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In the last three decades, we assisted in a shift in the dairy product preferences in developed countries, with an increase in goat-derived products consumption. As already seen in the bovine sector, the diffusion of goat milk consumption has led to an abandonment of the local breeds in favor of the more productive cosmopolitan breeds, with an intense reduction in the livestock biodiversity. However, in several studies, it has been shown that local breeds present unique features such as a robust behavior towards the local climate and a high quality of their dairy products. This study aims to assess the differences between the basic lactation variables (milk yield, fat %, protein %, lactose % and somatic cell count) in the Alpine goat and the local breed Verzasca goat from a Bayesian point of observation. Results indicate that the Nera di Verzasca goat has overall lactation characteristics similar toa cosmopolite breed such as the Alpine goat, except for the milk daily yield reduced with respect to Alpine goats (1.68 ± 0.84 and 2.14 ± 1.03, respectively). Moreover, the Verzasca goat showed a tendency to maintain a lower level of somatic cell count along with lactation (798 ± 1734 and 1216 ± 2828, respectively). These findings help to increase the knowledge about the Italian local goat breeds and are important in the optic of biodiversity conservation.
Stella Agradi; Alessia Gazzonis; Giulio Curone; Massimo Faustini; Susanna Draghi; Gabriele Brecchia; Daniele Vigo; Maria Manfredi; Sergio Zanzani; Luisa Pulinas; Majlind Sulce; Albana Munga; Marta Castrica; Laura Menchetti. Lactation Characteristics in Alpine and Nera di Verzasca Goats in Northern Italy: A Statistical Bayesian Approach. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7235 .
AMA StyleStella Agradi, Alessia Gazzonis, Giulio Curone, Massimo Faustini, Susanna Draghi, Gabriele Brecchia, Daniele Vigo, Maria Manfredi, Sergio Zanzani, Luisa Pulinas, Majlind Sulce, Albana Munga, Marta Castrica, Laura Menchetti. Lactation Characteristics in Alpine and Nera di Verzasca Goats in Northern Italy: A Statistical Bayesian Approach. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (16):7235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStella Agradi; Alessia Gazzonis; Giulio Curone; Massimo Faustini; Susanna Draghi; Gabriele Brecchia; Daniele Vigo; Maria Manfredi; Sergio Zanzani; Luisa Pulinas; Majlind Sulce; Albana Munga; Marta Castrica; Laura Menchetti. 2021. "Lactation Characteristics in Alpine and Nera di Verzasca Goats in Northern Italy: A Statistical Bayesian Approach." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7235.
The satisfaction of leisure horses’ behavioral needs has begun to be considered a priority, linked to the awareness that horses kept in single boxes may be deprived of social contact and the possibility to perform natural behaviors. Several factors may influence horses’ quality of life also in the paddock, and there are very few data on the effects of those variables on leisure horses’ chronic stress, measurable in terms of activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Therefore, managerial choices faced by owners and stables managers are only based on experience, common sense, and anecdotal beliefs. This study assessed and compared the chronic stress levels in leisure horses hosted in structures in the same geographic and climatic area with different daily routines to verify which management strategy could be the one that better contributes to achieving the welfare of horses. Forty-seven horses were divided into three groups homogeneous in terms of sex and age: Mixed management group (n = 12), Paddock group (n = 19), and Natural management group (n = 16). The hair cortisol concentration, a reliable marker of long-term stress, was analyzed in all the horses the same day at four time points of the year. In addition to management strategies, the influences of other variables (sex, age, coat color, and season) were evaluated. Independently from the management strategies, significantly higher hair cortisol values were detected in the autumn and summer, as well as in individuals older than 15 years. No significant differences were highlighted between the sexes or the coat colors. The comparison of the different management strategies showed that, in the summer, autumn, and winter, the hair cortisol levels were significantly lower in the Mixed management group horses than the Paddock group, highlighting that those subjects had better homeostasis. The Natural management group horses’ hair cortisol levels were intermediate between the other two groups of horses in all the seasons. Spending the night in the stables would seem to positively impact the well-being of the horses. These findings, if confirmed by further studies, may be helpful in enhancing horse welfare and assisting in managerial choice decision-making.
Silvia Mazzola; Carla Colombani; Giulia Pizzamiglio; Simona Cannas; Clara Palestrini; Emanuela Costa; Alessia Gazzonis; Arianna Bionda; Paola Crepaldi. Do You Think I Am Living Well? A Four-Season Hair Cortisol Analysis on Leisure Horses in Different Housing and Management Conditions. Animals 2021, 11, 2141 .
AMA StyleSilvia Mazzola, Carla Colombani, Giulia Pizzamiglio, Simona Cannas, Clara Palestrini, Emanuela Costa, Alessia Gazzonis, Arianna Bionda, Paola Crepaldi. Do You Think I Am Living Well? A Four-Season Hair Cortisol Analysis on Leisure Horses in Different Housing and Management Conditions. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvia Mazzola; Carla Colombani; Giulia Pizzamiglio; Simona Cannas; Clara Palestrini; Emanuela Costa; Alessia Gazzonis; Arianna Bionda; Paola Crepaldi. 2021. "Do You Think I Am Living Well? A Four-Season Hair Cortisol Analysis on Leisure Horses in Different Housing and Management Conditions." Animals 11, no. 7: 2141.
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) are protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts worldwide, including birds. Raptors acquire the infections through the ingestion of both infected preys and oocysts in the environment suggesting they might be used as indicators of the spread of these pathogens. Here, we report an epidemiological survey with the aim of determining the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in wild birds of prey, hospitalized in two Wildlife Recovery Centres (WRCs) in Northern Italy. Genomic DNA extracted from brain tissue samples was submitted to Real Time PCR targeting T. gondii B1 and N. caninum Nc5 genes. T. gondii genotyping was then performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, targeting three polymorphic genes (GRA6, BTUB, and altSAG2). T. gondii DNA was found in 35 (62.5%) out of 56 examined samples; concerning genotyping, it was possible to amplify at least one gene for 26 animals, and obtained sequences belonged to Type II. N. caninum DNA was only detected in two (3.6%) common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), adding a new species to the list of suitable intermediate hosts for this pathogen. Data obtained in the present study thus confirmed the spread of both T. gondii and N. caninum in wild bird of prey, endorsing the role of WRCs in the epidemiological surveillance of wildlife.
Alessia Gazzonis; Luca Villa; Emanuele Lubian; Sara Ressegotti; Guido Grilli; Stefano Raimondi; Sergio Zanzani; Maria Manfredi. Molecular Survey on Toxoplasmagondii and Neosporacaninum Infection in Wild Birds of Prey Admitted to Recovery Centers in Northern Italy. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 736 .
AMA StyleAlessia Gazzonis, Luca Villa, Emanuele Lubian, Sara Ressegotti, Guido Grilli, Stefano Raimondi, Sergio Zanzani, Maria Manfredi. Molecular Survey on Toxoplasmagondii and Neosporacaninum Infection in Wild Birds of Prey Admitted to Recovery Centers in Northern Italy. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (4):736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Gazzonis; Luca Villa; Emanuele Lubian; Sara Ressegotti; Guido Grilli; Stefano Raimondi; Sergio Zanzani; Maria Manfredi. 2021. "Molecular Survey on Toxoplasmagondii and Neosporacaninum Infection in Wild Birds of Prey Admitted to Recovery Centers in Northern Italy." Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 736.
Background Besnoitia besnoiti is an Apicomplexan protozoa causative of bovine besnoitiosis, a chronic and debilitating disease of cattle, with a variety of pathological findings that could alter some laboratory parameters. A study was conducted in a bovine besnoitiosis endemically infected dairy herd located in Italy characterized by high intra-herd seroprevalence and cattle with clinical signs of the disease. In the study, alterations in laboratory parameters, i.e. hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol levels, in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected cows were investigated in depth. Methods Laboratory parameters in 107 cows, of which 61 were seronegative and 46 were seropositive to B. besnoiti, including 27 with clinical signs of bovine besnoitiosis, were compared. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the effect of Besnoitia infection on the considered laboratory parameters. Results Hematological analyses revealed that B. besnoiti infection determined a significant alteration to the leukocyte differential, with a higher percentage of granulocytes and a lower percentage of lymphocytes in seropositive and clinically affected animals (Mann–Whitney U-test, P = 0.022); erythrocyte and platelet counts did not show any difference between the considered groups of cows. Biochemistry tests evidenced that the parasite infection influenced serum protein values in seropositive cows and glutamate dehydrogenase values in clinically affected animals. No or only slight differences were revealed for all of the other biochemical and enzyme activity parameters in B. besnoiti-infected animals. In addition, despite the lack of statistical significance, seropositive and clinically affected cows evidenced higher concentrations of serum cortisol values compared to seronegative animals. Conclusions Although physiological, pathological and farm-related factors could have influenced the results in investigated animals, further studies involving more animals from different farms would be advisable to infer the role of B. besnoiti on these alterations, since laboratory parameters could help veterinarians in the diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis in cattle.
Luca Villa; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Silvia Mazzola; Alessia Giordano; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Exploring alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected dairy cattle. Parasites & Vectors 2021, 14, 1 -13.
AMA StyleLuca Villa, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Silvia Mazzola, Alessia Giordano, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Exploring alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected dairy cattle. Parasites & Vectors. 2021; 14 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Villa; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Silvia Mazzola; Alessia Giordano; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2021. "Exploring alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected dairy cattle." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1: 1-13.
Background Neospora caninum, a coccidian protozoan, represents an important cause of bovine abortion. Available N. caninum strains show considerable variation in vitro and in vivo, including different virulence in cattle. To which extent sexual recombination, which is possible in the intestines of domestic dogs and closely related carnivores as definitive hosts, contributes to this variation is not clear yet. Methods Aborted bovine foetuses were collected between 2015 and early 2019 from Italian Holstein Friesian dairy herds suffering from reproductive problems. A total of 198 samples were collected from 165 intensive farms located in Lombardy, northern Italy. N. caninum samples were subjected to multilocus-microsatellite genotyping using ten previously established microsatellite markers. In addition to our own data, those from a recent study providing data on five markers from other northern Italian regions were included and analysed. Results Of the 55 samples finally subjected to genotyping, 35 were typed at all or 9 out of 10 loci and their individual multilocus-microsatellite genotype (MLMG) determined. Linear regression revealed a statistically significant association between the spatial distance of the sampling sites with the genetic distance of N. caninum MLMGs (P < 0.001). Including data from this and a previous North Italian study into eBURST analysis revealed that several of N. caninum MLMGs from northern Italy separate into four groups; most of the samples from Lombardy clustered in one of these groups. Principle component analysis revealed similar clusters and confirmed MLMG groups identified by eBURST. Variations observed between MLMGs were not equally distributed over all loci, but predominantly observed in MS7, MS6A, or MS10. Conclusions Our findings confirm the concept of local N. caninum subpopulations. The geographic distance of sampling was associated with the genetic distance as determined by microsatellite typing. Results suggest that multi-parental recombination in N. caninum is a rare event, but does not exclude uniparental mating. More comprehensive studies on microsatellites in N. caninum and related species like Toxoplasma gondii should be undertaken, not only to improve genotyping capabilities, but also to understand possible functions of these regions in the genomes of these parasites.
Luca Villa; Pavlo Maksimov; Christine Luttermann; Mareen Tuschy; Alessia L. Gazzonis; Sergio A. Zanzani; Michele Mortarino; Franz J. Conraths; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Gereon Schares. Spatial distance between sites of sampling associated with genetic variation among Neospora caninum in aborted bovine foetuses from northern Italy. Parasites & Vectors 2021, 14, 1 -14.
AMA StyleLuca Villa, Pavlo Maksimov, Christine Luttermann, Mareen Tuschy, Alessia L. Gazzonis, Sergio A. Zanzani, Michele Mortarino, Franz J. Conraths, Maria Teresa Manfredi, Gereon Schares. Spatial distance between sites of sampling associated with genetic variation among Neospora caninum in aborted bovine foetuses from northern Italy. Parasites & Vectors. 2021; 14 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Villa; Pavlo Maksimov; Christine Luttermann; Mareen Tuschy; Alessia L. Gazzonis; Sergio A. Zanzani; Michele Mortarino; Franz J. Conraths; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Gereon Schares. 2021. "Spatial distance between sites of sampling associated with genetic variation among Neospora caninum in aborted bovine foetuses from northern Italy." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1: 1-14.
Background Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne pathogen endemic in countries in the Mediterranean basin, including Italy. Dogs act as the primary reservoir for this parasite, but other animal species may also be infected. Low-to-moderate seroprevalence levels of infection have been reported in apparent healthy equine populations in southern Europe, reinforcing the importance of exploring those species, including horses, that act as a food source for vectors and may thus participate in the epizoological scenario of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis (ZVL). Since little is known regarding the exposure to L. infantum in horses in Italy, we assessed the seroprevalence in healthy equine populations from different CanL endemic areas. Methods The survey was conducted on 660 apparently healthy horses distributed throughout central and northern regions of Italy between 2016 and 2019. Blood samples were collected and the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies (IgG) was investigated by the immunofluorescence antibody test. Information on the location and altitude of the stables, along with the horses’ breed, age, sex, and reproductive status was obtained by filling in a questionnaire. This was then used for statistical analysis by generalized linear models to explore risk factors associated with seroreactivity to L. infantum. Results An average seroprevalence of 13.9% was detected for L. infantum in the equine populations investigated, with statistically significant associations between seroprevalence, geographical variables (northern vs central Italy, origin and altitude) and individual factors (i.e. age and breed morphotype). Conclusions Our results highlight that horses are frequently exposed to L. infantum. Further prevalence surveys in horses, also using direct methods (e.g. PCR), are warranted to clarify the role of these hosts in the epidemiology of Leishmania in Italy.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Filippo Bertero; Iolanda Moretta; Giulia Morganti; Michele Mortarino; Luca Villa; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Benedetto Morandi; Riccardo Rinnovati; Fabrizio Vitale; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Luis Cardoso; Fabrizia Veronesi. Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data. Parasites & Vectors 2020, 13, 1 -9.
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Filippo Bertero, Iolanda Moretta, Giulia Morganti, Michele Mortarino, Luca Villa, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Benedetto Morandi, Riccardo Rinnovati, Fabrizio Vitale, Maria Teresa Manfredi, Luis Cardoso, Fabrizia Veronesi. Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data. Parasites & Vectors. 2020; 13 (1):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Filippo Bertero; Iolanda Moretta; Giulia Morganti; Michele Mortarino; Luca Villa; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Benedetto Morandi; Riccardo Rinnovati; Fabrizio Vitale; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Luis Cardoso; Fabrizia Veronesi. 2020. "Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data." Parasites & Vectors 13, no. 1: 1-9.
Toxoplasmosis represents an important public health issue, with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat being a major way of human infection. The role of beef in the transmission of the parasite to humans is questioned due to lower quantity of tissue cysts compared with other meat-producing species. However, the habit of consuming raw beef is regionally diffused, and the risk posed by Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle should not be overlooked. Therefore, to update information on T. gondii in cattle reared in Italy, a multicentric seroepidemiological survey was designed and implemented in four Northern regions (Liguria, Lombardy, Piedmont, and Trentino Alto Adige) and Sardinia. Overall, a convenience sampling was performed, collecting 1444 serum samples from 57 beef cattle herds. Thirteen beef breeds were sampled, besides cross-breed; bovines age varied from 3 months to over 12 years. Sera were tested with a commercial ELISA for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. Individual and herd data were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. A T. gondii seroprevalence of 10.2% was recorded, with differences among regions and values ranging from 5.3% in Liguria to 18.6% in the Piedmont region (p value = 0.0001). Both young and adult animals and males and females tested positive, without any significant difference (age and gender: p value > 0.05). Lower seroprevalence values were recorded in cattle born in Italy (8.7%) if compared with animals imported from abroad (13.4%) (p value = 0.046). The spread of T. gondii in beef cattle destined to Italian consumers is confirmed, suggesting the need of continuous monitoring of the infection.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Anna Maria Fausta Marino; Giovanni Garippa; Luca Rossi; Walter Mignone; Valter Dini; Renato Paolo Giunta; Mario Luini; Luca Villa; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in beef cattle raised in Italy: a multicenter study. Parasitology Research 2020, 119, 3893 -3898.
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Anna Maria Fausta Marino, Giovanni Garippa, Luca Rossi, Walter Mignone, Valter Dini, Renato Paolo Giunta, Mario Luini, Luca Villa, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in beef cattle raised in Italy: a multicenter study. Parasitology Research. 2020; 119 (11):3893-3898.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Anna Maria Fausta Marino; Giovanni Garippa; Luca Rossi; Walter Mignone; Valter Dini; Renato Paolo Giunta; Mario Luini; Luca Villa; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2020. "Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in beef cattle raised in Italy: a multicenter study." Parasitology Research 119, no. 11: 3893-3898.
Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal protist that infects humans and many animals globally. Thus far, 22 subtypes (STs) have been identified in mammalian and avian hosts. Since various STs are common to humans and animals, it was suggested that some human infections might arise from zoonotic transmission. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the presence of Blastocystis sp. in domestic (dogs and cats) and synanthropic animals (rats) of Fars Province, Iran, and to genetically characterize the samples. A total of 400 fresh faecal samples from 154 dogs, 119 cats, and 127 rats were inspected by direct microscopy, Wheatley’s trichrome staining, in vitro culture, and 18S rRNA gene nested-PCR. Finally, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Out of 400 samples, 47 (11.8%) and 61 (15.3%) samples were detected as positive by direct wet mount and culture, respectively. Molecular analysis detected a larger number of positive samples (n = 70, 17.5%): nested-PCR showed that 29 (18.8%) dogs, 21 (17.7%) cats, and 20 (15.8%) rats were infected by Blastocystis sp. Sequence analysis of positive samples indicated the presence of zoonotic STs in all investigated host species. Specifically, ST2 (allele 9), ST3 (allele 34), ST4 (allele 94), ST7 (allele 99), ST8 (allele 21), and ST10 (allele 152) were detected in dogs; ST1 (allele 2), ST3 (allele 34), ST4 (allele 94), ST10 (allele 152), and ST14 (allele 159) were detected in cats; and ST1 (allele 2), ST3 (allele 34), and ST4 (allele 92) were detected in rats. Our data suggest that domestic dogs and cats can serve as possible reservoirs for in-contact humans, especially those who handle shelter-resident and client-owned animals. Moreover, rats as synanthropic animals can function as a potential source of human infections. Conversely, humans can act as a source of infections to animals. These results should be reinforced in future molecular epidemiological studies.
Iraj Mohammadpour; Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Mohammad Hossein Motazedian; Niloofar Mohammadpour. First molecular subtyping and phylogeny of Blastocystis sp. isolated from domestic and synanthropic animals (dogs, cats and brown rats) in southern Iran. Parasites & Vectors 2020, 13, 1 -11.
AMA StyleIraj Mohammadpour, Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Maria Teresa Manfredi, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Niloofar Mohammadpour. First molecular subtyping and phylogeny of Blastocystis sp. isolated from domestic and synanthropic animals (dogs, cats and brown rats) in southern Iran. Parasites & Vectors. 2020; 13 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIraj Mohammadpour; Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Mohammad Hossein Motazedian; Niloofar Mohammadpour. 2020. "First molecular subtyping and phylogeny of Blastocystis sp. isolated from domestic and synanthropic animals (dogs, cats and brown rats) in southern Iran." Parasites & Vectors 13, no. 1: 1-11.
The consumption of ovine and caprine meat is considered one of the major transmission routes for Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans. The present study aimed at obtaining epidemiological and molecular data on T. gondii infection in small ruminants slaughtered or commercialized in Italy. Meat juices from 227 sheep and 51 goats were analyzed with a commercial ELISA and antibodies were detected in 28.6% sheep and 27.5% goats. A significant difference was highlighted between adult sheep and the other considered categories (young sheep, young and adult goats) concerning the detection of antibodies (94.1%; p-value = .008). Muscles of positives samples were submitted to molecular analysis, and T. gondii DNA was detected in 15 sheep and three goats; sequencing of B1 gene showed that all belonged to Type II. The present study confirmed small ruminants' meat as a possible source of T. gondii infection for consumers eating raw or undercooked meat, particularly in those countries where the consumption of sheep and goats' meat products is a traditional gastronomic habit.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Luca Villa; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat-producing small ruminants: Meat juice serology and genotyping. Parasitology International 2020, 76, 102060 .
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Luca Villa, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat-producing small ruminants: Meat juice serology and genotyping. Parasitology International. 2020; 76 ():102060.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Luca Villa; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2020. "Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat-producing small ruminants: Meat juice serology and genotyping." Parasitology International 76, no. : 102060.
The objectives of this study were: (i) To investigate possible geographical or environmental factors influencing the infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep and goats in northern Italy; (ii) to identify areas at risk of infection to set up preventive measures. Forty-three sheep and goat farms were included. Their locations were plotted and associated with T. gondii and N. caninum seroprevalence, then the distribution of farms’ prevalence was evaluated by spatial analysis. Significant clusters for both low and high prevalence were obtained, and a generalized linear model with ordinal logistic regression was implemented to verify if spatial clustering could be due to climate factors (temperature, rainfall, and their interaction). Clusters of high (80.0%) and low prevalence (28.12%) resulted for T. gondii seroprevalence in sheep farms. No significant clusters resulted for goat farms. Clusters of high (38.68%) and low prevalence (21.23%) resulted for N. caninum seroprevalence in sheep farms. One high-prevalence cluster (15.62%) resulted for goat farms. For goats, spatial analysis and analysis on climatic data showed the absence of environmental significant risk factors associated with T. gondii or N. caninum infection. On the contrary, for sheep, annual temperature, rainfall, and their association affected the risk of T. gondii and N. caninum infection. Particularly, high temperatures and abundant rainfalls were related to T. gondii seroprevalence, while low temperatures and scarce rainfalls were related to N. caninum seroprevalence.
Alessia Gazzonis; Luca Villa; Mariateresa Manfredi; Sergio Zanzani. Spatial Analysis of Infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in Small Ruminants in Northern Italy. Animals 2019, 9, 916 .
AMA StyleAlessia Gazzonis, Luca Villa, Mariateresa Manfredi, Sergio Zanzani. Spatial Analysis of Infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in Small Ruminants in Northern Italy. Animals. 2019; 9 (11):916.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Gazzonis; Luca Villa; Mariateresa Manfredi; Sergio Zanzani. 2019. "Spatial Analysis of Infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in Small Ruminants in Northern Italy." Animals 9, no. 11: 916.
Bovine besnoitiosis (Besnoitia besnoiti) is an emerging parasitic disease of cattle in Europe. This study reports a case of bovine besnoitiosis in a dairy farm housing 217 cattle in Italy. A serological screening was performed on the whole herd using the recommended approach of ELISA and confirmatory Western Blot. Seropositive animals were clinically examined to reveal symptoms and lesions of besnoitiosis. Risk factors and the effects of the parasite infection on reproductive and productive performances were evaluated. Histopathology and molecular analyses on tissues from a slaughtered cow affected by the chronic phase of the disease were carried out. An overall seroprevalence of 23.5%, which increased up to 43.5% considering only cows, was recorded. Clinical examination of 33 of the seropositive cows evidenced the presence of tissue cysts in at least one of the typical localizations (sclera, vulva, or skin) in 25 animals. Statistical analysis did not evidence any significative impact of the parasite infection on herd efficiency; however, a decrease of productive parameters was recorded in cows showing cutaneous cysts. Concerning the chronically affected cow, histopathology revealed B. besnoiti tissue cysts in the skin of the neck, rump, hind legs, eyelid and vulva, in the muzzle, in mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and in the lungs. Parasite DNA was detected also in masseter muscles, tonsils, mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, cardiac muscle, aorta wall, ovaries, uterus, and vulva. Bovine besnoitiosis continues to spread in the Italian cattle population. Breeders and veterinarians should be aware of this parasitic disease, and control programs should be developed based on surveillance through a diagnostic procedure including both clinical examination and laboratory tests.
Luca Villa; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Zanzani; Chiara Perlotti; Giuseppe Sironi; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Bovine besnoitiosis in an endemically infected dairy cattle herd in Italy: serological and clinical observations, risk factors, and effects on reproductive and productive performances. Parasitology Research 2019, 118, 3459 -3468.
AMA StyleLuca Villa, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Sergio Zanzani, Chiara Perlotti, Giuseppe Sironi, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Bovine besnoitiosis in an endemically infected dairy cattle herd in Italy: serological and clinical observations, risk factors, and effects on reproductive and productive performances. Parasitology Research. 2019; 118 (12):3459-3468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Villa; Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Zanzani; Chiara Perlotti; Giuseppe Sironi; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2019. "Bovine besnoitiosis in an endemically infected dairy cattle herd in Italy: serological and clinical observations, risk factors, and effects on reproductive and productive performances." Parasitology Research 118, no. 12: 3459-3468.
The zoonotic protozoa Toxoplasma gondii is one of the major abortive pathogens in small ruminants. Nevertheless, data on T. gondii infection in goats during lactation and on the presence of T. gondii in goat milk are lacking. A longitudinal study was planned in a T. gondii naturally infected dairy goat farm with the aim of (i) evaluating the variation of anti-T. gondii antibodies in blood and milk during the lactation; (ii) identifying the optimal phase during lactation for T. gondii monitoring; (iii) detecting the presence of T. gondii DNA in the milk. From March to July 2017, 30 goats in a farm were fortnightly visited seven times and sampled for blood and, when in lactation, for milk. Individual data regarding age, reproductive disorders, and the day of lactation were recorded. For the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies in blood and milk a commercial ELISA kit was used. Milk samples (n = 63) of selected nine seropositive animals were also molecularly analysed to amplify a sequence within the ITS1 region of T. gondii. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 63.3% (19/30); a high agreement was obtained between serum and milk results (Spearman's coefficient = 0.793 and Kendall's tau = 0.624), particularly between the 15th and the 60th day of lactation. In the statistical analysis, performed with generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), the variable "phase of lactation" was strongly associated to ELISA values obtained in both serum and milk (p-value = 0.0001, F = 5.197, and p-value = 0.016, F = 2.755, respectively). Finally, molecular analyses revealed the presence of parasitic DNA in 20.6% (13/63) of milk samples, with a discontinuous parasite excretion; statistical analyses did not reveal any association among the parasite excretion and the considered variables. Milk could be considered as a valid alternative to blood for monitoring T. gondii infection in goat herds. Moreover, the detection of T. gondii DNA in milk enhanced the possibility for raw goat's milk consumption to be considered as a risk to public health.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Luca Villa; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected goats: Monitoring of specific IgG levels in serum and milk during lactation and parasitic DNA detection in milk. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2019, 170, 104738 .
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Luca Villa, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected goats: Monitoring of specific IgG levels in serum and milk during lactation and parasitic DNA detection in milk. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2019; 170 ():104738.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Luca Villa; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2019. "Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected goats: Monitoring of specific IgG levels in serum and milk during lactation and parasitic DNA detection in milk." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 170, no. : 104738.
Blastocystis is a ubiquitous protozoan with a wide range of hosts. In humans, its presence has been associated with gastrointestinal disorders, although its role as a pathogen still needs to be elucidated. Until now, 17 Blastocystis subtypes (STs) have been identified, with ST1–ST4 the most commonly found in humans. Among domestic animals, the same STs reported in humans have been detected in dogs. An epidemiological survey on dog kennels was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of Blastocystis and the STs involved. Overall, 99 faecal samples were collected from the rescue shelters. Blastocystis detection was performed through conventional barcoding PCR targeting the 1800-bp SSU-rDNA, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Blastocystis DNA was found in 21 faecal samples (21.2%), and all samples were successfully sequenced and identified as ST3 in a unique monophyletic group. The presence of Blastocystis was reported for the first time in dogs from Italy, with the identification of ST3, the subtype most commonly found in humans.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Marianna Marangi; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Luca Villa; Annunziata Giangaspero; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in dogs housed in Italian rescue shelters. Parasitology Research 2019, 118, 3011 -3017.
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Marianna Marangi, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Luca Villa, Annunziata Giangaspero, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in dogs housed in Italian rescue shelters. Parasitology Research. 2019; 118 (10):3011-3017.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Marianna Marangi; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Luca Villa; Annunziata Giangaspero; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2019. "Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in dogs housed in Italian rescue shelters." Parasitology Research 118, no. 10: 3011-3017.
Lyme borreliosis cases have been reported from Lombardy in northern Italy, where Ixodes ricinus is the main vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. However, spatial and temporal variation in the incidence of Lyme borreliosis is not well understood. In the present study, based on new notified cases of Lyme borreliosis from 2000 to 2015, an average of 1.24 new cases per million residents per year was documented. New cases, georeferenced at the municipal level, were analyzed by retrospective space-time analysis (using SaTScan v. 9.3.1); and land cover, extrapolated from a Corine Land Cover dataset (using QGIS 2.8.1), was used to implement an environmental risk factor analysis. Firstly, a temporal high-risk cluster was detected in Lombardy: the relative risk of Lyme borreliosis was 3.73 times higher during 2008–2015 compared with the entire study period. Moreover, in a spatiotemporal high-risk cluster with a circular base, land cover consisting of wildland-urban interface, meadow, forest and meadow-forest transition were significantly higher compared to low-risk areas. Results of the present study demonstrate that the incidence of Lyme borreliosis is increasing in Lombardy and that environmental conditions are suitable for I. ricinus ticks infected with B. burgdorferi s.l.: citizens and health systems should be aware of Lyme borreliosis to reduce tick bites with personal protective behaviors and to avoid misdiagnosis, particularly within the area including the observed high-risk cluster. Economic resources should be invested to inform about methods to prevent tick bites, how to check people and pets after frequenting risk areas, and ways of removing the biting ticks when they are found.
Sergio A. Zanzani; Sara G. Rimoldi; Mariateresa Manfredi; Romualdo Grande; Alessia L. Gazzonis; Stefania Merli; Emanuela Olivieri; Vania Giacomet; Spinello Antinori; Giuliana Cislaghi; Giovanna Bestetti; Katiuscia Nan; Vittorio Sala; Maria R. Gismondo; Chiara Atzori; Eleonora De Faveri. Lyme borreliosis incidence in Lombardy, Italy (2000–2015): Spatiotemporal analysis and environmental risk factors. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2019, 10, 101257 .
AMA StyleSergio A. Zanzani, Sara G. Rimoldi, Mariateresa Manfredi, Romualdo Grande, Alessia L. Gazzonis, Stefania Merli, Emanuela Olivieri, Vania Giacomet, Spinello Antinori, Giuliana Cislaghi, Giovanna Bestetti, Katiuscia Nan, Vittorio Sala, Maria R. Gismondo, Chiara Atzori, Eleonora De Faveri. Lyme borreliosis incidence in Lombardy, Italy (2000–2015): Spatiotemporal analysis and environmental risk factors. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2019; 10 (6):101257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio A. Zanzani; Sara G. Rimoldi; Mariateresa Manfredi; Romualdo Grande; Alessia L. Gazzonis; Stefania Merli; Emanuela Olivieri; Vania Giacomet; Spinello Antinori; Giuliana Cislaghi; Giovanna Bestetti; Katiuscia Nan; Vittorio Sala; Maria R. Gismondo; Chiara Atzori; Eleonora De Faveri. 2019. "Lyme borreliosis incidence in Lombardy, Italy (2000–2015): Spatiotemporal analysis and environmental risk factors." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 10, no. 6: 101257.
F. Veronesi; A.L. Gazzonis; E. Napoli; E. Brianti; M.F. Persichetti; Azzurra Santoro; S.A. Zanzani; Emanuela Olivieri; M. Diaferia; S. Giannetto; M.G. Pennisi; M.T. Manfredi. Corrigendum to "Cross-sectional survey on Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Italian cats" [Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep.] 6C (2016) 14-19]. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 2019, 16, 100284 .
AMA StyleF. Veronesi, A.L. Gazzonis, E. Napoli, E. Brianti, M.F. Persichetti, Azzurra Santoro, S.A. Zanzani, Emanuela Olivieri, M. Diaferia, S. Giannetto, M.G. Pennisi, M.T. Manfredi. Corrigendum to "Cross-sectional survey on Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Italian cats" [Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep.] 6C (2016) 14-19]. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2019; 16 ():100284.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Veronesi; A.L. Gazzonis; E. Napoli; E. Brianti; M.F. Persichetti; Azzurra Santoro; S.A. Zanzani; Emanuela Olivieri; M. Diaferia; S. Giannetto; M.G. Pennisi; M.T. Manfredi. 2019. "Corrigendum to "Cross-sectional survey on Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Italian cats" [Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep.] 6C (2016) 14-19]." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 16, no. : 100284.
A sample of the diaphragm was collected from each of 100 wild boars legally hunted in the Val Grande National Park in north-western Italy and examined for the presence of Sarcocystis infection by histological and molecular methods. In histological sections, thick-walled sarcocysts consistent with those of Sarcocystis miescheriana were detected in 32 wild boars. Genomic DNA extracted from diaphragm samples was initially subjected to PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, and 97 wild boars were found to harbour a Sarcocystis infection at this screening. Selected DNA samples were then subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing of the ITS1 region and the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of the nuclear ribosomal DNA unit, while all positive samples were subjected to PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. S. miescheriana was identified in 97 wild boars (97%), while the zoonotic Sarcocystis suihominis was identified in one wild boar (1%), which also harboured S. miescheriana. Intra-specific sequence variation was found in all four DNA regions of S. miescheriana examined and in the 18S rRNA gene and ITS1 region of S. suihominis. The partial cox1 gene was amplified and sequenced from 72 isolates of S. miescheriana, yielding 43 haplotypes with pairwise sequence identities of 97.6–99.9%. These haplotypes were 79.1–79.8% identical with the cox1 sequence of S. suihominis. Phylogeny based on cox1 sequences placed S. miescheriana and S. suihominis as sister species within a clade comprising mainly Sarcocystis spp. of ruminants with felids as known or presumed definitive hosts. The same was true for the phylogeny based on 18S rRNA gene sequences.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Bjørn Gjerde; Luca Villa; Stefano Minazzi; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Pietro Riccaboni; Giuseppe Sironi; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy. Parasitology Research 2019, 118, 1271 -1287.
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Bjørn Gjerde, Luca Villa, Stefano Minazzi, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Pietro Riccaboni, Giuseppe Sironi, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy. Parasitology Research. 2019; 118 (4):1271-1287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Bjørn Gjerde; Luca Villa; Stefano Minazzi; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Pietro Riccaboni; Giuseppe Sironi; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2019. "Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy." Parasitology Research 118, no. 4: 1271-1287.
The Sardinian coloured donkey Equus asinus (Perissodactyla: Equidae) and its albino colour morph represent the wildlife species most typical of the island of Asinara. This Mediterranean island represents a favourable context for ticks and tick‐borne diseases; however, knowledge of the tick fauna on Asinara is scarce. A total of 106 Sardinian donkeys were inspected for tick infestation from June to November 2015. All ticks found were collected, classified by stage and sex, and identified to species level. The level of infestation of each donkey was determined; both the overall tick infestation and infestations of each detected species were classified on a scale of 1–3 to give an infestation score (IS). Overall, 256 hard ticks were collected from 60 of 106 donkeys (56.6%). Rhipicephalus bursa, Haemaphysalis punctata and Hyalomma marginatum (all: Ixodida: Ixodidae) infested 26.4%, 28.3% and 6.6% of donkeys, respectively. Different variables affected the IS. With reference to overall tick infestation, a higher IS was observed in donkeys grazing on grassland and Mediterranean shrubland and in albino donkeys compared with coloured donkeys. The collected ticks included species involved in the transmission of pathogens to humans, which highlights the risks for public health in a tourist destination such as Asinara National Park.
S. A. Zanzani; E. Pintore; E. Olivieri; N. Columbano; A. Scanu; V. Melosu; E. Sanna Passino; G. Careddu; A. L. Gazzonis; M. T. Manfredi; G. Garippa. Ixodid ticks on wild donkeys in a Mediterranean nature reserve (Asinara National Park): diversity and risk factors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2018, 33, 238 -246.
AMA StyleS. A. Zanzani, E. Pintore, E. Olivieri, N. Columbano, A. Scanu, V. Melosu, E. Sanna Passino, G. Careddu, A. L. Gazzonis, M. T. Manfredi, G. Garippa. Ixodid ticks on wild donkeys in a Mediterranean nature reserve (Asinara National Park): diversity and risk factors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2018; 33 (2):238-246.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. A. Zanzani; E. Pintore; E. Olivieri; N. Columbano; A. Scanu; V. Melosu; E. Sanna Passino; G. Careddu; A. L. Gazzonis; M. T. Manfredi; G. Garippa. 2018. "Ixodid ticks on wild donkeys in a Mediterranean nature reserve (Asinara National Park): diversity and risk factors." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 33, no. 2: 238-246.
A program for controlling bovine neosporosis based only on the use of beef semen, without culling seropositive animals, was evaluated in a closed dairy cattle herd over a 5-year period (2013-2017). The program was based on individual and periodic serological screenings to identify seropositive breeders. Seropositive cows were inseminated with beef-breed semen, thus excluding their descendants from the remount in order to prevent the vertical transmission of the disease. Seronegative animals, as well as heifers at first insemination, were tested before each insemination. Sera of 1097 cattle were examined by a commercial indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum. To verify the difference in seropositivity values among years of sampling, statistical analysis through generalized estimation equations (GEEs) was performed, also considering the effects of age, lineages, and occurrence of abortion. A seroprevalence of 33.8% was found in the first screening. The prevalence and incidence of the infection within the herd decreased significantly in 2017 (P = 28.9%, I = 1.4%) (p-value = 0.0001). The family line investigation detected a higher risk of being seropositive for a cow born to a seropositive dam (p-value = 0.0001) than to a seronegative dam, decreasing both the apparently vertical and horizontal transmissions. The number of spontaneous abortions decreased after the first year of the study (23 in 2013 to 6 in 2017). Seropositive animals were associated with abortion events (p-value = 0.0001). Although an eradication of N. caninum was not achieved at the end of the study period, a significant reduction in prevalence and incidence of neosporosis in the herd and a reduction of the abortion rate was achieved with the application of this control plan in five years, without culling a high number of seropositive potential milk-producing animals.
Giulia Sala; Alessia Gazzonis; Antonio Boccardo; Eleonora Coppoletta; Chiara Galasso; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Davide Pravettoni. Using beef-breed semen in seropositive dams for the control of bovine neosporosis. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2018, 161, 127 -133.
AMA StyleGiulia Sala, Alessia Gazzonis, Antonio Boccardo, Eleonora Coppoletta, Chiara Galasso, Maria Teresa Manfredi, Davide Pravettoni. Using beef-breed semen in seropositive dams for the control of bovine neosporosis. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2018; 161 ():127-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Sala; Alessia Gazzonis; Antonio Boccardo; Eleonora Coppoletta; Chiara Galasso; Maria Teresa Manfredi; Davide Pravettoni. 2018. "Using beef-breed semen in seropositive dams for the control of bovine neosporosis." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 161, no. : 127-133.
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts, including birds. Nevertheless, scant information on the spread of infection in wild bird populations is available to date. With the aim of updating information on T. gondii infection in birds of prey and possible risk factors associated with the infection, a serosurvey was planned on both wild and captive raptors. An overall of 93 raptors from Northern Italy were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies with a commercial modified agglutination test (MAT). A T. gondii prevalence of 10.7% was recorded; the highest seroprevalence was observed within the Family Strigidae (12.5%). Only wild animals tested positive; any statistical difference among species, taxonomic family, age, origin, use, migratory behavior and diet composition was not highlighted. Toxoplasmosis in birds of prey, sentinel species for the environmental spread of T. gondii, should always be considered within sanitary programs devoted to avian species protection.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Zanzani; Azzurra Santoro; Fabrizia Veronesi; Emanuela Olivieri; Luca Villa; Emanuele Lubian; Silvia Lovati; Fulvio Bottura; Sara Epis; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii infection in raptors from Italy: Seroepidemiology and risk factors analysis. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2018, 60, 42 -45.
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Sergio Zanzani, Azzurra Santoro, Fabrizia Veronesi, Emanuela Olivieri, Luca Villa, Emanuele Lubian, Silvia Lovati, Fulvio Bottura, Sara Epis, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii infection in raptors from Italy: Seroepidemiology and risk factors analysis. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2018; 60 ():42-45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Zanzani; Azzurra Santoro; Fabrizia Veronesi; Emanuela Olivieri; Luca Villa; Emanuele Lubian; Silvia Lovati; Fulvio Bottura; Sara Epis; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2018. "Toxoplasma gondii infection in raptors from Italy: Seroepidemiology and risk factors analysis." Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 60, no. : 42-45.
Alessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Katia Stradiotto; Emanuela Olivieri; Luca Villa; Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Bulk Tank Milk Samples of Caprine Dairy Herds. Journal of Parasitology 2018, 104, 560 -565.
AMA StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Katia Stradiotto, Emanuela Olivieri, Luca Villa, Maria Teresa Manfredi. Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Bulk Tank Milk Samples of Caprine Dairy Herds. Journal of Parasitology. 2018; 104 (5):560-565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Libera Gazzonis; Sergio Aurelio Zanzani; Katia Stradiotto; Emanuela Olivieri; Luca Villa; Maria Teresa Manfredi. 2018. "Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Bulk Tank Milk Samples of Caprine Dairy Herds." Journal of Parasitology 104, no. 5: 560-565.