Montz, David G. Proverbs, Sara Wilkinson. Flood risk insurance, mitigation and commercial property valuation. Property Management. 2019; 37 (4):512-528.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica Elizabeth Lamond; Namrata Bhattacharya-Mis; Faith Ka Shun Chan; Heidi Kreibich; Burrell Montz; David G. Proverbs; Sara Wilkinson. 2019. "Flood risk insurance, mitigation and commercial property valuation." Property Management 37, no. 4: 512-528.

Chapter
Published: 02 July 2019 in Data-driven Multivalence in the Built Environment
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Building energy use contributes around 40% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (UNEP F, Fiduciary responsibility: Legal and practical aspects of integrating environmental, social and governance issues into institutional investment. NEP FI, Geneva, 2009, September) and reducing building-related GHG emissions could mitigate global warming significantly. With a three degree increase in global temperature by 2100 predicted by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change we need to explore ways to mitigate these impacts. An option for the built environment is to build and retrofit using innovative technologies to adopt onsite energy generation and reduce energy use (UN 2015). Increasing energy efficiency and using renewable energy are ways to reduce GHG emissions. Technological innovations change over time, and innovations that start as expensive and inefficient can become economic and highly productive, solar energy is an example. In the mid 1800s the photovoltaic (PV) effect was discovered but it took a century to invent a suitable storage device, after which rapid innovation in efficiency and costs followed. Could the same happen for bio-energy? Global biomass energy production reached 88 GW in 2014 (Rosillo-Calle F, de Groot P, Hemslock SL, Woods J: The biomass assessment handbook, 2nd edn. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-01965-2, 2016); and bio-energy is no longer a transition energy source. In 2013, a residential building in Hamburg Germany adopted algae, as a renewable energy source. Several questions arise; how does algae produce energy for buildings? How much energy is produced? How does it compare to other renewable energy sources? Furthermore, which building types are suited to adoption of algae as an energy source? This chapter explores the feasibility of algae building technology explaining the technology and how it works; the strengths and weaknesses. Then the chapter sets out the drivers and barriers to adopting Algae Building Technology, and; to assesses opportunities across a range of building types.

ACS Style

Sara J. Wilkinson; Peter J. Ralph; Nimish Biloria. Algae Building: Is This the New Smart Sustainable Technology? Data-driven Multivalence in the Built Environment 2019, 245 -266.

AMA Style

Sara J. Wilkinson, Peter J. Ralph, Nimish Biloria. Algae Building: Is This the New Smart Sustainable Technology? Data-driven Multivalence in the Built Environment. 2019; ():245-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara J. Wilkinson; Peter J. Ralph; Nimish Biloria. 2019. "Algae Building: Is This the New Smart Sustainable Technology?" Data-driven Multivalence in the Built Environment , no. : 245-266.

Conference paper
Published: 01 December 2018 in Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes
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As we explore ways to mitigate the impact of the United Nations Panel on Climate Change conclusion of a three degree increase in global temperature by 2100, one option for the housing sector could be retrofit with innovative technologies to reduce energy use and provide onsite energy generation. We have become familiar with concepts of Passive Haus design and high thermal mass as design technologies to reduce energy demand for heating and cooling. There have been increases in standards in energy efficiency within building codes globally since the 1980s. We are familiar with on-site energy generation technologies such as wind turbines and solar panels. However overall energy consumption increases and reliance on new build innovation and improvement will not deliver sufficient reductions to make an impact. Retrofit is needed, as 87% of the stock we will have by 2050 is already here. To date, there is an innovative evolving technology that has not been considered, trialled or adopted; that may present another contribution to reducing residential energy use and environmental footprint over the building lifecycle. This technology is Algae Building Technology, which comprises biomass production on site in glazed façade panels which also provide solar thermal energy for hot water and heating. Biomass can be converted to biofuel to supply HVAC equipment. In addition to the high value uses of algae as a food source, and a feed stock for pharmaceutical, neutriceutical, agricultural and industry, it can also generate low-grade heat as an useful byproduct. To date, one residential building of 15 apartments in Hamburg has adopted the technology. This paper explores whether the technology could be suited to Sydney Australia and the feasibility for retrofit in low, medium and high density residential stock.

ACS Style

Sara J. Wilkinson; Paul Stoller. Algae Building Technology Energy Efficient Retrofit Potential in Sydney Housing. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes 2018, 311 -321.

AMA Style

Sara J. Wilkinson, Paul Stoller. Algae Building Technology Energy Efficient Retrofit Potential in Sydney Housing. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes. 2018; ():311-321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara J. Wilkinson; Paul Stoller. 2018. "Algae Building Technology Energy Efficient Retrofit Potential in Sydney Housing." Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes , no. : 311-321.

Book chapter
Published: 16 October 2018 in Urban Pollution
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There are increasing challenges for urban settlements in both developed and developing countries. This chapter explores the relationship between urban development, pollution, and green roofs as a valuable, contributory means of mitigating the effects of urban pollution using examples from two major Australian cities, Melbourne and Sydney. Pollution in urban environments can affect soil, water, and air, with the latter having the greatest effect on human health, well‐being, and longevity. All cities are characterised by intense energy using activities and heat‐retaining materials such as concrete and bitumen. These factors combine to create the ‘urban heat island effect’. Green roofs are versatile and can be used on flat and pitched roof designs. Green roofs have multiple benefits collectively or individually. Three different types of rooftop garden beds were used to provide three illustrative case studies.

ACS Style

Sara Wilkinson; Fraser Torpy. Living Green Roofs. Urban Pollution 2018, 131 -145.

AMA Style

Sara Wilkinson, Fraser Torpy. Living Green Roofs. Urban Pollution. 2018; ():131-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Wilkinson; Fraser Torpy. 2018. "Living Green Roofs." Urban Pollution , no. : 131-145.

Journal article
Published: 12 October 2018 in International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment
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Purpose Improved management of commercial property at risk from flooding may result from well-targeted advice from built environment (BE) professionals, such as surveyors, valuers and project managers. However, research indicates that the role of these professionals in providing such advice is currently limited for a variety of reasons. This paper aims to investigate the (perceived and real) barriers and opportunities for providing such advice in a number of international locations. In particular, the research sought greater understanding of the link between regulation and guidance; perceived roles and capacity; and training and education needs. Design/methodology/approach To cover different international settings, an illustrative case study approach was adopted within the selected countries (Australia, UK, USA, China and Germany). This involved a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews of BE professionals with experience of advising on commercial properties at risk of flooding. Due to the specific nature of these interviews, a purposive sampling approach was implemented, leading to a sample of 72 interviews across the five international locations. Findings Perceived barriers were linked to regulatory issues, a shortage of suitably experienced professionals, a lack of formal guidance and insurance requirements. BE professionals defined their roles differently in each case study in relation to these factors and stressed the need for closer collaboration among the various disciplines and indeed the other key stakeholders (i.e. insurers, loss adjusters and contractors). A shortage of knowledgeable experts caused by a lack of formal training, and education was a common challenge highlighted in all locations. Originality/value The research is unique in providing an international perspective on issues affecting BE professionals in providing robust and impartial advice on commercial property at risk of flooding. While acknowledging the existence of local flood conditions, regulatory frameworks and insurance regimes, the results indicate some recurring themes, indicating a lack of general flood risk education and training across all five case study countries. Learning across case studies coupled with appropriate policy development could contribute toward improved skills development and more consistent integration of BE professionals within future flood risk management practice, policy and strategy.

ACS Style

Namrata Bhattacharya-Mis; Jessica Lamond; Burrell Montz; Heidi Kreibich; Sara Wilkinson; Faith Ka Shun Chan; David Proverbs. Flood risk to commercial property. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 2018, 9, 385 -401.

AMA Style

Namrata Bhattacharya-Mis, Jessica Lamond, Burrell Montz, Heidi Kreibich, Sara Wilkinson, Faith Ka Shun Chan, David Proverbs. Flood risk to commercial property. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment. 2018; 9 (4/5):385-401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Namrata Bhattacharya-Mis; Jessica Lamond; Burrell Montz; Heidi Kreibich; Sara Wilkinson; Faith Ka Shun Chan; David Proverbs. 2018. "Flood risk to commercial property." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9, no. 4/5: 385-401.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2018 in International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation
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Purpose Adaptive reuse of heritage stock has several advantages: retention of culturally and socially significant buildings, as well as the opportunity to consider embodied energy, energy efficiency retrofit measures and other environmental upgrades. The purpose of this paper is to identify the technical issues faced in the adaptive reuse of Australian heritage listed city halls and discuss sustainable strategies to enable further adaptations to be more energy efficient. Design/methodology/approach Adaptive reuse of a heritage building provides an opportunity to retain embodied energy, improve energy efficiency and enhance durability, which are important aspects of the technical lifecycle of a building. Using a case study methodology and a qualitative approach, this paper evaluates adaptations and the technical issues faced in three heritage city halls in Queensland, Australia. Findings The analysis shows that enhancing energy efficiency enables heritage buildings to reduce their climate change impacts. However, the installation of equipment for energy efficiency can pose technical issues for heritage buildings. The ownership of heritage building and interest of the local community affects the solutions that are viable. Solutions and further sustainable strategies are proposed through analysis of case studies. Originality/value City halls globally adopt different and varied architectural designs, features and scales. They are often heritage listed and locally significant landmarks that have undergone various adaptations; however, they have been overlooked in much adaptive reuse research, particularly in Australia. City halls differ from other heritage buildings in their collective sense of ownership which is important in regard to proposed changes, as citizens have an interest and hold opinions which may affect measures adopted. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge related to energy efficient technical adaptive reuse of city halls.

ACS Style

Shabnam Yazdani Mehr; Sara Wilkinson. Technical issues and energy efficient adaptive reuse of heritage listed city halls in Queensland Australia. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2018, 36, 529 -542.

AMA Style

Shabnam Yazdani Mehr, Sara Wilkinson. Technical issues and energy efficient adaptive reuse of heritage listed city halls in Queensland Australia. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 2018; 36 (5):529-542.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shabnam Yazdani Mehr; Sara Wilkinson. 2018. "Technical issues and energy efficient adaptive reuse of heritage listed city halls in Queensland Australia." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 36, no. 5: 529-542.

Back matter
Published: 07 September 2018 in International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation
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ACS Style

Sara Wilkinson; Paul Osmond. Building Resilience in Urban Settlements. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2018, 36, 334 -336.

AMA Style

Sara Wilkinson, Paul Osmond. Building Resilience in Urban Settlements. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 2018; 36 (4):334-336.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Wilkinson; Paul Osmond. 2018. "Building Resilience in Urban Settlements." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 36, no. 4: 334-336.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Building and Environment
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The process of rapid urbanisation is becoming problematic due to the reduction in, and lack of compensation of, previously vegetated areas. With a combination of green roofs and green walls, adopted on a large scale, it is possible to attenuate the urban heat island effect and internal temperatures in buildings. Tall buildings are becoming a common housing type in many cities, and considering the role of external walls in heat gain, it is expected that the combination of green roofs and green walls have great potential to improve thermal performance. As only 1-2% is added to the total stock of buildings annually, the focus should be on the retrofit of existing buildings to deliver maximum thermal benefits. In the present work lightweight, modular vegetated systems were adopted for roofs and walls. Instead of considering only the temperature influence in heat stress, this research adopted the use of heat index that encompasses the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity. For this purpose, the thermal benefits of green roof and green wall retrofit is evaluated in two small scale experiments, where identical prototypes (vegetated and non-vegetated) are compared using block work and timber framed drywall structures for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Sydney, Australia, respectively. The results show a different understanding in heat stress evaluation regarding heat index rather than temperature itself, especially under high levels of relative humidity. This evidence demonstrates green roof and green wall retrofit offer a proven role in heat stress attenuation in residential buildings.

ACS Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa; Sara J. Wilkinson. Attenuating heat stress through green roof and green wall retrofit. Building and Environment 2018, 140, 11 -22.

AMA Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa, Sara J. Wilkinson. Attenuating heat stress through green roof and green wall retrofit. Building and Environment. 2018; 140 ():11-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renato Castiglia Feitosa; Sara J. Wilkinson. 2018. "Attenuating heat stress through green roof and green wall retrofit." Building and Environment 140, no. : 11-22.