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In Australia, the regulatory framework for assessing the risk of soil contamination assumes there is minimal risk from the natural enrichment of potentially toxic elements in soil. When this assumption is applied to land cleared for anthropogenic purposes, non-adapted biota including humans, domestic animals and garden plants can be exposed to these soils. While the impacts of natural arsenic (As) and fluorine (F) in waterways are widely reported, little is known about the biological impacts of natural As and F in non-aquatic soils. We investigated four field sites with naturally elevated soil As and F around Melbourne, Australia. All sites were assessed for As and F in soil, tree and herb (grasses and forbs) foliage. Soil concentrations of As and F ranged from near to above mean ambient background concentrations for Victoria. Soil As and F under trees were consistently higher than under herbs, suggesting deeper tree roots resulted in translocation and accumulation of As and F from deeper soil layers. While surface soil enrichment by plants is known for nutrients, there is less information about enrichment of potentially toxic elements. No clear relationships between soil and foliar As/F concentrations were found. However, there was a range of As and F accumulations in foliage across the four sites: from low to concentrations representative of contaminated sites and above regulatory guidelines. We demonstrated that soils naturally enriched in As and F can be bioavailable and accumulated in plant foliage. Thus, we suggest reassessment of the assumption in Australian guidance that naturally elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements are not bioavailable and pose minimal risk.
Denise R. Fernando; Darcy Dennis; Hannah G. Mikkonen; Suzie M. Reichman. A Preliminary Assessment of As and F Uptake by Plants Growing on Uncontaminated Soils. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2021, 232, 1 -10.
AMA StyleDenise R. Fernando, Darcy Dennis, Hannah G. Mikkonen, Suzie M. Reichman. A Preliminary Assessment of As and F Uptake by Plants Growing on Uncontaminated Soils. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2021; 232 (7):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenise R. Fernando; Darcy Dennis; Hannah G. Mikkonen; Suzie M. Reichman. 2021. "A Preliminary Assessment of As and F Uptake by Plants Growing on Uncontaminated Soils." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 232, no. 7: 1-10.
Motor vehicles emit a variety of pollutants including metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The relationships between metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and PAHs, soil respiration and microbial diversity (fungi and bacteria) were studied using control (n = 3) and roadside soils (n = 27) with different exposure periods to vehicle emissions (2–63 years). Bacterial diversity was found to be higher than control sites (P = 0.002) but was the same across different categories of road age (P = 0.328). Significant (r = −0.49, P = 0.007) contrasting behaviour of fungal and bacterial diversity was reported, with diversity increasing across all road types for bacteria and decreasing across all road types for fungi compared to control soils. Analysis of the bacterial community identified three distinct clusters, separated on age of contamination, suggesting that roadside bacterial communities change over time with pollution from vehicles with the potential development of metal resistant bacteria in roadside soils. In contrast, for fungal communities, a reduction in diversity with time of exposure to roadside vehicle emissions was observed suggesting the potential for reduced ecosystem functionality and soil health in roadside soils. This is the first study in the published literature to include both bacterial and fungal responses from aged roadside soils. The results from this study suggest that normal functionality of soil ecosystem services is being affected in roadside soils, potentially globally.
Shamali De Silva; Andrew S. Ball; Esmaeil Shahsavari; Demidu V. Indrapala; Suzie M. Reichman. The effects of vehicular emissions on the activity and diversity of the roadside soil microbial community. Environmental Pollution 2021, 277, 116744 .
AMA StyleShamali De Silva, Andrew S. Ball, Esmaeil Shahsavari, Demidu V. Indrapala, Suzie M. Reichman. The effects of vehicular emissions on the activity and diversity of the roadside soil microbial community. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 277 ():116744.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShamali De Silva; Andrew S. Ball; Esmaeil Shahsavari; Demidu V. Indrapala; Suzie M. Reichman. 2021. "The effects of vehicular emissions on the activity and diversity of the roadside soil microbial community." Environmental Pollution 277, no. : 116744.
Finding a reliable method to predict soil metal bioavailability in aged soil continues to be one of the most important problems in contaminated soil chemistry. To investigate the bioavailability of metals aged in soils, we used roadside soils that had accumulated metals from vehicle emissions over a range of years. We collected topsoil (0–10 cm) samples representing new-, medium- and old-aged roadside soils and control site soil. These soils were studied to compare the ability of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT), soil water extraction, CaCl2 extraction, total metal concentrations and optimised linear models to predict metal bioavailability in wheat plants. The response time for the release of metals and the effect on metal bioavailability in field aged soils was also studied. The DGT, and extractable metals such as CaCl2 extractable and soil solution metals in soil, were not well correlated with metal concentrations in wheat shoots. In comparison, the strongest relationships with concentrations in wheat shoots were found for Ni and Zn total metal concentrations in soil (e.g., Ni r = 0.750, p = 0.005 and Zn r = 0.833, p = 0.001); the correlations were still low, suggesting that total metal concentrations were also not a robust measure of bioavailability. Optimised linear models incorporating soil physiochemical properties and metal extracts together with road age as measure of exposure time, demonstrated a very strong relationship for Mn R2 = 0.936; Ni R2 = 0.936 and Zn R2 = 0.931. While all the models developed were dependent on total soil metal concentrations, models developed for Mn and Zn clearly demonstrated the effect of road age on metal bioavailability. Therefore, the optimised linear models developed have the potential for robustly predicting bioavailable metal concentrations in field soils where the metals have aged in situ. The intrinsic rate of release of metals increased for Mn (R2 = 0.617, p = 0.002) and decreased for Cd (R2 = 0.456, p = 0.096), Cu (R2 = 0.560, p = 0.083) and Zn (R2 =0.578, p = 0.072). Nickel did not show any relationship between dissociation time (Tc) and road age. Roadside soil pH was likely to be the key parameter controlling metal aging in roadside soil.
Shamali De Silva; Trang Huynh; Andrew S. Ball; Demidu V. Indrapala; Suzie M. Reichman. Measuring Soil Metal Bioavailability in Roadside Soils of Different Ages. Environments 2020, 7, 91 .
AMA StyleShamali De Silva, Trang Huynh, Andrew S. Ball, Demidu V. Indrapala, Suzie M. Reichman. Measuring Soil Metal Bioavailability in Roadside Soils of Different Ages. Environments. 2020; 7 (10):91.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShamali De Silva; Trang Huynh; Andrew S. Ball; Demidu V. Indrapala; Suzie M. Reichman. 2020. "Measuring Soil Metal Bioavailability in Roadside Soils of Different Ages." Environments 7, no. 10: 91.
Accumulation of heavy metals in soil is of concern to the agricultural production sector, because of the potential threat to food quality and quantity. Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) has previously been shown to alleviate heavy metal stress but the mechanisms are unclear. Potential mechanisms by which inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB1809 affected the legume soybean (Glycine max cv. Zeus) and the non-legume sunflower (Helianthus annus cv. Hyoleic 41) were investigated in solution culture under 5 μM As stress. Adding As resulted in As tissue concentrations of up to 5 mg kg−1 (shoots) and 250 mg kg−1 (roots) in both species but did not reduce shoot or root biomass. Inoculation increased root biomass but only in the legume (soybean) and only with As. Inoculation resulted in large (up to 100%) increases in siderophore concentration but relatively small changes (±10–15%) in auxin concentration in the rhizosphere. However, the increase in siderophore concentration in the rhizosphere did not result in the expected increases in tissue N or Fe, especially in soybean, suggesting that their function was different. In conclusion, siderophores and auxins may be some of the mechanisms by which both soybean and sunflower maintained plant growth in As-contaminated media.
Ferdous Seraj; Tania Rahman; Ann C. Lawrie; Suzie M. Reichman. Assessing the Plant Growth Promoting and Arsenic Tolerance Potential of Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB1809. Environmental Management 2020, 66, 930 -939.
AMA StyleFerdous Seraj, Tania Rahman, Ann C. Lawrie, Suzie M. Reichman. Assessing the Plant Growth Promoting and Arsenic Tolerance Potential of Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB1809. Environmental Management. 2020; 66 (5):930-939.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerdous Seraj; Tania Rahman; Ann C. Lawrie; Suzie M. Reichman. 2020. "Assessing the Plant Growth Promoting and Arsenic Tolerance Potential of Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB1809." Environmental Management 66, no. 5: 930-939.
In recent times, there has been increased focus on a holistic approach to soil remediation with consideration of social, economic and environmental factors. Consequently, there is a demand from practitioners and regulators alike for suitable ways to measure ancillary outcomes, for example, effects on soil quality. Here we show that biochar, when applied to land to remediate lead (Pb)-contaminated soils, can lead to environmental improvements not realized by adding mined or manufactured phosphates. Here, we study a Pb-contaminated soil amended with two phosphate fertilizers (slow- and fast-release) and with biochars produced from poultry litter and from biosolids at three temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C). The results show that, unlike the fast-release P fertilizer, biochars did not result in an increase in the amount of leachable P that could be released into the environment. Biochars prepared at 500 °C presented a higher value of the integrative geometric mean of soil enzyme activity, compared to the P fertilizers. Overall, our research shows that biochars, particularly those prepared at the higher temperature tested, are a suitable alternative to P fertilizers as an integrative remediation strategy in Pb-contaminated soils, enabling soil biological restoration.
Pacian Netherway; Gabriel Gascó; Ana Méndez; Aravind Surapaneni; Suzie Reichman; Kalpit Shah; Jorge Paz-Ferreiro. Using Phosphorus-Rich Biochars to Remediate Lead-Contaminated Soil: Influence on Soil Enzymes and Extractable P. Agronomy 2020, 10, 454 .
AMA StylePacian Netherway, Gabriel Gascó, Ana Méndez, Aravind Surapaneni, Suzie Reichman, Kalpit Shah, Jorge Paz-Ferreiro. Using Phosphorus-Rich Biochars to Remediate Lead-Contaminated Soil: Influence on Soil Enzymes and Extractable P. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (4):454.
Chicago/Turabian StylePacian Netherway; Gabriel Gascó; Ana Méndez; Aravind Surapaneni; Suzie Reichman; Kalpit Shah; Jorge Paz-Ferreiro. 2020. "Using Phosphorus-Rich Biochars to Remediate Lead-Contaminated Soil: Influence on Soil Enzymes and Extractable P." Agronomy 10, no. 4: 454.
Rice-based products are widely used to feed infants and young children. However, the association of rice-based products and high arsenic (As) concentrations have been investigated in a number of studies, but there is limited information from Australia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the As concentration and dietary exposure in infant rice milk, cereal, crackers and pasta as well as to investigate the relationship between As concentration and rice content, rice type and product origin. Total arsenic (tAs) concentrations were determined by nitric acid digestion and ICP-MS while inorganic arsenic (iAs) was determined by acid extraction, followed by ICP-MS with an interfaced hydride generation system. Nearly 75% of samples had inorganic As exceeding the EU maximum levels for infants and children (0.1 mg kg−1) and the mean iAs percentage of total reached as high as 84.8%. High tAs concentration was positively correlated with rice content and also related to brown (wholegrain). Estimates of dietary exposure showed that infants consuming large amounts of rice pasta or crackers will have an increased risk of health impact associated with excess intake of As through dietary exposure. Moreover, the current Australian guidelines for As in rice (1 mg kg−1) are above the WHO or EU guideline and therefore, will be less protective of high sensitivity consumers like infants and children.
Zhuyun Gu; Shamali De Silva; Suzie M. Reichman. Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 415 .
AMA StyleZhuyun Gu, Shamali De Silva, Suzie M. Reichman. Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (2):415.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuyun Gu; Shamali De Silva; Suzie M. Reichman. 2020. "Arsenic Concentrations and Dietary Exposure in Rice-Based Infant Food in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 415.
A series of fluorescent coumarin derivatives 2a–e were systematically designed, synthesized and studied for their Cu2+ sensing performance in aqueous media. The sensitivities and selectivities of the on-to-off fluorescent Cu2+ sensing signal were in direct correlation with the relative arrangements of the heteroatoms within the coordinating moieties of these coumarins. Probes 2b and 2d exhibited Cu2+ concentration dependent and selective fluorescence quenching, with linear ranges of 0–80 μM and 0–10 μM, and limits of detection of 0.14 μM and 0.38 μM, respectively. Structural changes of 2b upon Cu2+ coordination were followed by fluorescence titration, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction on the isolated Cu2+-coumarin complex. The results revealed a 1:1 stoichiometry between 2b and Cu2+, and that the essential structural features for Cu2+-selective coordination are the coumarin C=O and a three-bond distance between the amide NH and heterocyclic N. Probe 2b was also used to determine copper (II) levels in aqueous soil extracts, with recovery rates over 80% when compared to the standard soil analysis method: inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Bin Qian; Linda Váradi; Adrian Trinchi; Suzie M. Reichman; Lei Bao; Minbo Lan; Gang Wei; Ivan S. Cole. The Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Coumarin Derivatives and Their Study for Cu2+ Sensing with an Application for Aqueous Soil Extracts. Molecules 2019, 24, 3569 .
AMA StyleBin Qian, Linda Váradi, Adrian Trinchi, Suzie M. Reichman, Lei Bao, Minbo Lan, Gang Wei, Ivan S. Cole. The Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Coumarin Derivatives and Their Study for Cu2+ Sensing with an Application for Aqueous Soil Extracts. Molecules. 2019; 24 (19):3569.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Qian; Linda Váradi; Adrian Trinchi; Suzie M. Reichman; Lei Bao; Minbo Lan; Gang Wei; Ivan S. Cole. 2019. "The Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Coumarin Derivatives and Their Study for Cu2+ Sensing with an Application for Aqueous Soil Extracts." Molecules 24, no. 19: 3569.
Lead (Pb) is an important pollutant and is released into the environment in many forms. Different lead compounds have a variety of solubilities and so may impact on lead bioavailability and toxicity when added to soil. In this experimental study, we investigated the bioavailability of Pb in soil spiked with 300, 900 and 1500 mg/kg of Pb-acetate, PbCl2 and PbO using lettuce and wallaby grass. The concentration of Pb in the shoots of both species from control soils (2-3 mg/kg) was similar to previously reported concentrations in plants grown on uncontaminated soils. The Pb concentrations in the plant shoots increased with Pb concentrations in soil for lettuce (R2 = 0.526, P < 0.001) and wallaby grass (R2 = 0.776, P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that Pb bioavailability in soil was not affected by the type of Pb compound added to the soil for both plant species up to 1500 mg/kg Pb concentrations. Instead, the Pb concentration in the plant was best predicted by the total concentration of lead in the soil, irrespective of the original lead compound added to the soil. This research suggests that the original Pb compounds that contaminated the soil are unlikely to be an important factor in assessing Pb bioavailability, and hence risk, in soils.
Shamali De Silva; Chloe Bernett; Jean Meaklim; Erandika Abeywardane; Suzie M. Reichman. Probing the effects of different lead compounds on the bioavailability of lead to plants. Chemosphere 2019, 230, 24 -28.
AMA StyleShamali De Silva, Chloe Bernett, Jean Meaklim, Erandika Abeywardane, Suzie M. Reichman. Probing the effects of different lead compounds on the bioavailability of lead to plants. Chemosphere. 2019; 230 ():24-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShamali De Silva; Chloe Bernett; Jean Meaklim; Erandika Abeywardane; Suzie M. Reichman. 2019. "Probing the effects of different lead compounds on the bioavailability of lead to plants." Chemosphere 230, no. : 24-28.
Vegetable gardens in cities provide communities with fresh vegetables but also may contribute towards public exposure to metals present in soil from historical pollution. Contamination of some Melbourne garden soils with Pb (range 12.9–773 mg kg−1 in soil) was found with some soils exceeding the Australian human health screening criteria for residential land use of 300 mg kg−1. Cadmium concentrations (0.12–1.04 mg kg−1) were above the ambient background soil concentrations of <1 mg kg−1. Nickel concentrations (7.6–40.5 mg kg−1) and Cr (11.6–49.4 mg kg−1) were within the range of expected ambient background concentrations. Distance from the nearest arterial road, house age and the likely use of lead-based paints were the main factors explaining approximately 75% of soil Pb variability in garden soils. Metal concentrations in garden soils of wooden houses were found to be significantly higher than the garden soil of brick and concrete houses (Pb (p < 0.0001)) and Cd (p < 0.001)). Significant correlations were found between backyard garden soil metal concentration and house age for Pb (R2 = 0.83, p < 0.0001) and Cd (R2 = 0.40, p < 0.0002) and the distance from arterial roads for Pb (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.002), while Cr and Ni are related to soil characteristics cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and pH. Vegetable garden with elevated Pb and Cd had recognizable risk factors such as older, painted structures on adjacent houses and closer proximity to arterial roads with higher frequency traffic.
Slavica Kandic; Susanne J. Tepe; Ewan W. Blanch; Shamali de Silva; Hannah G. Mikkonen; Suzie M. Reichman. Quantifying factors related to urban metal contamination in vegetable garden soils of the west and north of Melbourne, Australia. Environmental Pollution 2019, 251, 193 -202.
AMA StyleSlavica Kandic, Susanne J. Tepe, Ewan W. Blanch, Shamali de Silva, Hannah G. Mikkonen, Suzie M. Reichman. Quantifying factors related to urban metal contamination in vegetable garden soils of the west and north of Melbourne, Australia. Environmental Pollution. 2019; 251 ():193-202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSlavica Kandic; Susanne J. Tepe; Ewan W. Blanch; Shamali de Silva; Hannah G. Mikkonen; Suzie M. Reichman. 2019. "Quantifying factors related to urban metal contamination in vegetable garden soils of the west and north of Melbourne, Australia." Environmental Pollution 251, no. : 193-202.
The plant ionome is critical for growth, productivity, defense, and it eventually affects food quantity and quality. Located on the leaf surface, stomatal guard cells are critical gatekeepers for water, gas, and pathogens. Insights form ionomics (metallomics) is imperative as we enter an omics-driven systems biology era where an understanding of guard cell function and physiology is advanced through efforts in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. While the roles of major cations (K, Ca) and anions (Cl) are well known in guard cell function, the related physiology, movement and regulation of trace elements, metal ions, and heavy metals are poorly understood. The majority of the information on the role of trace elements in guard cells emanates from classical feeding experiments, field or in vitro fortification, micropropagation, and microscopy studies, while novel insights are available from metal ion transporter and ion channel studies. Given the rejuvenated and recent interest in the constantly changing ionome in plant mineral balance and eventually in human nutrition and health, we have looked into the far from established guard cell ionome in lieu of the modern omics era of high throughput research endeavors. Newer technologies and tools i.e., high resolution mass spectrometry, advanced imaging, and phenomics are now available to delve into the guard cell ionomes. In this review, research efforts on guard cell ionomes were collated and categorized, and we highlight the underlying role of the largely unknown ionome in guard cell function towards a systems physiology aspects of understanding of plant health and productivity.
Biswapriya B. Misra; Suzie M. Reichman; Sixue Chen. The guard cell ionome: Understanding the role of ions in guard cell functions. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2018, 146, 50 -62.
AMA StyleBiswapriya B. Misra, Suzie M. Reichman, Sixue Chen. The guard cell ionome: Understanding the role of ions in guard cell functions. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2018; 146 ():50-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiswapriya B. Misra; Suzie M. Reichman; Sixue Chen. 2018. "The guard cell ionome: Understanding the role of ions in guard cell functions." Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 146, no. : 50-62.
Determination of how geogenic arsenic (As) and vanadium (V) is mobilised from naturally-enriched soils and iron (Fe) stones is integral for understanding the potential risk to the environment from changed land use conditions. Thus, the association of As, V and Fe in As-enriched sediments and Fe stones in Tertiary sediments of Melbourne, Australia, was assessed using chemical extraction methods, micro focused X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We show that the selective association of As with Fe during Fe stone formation has resulted in As enrichment of up to 60 times the concentration of surrounding soils, and 1000 times higher than mean As concentrations in world soils. In both soil and Fe stones, As was distributed with goethite as arsenate and relatively immobile under oxic conditions. The presence of V on the outer edge of the assessed Fe stone provided evidence of differences in historical As and V solubility; that is, As was immobilised by Fe during an earlier stage of Fe stone formation than V.
Hannah G. Mikkonen; Robert Van De Graaff; Richard Collins; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Daryl Howard; Suzie M. Reichman. Immobilisation of geogenic arsenic and vanadium in iron-rich sediments and iron stone deposits. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 654, 1072 -1081.
AMA StyleHannah G. Mikkonen, Robert Van De Graaff, Richard Collins, Raghava Dasika, Christian J. Wallis, Daryl Howard, Suzie M. Reichman. Immobilisation of geogenic arsenic and vanadium in iron-rich sediments and iron stone deposits. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 654 ():1072-1081.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannah G. Mikkonen; Robert Van De Graaff; Richard Collins; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Daryl Howard; Suzie M. Reichman. 2018. "Immobilisation of geogenic arsenic and vanadium in iron-rich sediments and iron stone deposits." Science of The Total Environment 654, no. : 1072-1081.
Hannah G. Mikkonen; Robert Van De Graaff; Bradley O. Clarke; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Suzie M. Reichman. Geochemical indices and regression tree models for estimation of ambient background concentrations of copper, chromium, nickel and zinc in soil. Chemosphere 2018, 210, 193 -203.
AMA StyleHannah G. Mikkonen, Robert Van De Graaff, Bradley O. Clarke, Raghava Dasika, Christian J. Wallis, Suzie M. Reichman. Geochemical indices and regression tree models for estimation of ambient background concentrations of copper, chromium, nickel and zinc in soil. Chemosphere. 2018; 210 ():193-203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannah G. Mikkonen; Robert Van De Graaff; Bradley O. Clarke; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Suzie M. Reichman. 2018. "Geochemical indices and regression tree models for estimation of ambient background concentrations of copper, chromium, nickel and zinc in soil." Chemosphere 210, no. : 193-203.
River management continues to challenge riparian systems worldwide, with climate change impacts and anthropogenic extractions escalating. The Murray–Darling basin (MDB) in Australia is critical to agricultural production and habitat provision to maintain biodiversity. Concern for the condition of native trees and biota in the MDB has led to substantial research investment to increase ecosystem function understanding and improve floodplain and wetland management. This field study offers new insights into tree nutrition and physiology as interpreted against the plant-soil-environment dynamics of recent flooding. Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens (Myrtaceae) is the only key native riverine MDB tree restricted to that region; and appears stressed at the far reaches of certain significant floodplain ecosystems. Here, nutritional and ecophysiological comparisons were made between Black Box trees that had just been inundated, and those nearby that had not. Leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration, total soil aluminium (Al) concentration, soil pH, and soil conductivity were different between inundated and dry sites. Soil moisture increased due to inundation, thus reducing tree water stress across the three study locations. Changes in leaf chemistry were not detected at the very early stages of flooding examined in this study. An increase in soil acidity due to inundation may also enhance bioavailability of nutrients to trees. New insight into immediate plant benefits gained from this study suggests further investigation is warranted to elucidate the influence of flood and drought on nutrient balance and how future wetland management can benefit from a more holistic understanding of plant-soil-environment dynamics.
Denise R. Fernando; Jonathan P. Lynch; Suzie M. Reichman; Gary J. Clark; Rebecca E. Miller; Tanya M. Doody. Inundation of a floodplain lake woodlands system: nutritional profiling and benefit to mature Eucalyptus largiflorens (Black Box) trees. Wetlands Ecology and Management 2018, 26, 961 -975.
AMA StyleDenise R. Fernando, Jonathan P. Lynch, Suzie M. Reichman, Gary J. Clark, Rebecca E. Miller, Tanya M. Doody. Inundation of a floodplain lake woodlands system: nutritional profiling and benefit to mature Eucalyptus largiflorens (Black Box) trees. Wetlands Ecology and Management. 2018; 26 (5):961-975.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenise R. Fernando; Jonathan P. Lynch; Suzie M. Reichman; Gary J. Clark; Rebecca E. Miller; Tanya M. Doody. 2018. "Inundation of a floodplain lake woodlands system: nutritional profiling and benefit to mature Eucalyptus largiflorens (Black Box) trees." Wetlands Ecology and Management 26, no. 5: 961-975.
Jorge Paz-Ferreiro; Gabriel Gascó; Ana Méndez; Suzie M. Reichman. Soil Pollution and Remediation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1657 .
AMA StyleJorge Paz-Ferreiro, Gabriel Gascó, Ana Méndez, Suzie M. Reichman. Soil Pollution and Remediation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (8):1657.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Paz-Ferreiro; Gabriel Gascó; Ana Méndez; Suzie M. Reichman. 2018. "Soil Pollution and Remediation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8: 1657.
Excess exposure to fluoride causes substantive health burden in humans and livestock globally. However, few studies have assessed the distribution and controls of variability of ambient background concentrations of fluoride in soil. Ambient background concentrations of fluoride in soil were collated for Greater Melbourne, Greater Geelong, Ballarat and Mitchell in Victoria, Australia (n = 1005). Correlation analysis and machine learning techniques were used to identify environmental and anthropogenic influences of fluoride variability in soil. Sub-soils (>0.3 m deep), in some areas overlying siltstone and sandstone, and to a lesser extent, overlying basalt, were naturally enriched with fluoride at concentrations above ecological thresholds for grazing animals. Soil fluoride enrichment was predominantly influenced by parent material (mineralogy), precipitation (illuviation), leaching during palaeoclimates and marine inputs. Industrial air pollution did not significantly influence ambient background concentrations of fluoride at a regional scale. However, agricultural practices (potentially the use of phosphate fertilisers) were indicated to have resulted in added fluoride to surface soils overlying sediments. Geospatial variables alone were not sufficient to accurately model ambient background soil fluoride concentrations. A multiple regression model based on soil chemistry and parent material was shown to accurately predict ambient background fluoride concentrations in soils and support assessment of fluoride enrichment in the environment.
Hannah G. Mikkonen; Robert van de Graaff; Antti T. Mikkonen; Bradley O. Clarke; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Suzie M. Reichman. Environmental and anthropogenic influences on ambient background concentrations of fluoride in soil. Environmental Pollution 2018, 242, 1838 -1849.
AMA StyleHannah G. Mikkonen, Robert van de Graaff, Antti T. Mikkonen, Bradley O. Clarke, Raghava Dasika, Christian J. Wallis, Suzie M. Reichman. Environmental and anthropogenic influences on ambient background concentrations of fluoride in soil. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 242 ():1838-1849.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannah G. Mikkonen; Robert van de Graaff; Antti T. Mikkonen; Bradley O. Clarke; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Suzie M. Reichman. 2018. "Environmental and anthropogenic influences on ambient background concentrations of fluoride in soil." Environmental Pollution 242, no. : 1838-1849.
Gardening and urban food production is an increasingly popular activity, which can improve physical and mental health and provide low cost nutritious food. However, the legacy of contamination from industrial and diffuse sources may have rendered surface soils in some urban gardens to have metals value in excess of recommended guidelines for agricultural production. The objective of this study was to establish the presence and spatial extent of soil metal contamination in Melbourne’s residential and inner city community gardens. A secondary objective was to assess whether soil lead (Pb) concentrations in residential vegetable gardens were associated with the age of the home or the presence or absence of paint. The results indicate that most samples in residential and community gardens were generally below the Australian residential guidelines for all tested metals except Pb. Mean soil Pb concentrations exceeded the Australian HIL-A residential guideline of 300 mg/kg in 8% of 13 community garden beds and 21% of the 136 residential vegetable gardens assessed. Mean and median soil Pb concentrations for residential vegetable gardens was 204 mg/kg and 104 mg/kg (range <5 to 3341 mg/kg), respectively. Mean and median soil Pb concentration for community vegetable garden beds was 102 mg/kg and 38 mg/kg (range = 17 to 578 mg/kg), respectively. Soil Pb concentrations were higher in homes with painted exteriors (p=0.004); generally increased with age of the home (p=0.000); and were higher beneath the household dripline than in vegetable garden beds (p=0.04). In certain circumstances, the data indicates that elevated soil Pb concentrations could present a potential health hazard in a portion of inner-city residential vegetable gardens in Melbourne.
Mark A.S. Laidlaw; Dileepa H. Alankarage; Suzie Reichman; Mark Patrick Taylor; Andrew Ball. Assessment of soil metal concentrations in residential and community vegetable gardens in Melbourne, Australia. Chemosphere 2018, 199, 303 -311.
AMA StyleMark A.S. Laidlaw, Dileepa H. Alankarage, Suzie Reichman, Mark Patrick Taylor, Andrew Ball. Assessment of soil metal concentrations in residential and community vegetable gardens in Melbourne, Australia. Chemosphere. 2018; 199 ():303-311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark A.S. Laidlaw; Dileepa H. Alankarage; Suzie Reichman; Mark Patrick Taylor; Andrew Ball. 2018. "Assessment of soil metal concentrations in residential and community vegetable gardens in Melbourne, Australia." Chemosphere 199, no. : 303-311.
There has been a global shift in environmental risk assessment towards quantifying ambient background concentrations of metals/metalloids in soil. Whilst bedrock has been shown to be a key driver of metal/metalloid variability in soil, few researchers have assessed controls of ambient background concentrations in soils of similar bedrock. A soil survey was undertaken ofGreater Melbourne, Greater Geelong, Ballarat and Mitchell in Victoria, Australia for elements of potential environmental concern: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Pb and Zn. Samples (n = 622) were collected from surface (0 to 0.1 m) and sub-surface (0.3 to 0.6 m) soils, overlying Tertiary-Quaternary basalt, Tertiary sediments and Silurian siltstone and sandstone. In addition, background soil data from open-source environmental assessment reports (n = 5512) were collated to support the understanding of natural enrichment, particularly at depths > 0.6 m. Factor analysis, supported by correlation analysis and auxiliary geo-spatial data, provided an improved understanding of where and how background metal/metalloid enrichment occurs in the environment. Weathering during paleoclimates was the predominant influence of background metal/metalloid variability in soils overlying similar bedrock. Other key influences of metal/metalloid variability in soil included hydraulic leaching of alkali elements, biological cycling, topography and alluvial transfer of silt and sand from mineralised regions. In addition, urbanisation positively correlated with Pb and Zn concentrations in surface soils suggesting that anthropogenic activities may have resulted in diffuse Pb and Zn contamination of urban soil.
Hannah G. Mikkonen; Raghava Dasika; Jessica A. Drake; Christian J. Wallis; Bradley Clarke; Suzie M. Reichman. Evaluation of environmental and anthropogenic influences on ambient background metal and metalloid concentrations in soil. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 624, 599 -610.
AMA StyleHannah G. Mikkonen, Raghava Dasika, Jessica A. Drake, Christian J. Wallis, Bradley Clarke, Suzie M. Reichman. Evaluation of environmental and anthropogenic influences on ambient background metal and metalloid concentrations in soil. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 624 ():599-610.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannah G. Mikkonen; Raghava Dasika; Jessica A. Drake; Christian J. Wallis; Bradley Clarke; Suzie M. Reichman. 2018. "Evaluation of environmental and anthropogenic influences on ambient background metal and metalloid concentrations in soil." Science of The Total Environment 624, no. : 599-610.
Currently, there are conflicting views on the best statistical methods for managing censored environmental data. The method commonly applied by environmental science researchers and professionals is to substitute half the limit of reporting for derivation of summary statistics. This approach has been criticised by some researchers, raising questions around the interpretation of historical scientific data. This study evaluated four complete soil datasets, at three levels of simulated censorship, to test the accuracy of a range of censored data management methods for calculation of the geometric mean. The methods assessed included removal of censored results, substitution of a fixed value (near zero, half the limit of reporting and the limit of reporting), substitution by nearest neighbour imputation, maximum likelihood estimation, regression on order substitution and Kaplan-Meier/survival analysis. This is the first time such a comprehensive range of censored data management methods have been applied to assess the accuracy of calculation of the geometric mean. The results of this study show that, for describing the geometric mean, the simple method of substitution of half the limit of reporting is comparable or more accurate than alternative censored data management methods, including nearest neighbour imputation methods.
Hannah G. Mikkonen; Bradley Clarke; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Suzie M. Reichman. Evaluation of methods for managing censored results when calculating the geometric mean. Chemosphere 2018, 191, 412 -416.
AMA StyleHannah G. Mikkonen, Bradley Clarke, Raghava Dasika, Christian J. Wallis, Suzie M. Reichman. Evaluation of methods for managing censored results when calculating the geometric mean. Chemosphere. 2018; 191 ():412-416.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannah G. Mikkonen; Bradley Clarke; Raghava Dasika; Christian J. Wallis; Suzie M. Reichman. 2018. "Evaluation of methods for managing censored results when calculating the geometric mean." Chemosphere 191, no. : 412-416.
Urban soils in many communities in the United States and internationally have been contaminated by lead (Pb) from past use of lead additives in gasoline, deterioration of exterior paint, emissions from Pb smelters and battery recycling and other industries. Exposure to Pb in soil and related dust is widespread in many inner city areas. Up to 20–40% of urban children in some neighborhoods have blood lead levels (BLLs) equal to or above 5 μg per decilitre, the reference level of health concern by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Given the widespread nature of Pb contamination in urban soils it has proven a challenge to reduce exposure. In order to prevent this exposure, an evidence-based approach is required to isolate or remediate the soils and prevent children and adult's ongoing exposure. To date, the majority of community soil Pb remediation efforts have been focused in mining towns or in discrete neighborhoods where Pb smelters have impacted communities. These efforts have usually entailed very expensive dig and dump soil Pb remediation techniques, funded by the point source polluters. Remediating widespread non-point source urban soil contamination using this approach is neither economical nor feasible from a practical standpoint. Despite the need to remediate/isolate urban soils in inner city areas, no deliberate, large scale, cost effective Pb remediation schemes have been implemented to isolate inner city soils impacted from sources other than mines and smelters. However, a city-wide natural experiment of flooding in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that declines in soil Pb resulted in major BLL reductions. Also a growing body of literature of smaller scale pilot studies and programs does exist regarding low cost efforts to isolate Pb contaminated urban soils. This paper reviews the literature regarding the effectiveness of soil Pb remediation for reducing Pb exposure and BLL in children, and suggests best practices for addressing the epidemics of low-level Pb poisoning occurring in many inner city areas
Mark A.S. Laidlaw; Gabriel M. Filippelli; Sally Brown; Jorge Paz-Ferreiro; Suzie M. Reichman; Pacian Netherway; Adam Truskewycz; Andrew S. Ball; Howard W. Mielke. Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination. Applied Geochemistry 2017, 83, 14 -30.
AMA StyleMark A.S. Laidlaw, Gabriel M. Filippelli, Sally Brown, Jorge Paz-Ferreiro, Suzie M. Reichman, Pacian Netherway, Adam Truskewycz, Andrew S. Ball, Howard W. Mielke. Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination. Applied Geochemistry. 2017; 83 ():14-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark A.S. Laidlaw; Gabriel M. Filippelli; Sally Brown; Jorge Paz-Ferreiro; Suzie M. Reichman; Pacian Netherway; Adam Truskewycz; Andrew S. Ball; Howard W. Mielke. 2017. "Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination." Applied Geochemistry 83, no. : 14-30.
The surface chemistry and bulk chemical speciation of solid industrial wastes containing 8wt-% antimony (Sb) were investigated using synchrotron X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Time-of-Flight Ion Secondary Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Leaching experiments were conducted in order to better understand the behavior of Sb in waste streams and to inform regulatory management of antimony-containing wastes. The experiments also demonstrate how a combination of XANES and ToF-SIMS adds value to the field of waste investigations. Leaching treatments (acid and base) were performed at a synchrotron over 24h time periods. Surface analyses of the wastes before leaching showed the presence of Sb associated with S and O. Bulk analyses revealed Sb to be present, primarily, as trivalent sulfide species. Both acid and base leaching did not change the antimony speciation on the solid. Leaching transferred about 1% of the total Sb into solution where Sb was found to be present as Sb(V). XANES data showed similarities between leachate and FeSbO4. During base leaching, the Sb content in solution gradually increased over time, and potential desorption mechanisms are discussed.
P. Kappen; G. Ferrando-Miguel; S.M. Reichman; L. Innes; E. Welter; P.J. Pigram. Antimony leaching and chemical species analyses in an industrial solid waste: Surface and bulk speciation using ToF-SIMS and XANES. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2017, 329, 131 -140.
AMA StyleP. Kappen, G. Ferrando-Miguel, S.M. Reichman, L. Innes, E. Welter, P.J. Pigram. Antimony leaching and chemical species analyses in an industrial solid waste: Surface and bulk speciation using ToF-SIMS and XANES. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017; 329 ():131-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Kappen; G. Ferrando-Miguel; S.M. Reichman; L. Innes; E. Welter; P.J. Pigram. 2017. "Antimony leaching and chemical species analyses in an industrial solid waste: Surface and bulk speciation using ToF-SIMS and XANES." Journal of Hazardous Materials 329, no. : 131-140.