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Karol Król (PhD) is a qualified information architect, front-end web developer, IT support technician, academic researcher and lecturer at the Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. He studies the uses of computer techniques and tools of spatial data presentation, data visualization, as well as performance, functionality and usability of websites. His research interests include, among others, digital heritage, data analytics and internet technologies, work organization and management, as well as marketing strategies.
Due to the turbulent history, unstable political situation, and the diverse ethnic composition of the population, there are numerous and varied cultural heritage objects in the Polish-Ukrainian borderland area, which has also developed characteristic landscape forms. The aim of the paper is to identify the elements of Polish cultural heritage that have remained in the collective memory of inhabitants of the Ukrainian side of the Polish-Ukrainian borderland 75 years after the forced relocation. The questionnaire survey was carried out in 2019 in selected cities of Eastern Galicia, namely, Zhovkva, Mostyska, Horodok, and Rava-Ruska. The study demonstrated that even 75 years after the forced relocation, Polish cultural heritage is still alive and has an effect on the development of the border towns and cities of Eastern Galicia. It is the elements of non-material culture, including the gastronomic culture of relocated nations, that have been preserved the best in the collective memory of borderland inhabitants. The Ukrainian population also demonstrated a good knowledge of Polish traditions and Catholic feasts as well as folk songs and Christmas carols. These are “cultural heritage bridges” that may serve as both a forum for mutual understanding and a platform for a dialogue and cooperation.
Bohdan Cherkes; Józef Hernik; Karol Król; Magdalena Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk. Polish-Ukrainian Borderland Cultural Heritage Bridges—Lesson Drawn from Forced Population Relocation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7898 .
AMA StyleBohdan Cherkes, Józef Hernik, Karol Król, Magdalena Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk. Polish-Ukrainian Borderland Cultural Heritage Bridges—Lesson Drawn from Forced Population Relocation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7898.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBohdan Cherkes; Józef Hernik; Karol Król; Magdalena Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk. 2021. "Polish-Ukrainian Borderland Cultural Heritage Bridges—Lesson Drawn from Forced Population Relocation." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7898.
Cultural heritage is a complex and multi-faceted concept, thus eluding a definition. Consequently, it is a daunting task to assess the cultural heritage potential of a country, region, or community unambiguously. The paper defines “cultural heritage potential” and presents an example of a synthetic assessment of the potential with Poland as an example. The assessment involved several normalised diagnostic variables grouped into four thematic fields. This way, cultural heritage potential could be represented by a “synthetic quality index”. The analysis yielded a ranked list of voivodeships (third-tier subdivision units) and their classification (typology) regarding cultural heritage potential. An in-depth analysis demonstrated that the cultural heritage potential rank of a voivodeship could be determined by values of selected diagnostic valuables, such as the number of heritage objects, number of food products of documented quality and particular cultural significance, and extensive cultural infrastructure. The typology can be a background for decision-making with the consequences of voivodeship classification depending on the context of a specific analysis. The proposed method for assessing cultural heritage potential is not related to the territorial extent of the area. Any quantifiable attribute of cultural heritage can be used in the assessment regardless of the unit of measure. Such an assessment can be useful for the identification of trouble areas, areas of concern, and model areas.
Karol Król. Assessment of the Cultural Heritage Potential in Poland. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6637 .
AMA StyleKarol Król. Assessment of the Cultural Heritage Potential in Poland. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6637.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król. 2021. "Assessment of the Cultural Heritage Potential in Poland." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6637.
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the way people use social media in a particular manner. The paper aims to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the use of social media, taking into account the sex and personality types of users in Poland. The survey involved 469 active users of social media. The data were analysed with statistical methods. A significant part of the respondents believed that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the way they used social media. They pointed out that the most common social media use drivers were immediate needs, often of pragmatic nature, such as rapid communication and exchange of information, and social needs. Among the survey population, it was the women who were more active on social media, particularly regarding Instagram. They were also more active on Pinterest and Snapchat. Men were more active on YouTube. Extraverts published more often on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, or Pinterest by a wide margin. They were also more active in general and more often judged social media content. The respondents indicated social platforms they believed would gain or lose popularity in the nearest future. The overall conclusion is that the pandemic may be a good time to launch new social platforms or promote less popular ones with new functionalities and narrow targets.
Dariusz Zdonek; Karol Król. The Impact of Sex and Personality Traits on Social Media Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4793 .
AMA StyleDariusz Zdonek, Karol Król. The Impact of Sex and Personality Traits on Social Media Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4793.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDariusz Zdonek; Karol Król. 2021. "The Impact of Sex and Personality Traits on Social Media Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4793.
The quality of healthcare service websites gains particular importance in the time of the pandemic,asthe popularity of electronic services grows. This applies to infectious disease hospitals as well, often on the front line of the effort against COVID-19. The paper aims to assess the quality of infectious disease hospital websites in Poland in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research covered 91 websites. The first stage was an analysis of selected technical attributes of the websites (including website performance, SEO quality, website availability, and mobile-friendliness) with selected online tools, such as Google PageSpeed Insights, Blink Audit Tool, Backlink Checker, andwebsite accessibility evaluation tool(WAVE). The data were then analyzed with statistical methods. The next step was to analyze the content of the websites. The research has shown that most of the websites were of satisfactory quality, apart from those that were not mobile-ready. The following keywords were found most often on the hospital websites: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, smear, specialist care clinic, isolation, telephone consultations, sample collection center, support, coronavirus, recommendations, patient registration, signs of disease. The research suggests that the quality of infectious disease hospital websites in Poland is significantly diversified in search engine optimization, mobile-friendliness, and needs of people at risk of digital exclusion.
Karol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 642 .
AMA StyleKarol Król, Dariusz Zdonek. The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):642.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. 2021. "The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 642.
Józef Hernik; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Karol Król; Barbara Prus; Maria Walczycka; Robert Kao; Park University. Indicators of change in cultural heritage. Monograph. Indicators of change in cultural heritage. Monograph 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJózef Hernik, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Karol Król, Barbara Prus, Maria Walczycka, Robert Kao, Park University. Indicators of change in cultural heritage. Monograph. Indicators of change in cultural heritage. Monograph. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJózef Hernik; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Karol Król; Barbara Prus; Maria Walczycka; Robert Kao; Park University. 2021. "Indicators of change in cultural heritage. Monograph." Indicators of change in cultural heritage. Monograph , no. : 1.
PurposeAt the turn of 2018 and 2019, a certain era in the history of Polish Internet came to an end. Most of the websites of rural tourism facilities hosted on free servers no longer exist; however, the very phenomenon has significantly distinguished itself in the promotion of rural tourism in Poland. The paper presents archaic websites or rural tourism facilities in Poland as digital cultural heritage assets. Its purpose is to propose attributes potentially indicative of content or phenomenon being part of digital cultural heritage.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 211 websites of rural tourism facilities in Poland, hosted on free servers, were analysed. The study investigated digital artefacts, i.e. only the websites that no longer exist but whose archival copies are found at the Internet Archive (IA).FindingsThe structure of most websites of rural tourism facilities was based on tables. None of the websites were responsive. The graphics of 132 websites (65%) were never changed, with the oldest recorded copies dating back to 2001 and the newest ones to 2018. On many websites, components that are relatively rarely found these days were noted, e.g. “marquee”-type “floating” objects or online surveys.Originality/valueThe phenomenon of using free-of-charge hosting services by rural tourism facilities in Poland in the years 2004–2012 is part of the history of Polish Internet and an example of digital cultural heritage. Archaic websites of rural tourism facilities in Poland are digital artefacts but not all of them have cultural values. In total, three groups of attributes are proposed that can be important for determining whether a website, content or phenomenon can be considered digital cultural heritage assets.
Karol Król. Digital cultural heritage of rural tourism facilities in Poland. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 2020, ahead-of-p, 1 .
AMA StyleKarol Król. Digital cultural heritage of rural tourism facilities in Poland. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 2020; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król. 2020. "Digital cultural heritage of rural tourism facilities in Poland." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.
Crows and ravens are deeply symbolic. They have featured in myriads of myths and legends. They have been perceived as ominous, totemic, but also smart and intelligent birds by various peoples around the world. They have heralded bad luck and evoked negative associations. How are they perceived today, in the time of the Internet, mobile devices, and popular culture? Is the young generation familiar with the legends, tales, or beliefs related to these birds? The purpose of this paper was to determine the place of the crow and raven in the consciousness of young generations, referred to as Generation Y and Generation Z. The authors proposed that young people, Generations Y and Z, were not familiar with the symbolism of crows and ravens, attached no weight to them, and failed to appreciate their past cultural roles. The survey involved respondents aged 60 and over as well. Both online surveys and direct, in-depth, structured interviews were employed. It was demonstrated that the crow and raven are ominous birds that herald bad luck and evoke negative associations and feelings in the consciousness of young generations. The perception of crows and ravens by the younger generation stems mostly from popular culture and the appearance and behavior of the birds. The ways in which crows and ravens are represented in popular culture and perceived by the public may directly affect their fate in areas with human presence.
Karol Król; Józef Hernik. Crows and Ravens as Indicators of Socioeconomic and Cultural Changes in Urban Areas. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10231 .
AMA StyleKarol Król, Józef Hernik. Crows and Ravens as Indicators of Socioeconomic and Cultural Changes in Urban Areas. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Józef Hernik. 2020. "Crows and Ravens as Indicators of Socioeconomic and Cultural Changes in Urban Areas." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10231.
Diverse historical, cultural landscapes can be found in many parts of the world, and also in rural areas. They are a challenge for interdisciplinary research. One of the gradually disappearing components of rural cultural landscapes in Poland is the scarecrow. The objective of this paper was to analyse the role of the scarecrow in the Polish rural cultural landscape today. The field research was aimed at determining whether the scarecrow can be seen in Polish rural areas, and if yes, what the circumstances and its forms are. A site visit yielded copious photographic records of rural areas. The investigated area was selected following a literature analysis and analysis of environmental and economic conditions on the regional level in Poland. The visit demonstrated that although scarecrows are part of the cultural landscape of the Polish countryside, they are slightly more modest in their appearance than in the past. Scarecrows are placed in small, family-owned agricultural holdings that have time to uphold local traditions.
Karol Król. The Scarecrow as Part of Polish Rural Cultural Landscapes. Agriculture 2020, 10, 496 .
AMA StyleKarol Król. The Scarecrow as Part of Polish Rural Cultural Landscapes. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (11):496.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król. 2020. "The Scarecrow as Part of Polish Rural Cultural Landscapes." Agriculture 10, no. 11: 496.
Website users have increasingly high expectations regarding website quality, starting from performance and ending up with the content. This article provides a list and characteristics of selected website quality indices and testing applications that are available free of charge. Aggregated website quality indices were characterised based on a review of various source materials, including the academic literature and Internet materials. Aggregated website quality indices are usually developed with a less specialised user (customer) searching for descriptive information in mind. Their presentation is focused on aesthetic sensations. Most frequently, their values are expressed in points or percent. Many of these indices appear to be of little substantive value, as they present approximate, estimated values. These indices, however, are of great marketing value instead. Specific (“single”) indices are of a specialised nature. They are more difficult to interpret and address the subtle aspects of website and web application functioning. They offer great value to designers and software developers. They indicate critical spots which affect the website quality. Most of them are expressed precisely, often up to two or three decimal places, in specific units. Algorithmic tests for website quality, whose results are presented using indices, enable a reduction in the cost intensiveness of tests as well as an increase in their number and frequency, as the tests are repetitive and their number is not limited. What is more, they allow the results to be compared.
Karol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. Aggregated Indices in Website Quality Assessment. Future Internet 2020, 12, 72 .
AMA StyleKarol Król, Dariusz Zdonek. Aggregated Indices in Website Quality Assessment. Future Internet. 2020; 12 (4):72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. 2020. "Aggregated Indices in Website Quality Assessment." Future Internet 12, no. 4: 72.
The success of a rural tourism business largely depends on promotional activities. Having developed a tourist product, owners of rural tourism facilities should therefore inform the buyers about it. Usually, they rely on websites and social media for this purpose. However, for a website to fulfill its function, it should be of high quality. The improvement of website quality can be achieved through measures which include search engine optimization (SEO) and content and graphics optimization. The purpose of this paper is to assess the potential of image optimization on websites of Polish rural tourism facilities. The research covered 1000 paid domain websites. The largest part of the sites surveyed were rated good in terms of graphic file optimization. In spite of this, it was possible to reduce the size of graphic files covered by this study and used in the research model by as much as 67% without significantly deteriorating their quality. This research showed that image optimization has no direct impact on the outcome of an SEO audit, and that images can be optimized even for websites with high final scores.
Karol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. Potential of image optimization on websites of rural tourism facilities in Poland. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 2020, 55, 29–36 -29–36.
AMA StyleKarol Król, Dariusz Zdonek. Potential of image optimization on websites of rural tourism facilities in Poland. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development. 2020; 55 (1):29–36-29–36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. 2020. "Potential of image optimization on websites of rural tourism facilities in Poland." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 55, no. 1: 29–36-29–36.
The paper investigates the accessibility of local government websites. It focuses in particular on disability, e-administration, and web accessibility standards for the visually impaired. The research involved 182 websites of local government bodies of the Małopolskie Voivodeship (Poland). It employed selected automated testing applications. The occurrence of selected accessibility tools on the websites was verified with a cognitive walkthrough. A questionnaire survey was conducted as well. Results of the automatic measurements were standardized using the unitarization method. The effort yielded an aggregate final score for each website in the form of the AAR (Aggregate Accessibility Rating). It was used to build a ranking list of the websites and order them by the accessibility criterion. The websites achieved 57.23% of the available AAR points in total. This indicates there is a great opportunity for improvement in the accessibility of the investigated websites (in the employed research design). Moreover, municipalities were found to be heavily committed to the questionnaire survey, which is indicative of the importance and relevance of the problem of accessibility and quality of public websites.
Karol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. Local Government Website Accessibility—Evidence from Poland. Administrative Sciences 2020, 10, 22 .
AMA StyleKarol Król, Dariusz Zdonek. Local Government Website Accessibility—Evidence from Poland. Administrative Sciences. 2020; 10 (2):22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. 2020. "Local Government Website Accessibility—Evidence from Poland." Administrative Sciences 10, no. 2: 22.
This paper aims to review, characterize and comparatively analyze selected organizations’ analytics maturity models. Eleven various organizations’ analytics maturity models (AMMs) were characterized. The models’ characteristics were developed based on an academic literature review as well as reports and publications shared by analytics sector operators. Most of the analyzed models comprised five analytics maturity levels. Comprehensive descriptions of an organization’s analytics maturity levels were available for all models. However, no detailed description of the assessment process or criteria for placing an organization at a specific analytics development level were available in all cases. Selected analytics maturity models were described in such a detailed manner that their application in an independent assessment of an organization’s analytics maturity was possible. In the future, an increase is expected in both the number and availability of new analytics maturity models, in particular those personalized and dedicated to a specific sector or business, and the number of entities involved in an assessment of an organization’s analytics maturity and the implementation of data analytics in organizations. The article presents and summarizes selected features of eleven various organizations’ analytics maturity models. This is the firstever such extensive review of those models.
Karol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. Analytics Maturity Models: An Overview. Information 2020, 11, 142 .
AMA StyleKarol Król, Dariusz Zdonek. Analytics Maturity Models: An Overview. Information. 2020; 11 (3):142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. 2020. "Analytics Maturity Models: An Overview." Information 11, no. 3: 142.
The objective of the paper is to evaluate a public consultation under a procedure for environmental impact assessment of an extension and alteration project of a palace in Kijany, municipality of Spiczyn, Lubelskie Voivodeship, eastern Poland. An evaluation questionnaire survey was developed to acquire reliable information about consultation meetings under the procedure that mainly involved residents of the municipality of Spiczyn and environmental organisations. The questionnaire survey was conducted in March and April 2019 and involved 45 respondents. Most of them evaluated positively the public consultation. What they found most important was the clear presentation of legal, financial, economic, and environmental aspects of the project. The respondents believed the equal treatment of participants of the meetings regardless of their position to be a great advantage.
Grażyna Gawrońska; Krzysztof Gawroński; Karol Król; Katarzyna Jarosz. EVALUATION OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. A CASE STUDY. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 2020, 19, 33 -43.
AMA StyleGrażyna Gawrońska, Krzysztof Gawroński, Karol Król, Katarzyna Jarosz. EVALUATION OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. A CASE STUDY. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum. 2020; 19 (1):33-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrażyna Gawrońska; Krzysztof Gawroński; Karol Król; Katarzyna Jarosz. 2020. "EVALUATION OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. A CASE STUDY." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 19, no. 1: 33-43.
There are many techniques available today for publishing maps in web browsers. The material is often created using geographical information systems (GIS). The performance, most often understood as the speed of loading the application into a web browser, is the determinant of the viewing experience. The performance of a map application can be improved through such process as minification. The purpose of the study is to measure the impact of minification on the performance of the map component.Code minification was performed by selected web applications. The performance of two applica-tions, GTmetrix and Dareboost, was tested. Two research questions have been posed: RQ1: How great a reduction in the size of component files of an application can be achieved with minification?and RQ2: How will the minification affect the performance of a web browser map application? The research has shown that the model applications were performing relatively poor, in particular, on mobile devices. The minification reduced the size of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files by about 11%, which had a slight impact on application performance (in the employed research de-sign). It has been demonstrated that minification was insufficient for improving significantly the performance of the tested applications. Additional compression of image files is recommended.
Karol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. THE IMPACT OF CODE MINIFICATION ON MAP APPLICATION PERFORMANCE. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 2020, 2, 41 -49.
AMA StyleKarol Król, Dariusz Zdonek. THE IMPACT OF CODE MINIFICATION ON MAP APPLICATION PERFORMANCE. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape. 2020; 2 ():41-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. 2020. "THE IMPACT OF CODE MINIFICATION ON MAP APPLICATION PERFORMANCE." Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 2, no. : 41-49.
Interactive data visualisations are popular and come in different forms, from static raster files to dynamic and complex proposals. The usability of the applications can be increased through the improvement of their technical attributes such as a reduced number of external components or image file compression. The objective of the paper is to analyse the correlation between raster compression and the performance of a map application. The research involved an application created specifically for this purpose. Raster compression and performance were measured using selected online tools. Raster compression has been demonstrated to enhance map application performance, although not all performance indicators improved.
Karol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. THE IMPACT OF RASTER FILE OPTIMISATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MAP APPLICATION. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 2020, 1, 53 -61.
AMA StyleKarol Król, Dariusz Zdonek. THE IMPACT OF RASTER FILE OPTIMISATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MAP APPLICATION. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape. 2020; 1 ():53-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Dariusz Zdonek. 2020. "THE IMPACT OF RASTER FILE OPTIMISATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MAP APPLICATION." Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 1, no. : 53-61.
Digital Heritage. Reflection of Our Activities Monografie Karol Król, Józef Hernik
Karol Król; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Józef Hernik. Digital Heritage. Reflection of Our Activities. Digital Heritage. Reflection of Our Activities 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleKarol Król, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Józef Hernik. Digital Heritage. Reflection of Our Activities. Digital Heritage. Reflection of Our Activities. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Józef Hernik. 2020. "Digital Heritage. Reflection of Our Activities." Digital Heritage. Reflection of Our Activities , no. : 1.
Data analytics changes the way the enterprises operate, and allows them to both discover new business opportunities and offer innovative products and services. Data analytics can also be used to boost the performance of rural businesses. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify web analytics tools used by owners of rural tourism establishments in Poland. The study covered 965 websites hosted on selected paid domains. SEOptimer, an online application, and Google Tag Assistant were used in order to identify the analytical tools. Findings from the study were considered in the context of search engine optimization level and of the scale of business operations. In the sample covered by this study, a form of web analytics was found in 449 websites (46.5%); however, a data collection engine was probably implemented in 425 websites (44%). Google Analytics was the most frequent analytical tool. It was demonstrated that rural tourism establishments used analytical tools to a lesser extent than other businesses which rely on the Internet to promote and sell their products. Moreover, owners of higher-standard rural tourism establishments are more keen to use web analytics.
Karol Król. THE APPLICATION OF WEB ANALYTICS BY OWNERS OF RURAL TOURISM FACILITIES IN POLAND – DIAGNOSIS AND AN ATTEMPT AT A MEASUREMENT. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 2019, 54, 319–326 -319–326.
AMA StyleKarol Król. THE APPLICATION OF WEB ANALYTICS BY OWNERS OF RURAL TOURISM FACILITIES IN POLAND – DIAGNOSIS AND AN ATTEMPT AT A MEASUREMENT. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development. 2019; 54 (4):319–326-319–326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król. 2019. "THE APPLICATION OF WEB ANALYTICS BY OWNERS OF RURAL TOURISM FACILITIES IN POLAND – DIAGNOSIS AND AN ATTEMPT AT A MEASUREMENT." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 54, no. 4: 319–326-319–326.
The increasing importance of large cities (metropolises) poses a range of challenges to the socio-economic functions of the rural and agricultural areas around them. One such challenge is pressure exerted on family-run farms to abandon agricultural activity and on people engaged in such activity to shift to other sectors. This may be a hindrance to successful succession on family farms. The aim of this paper is to present spatial variation in generational changes in farms located around large cities (metropolises) in Poland and to assess the factors affecting the scale of such changes. Special attention was paid to the importance of the location of farms relative to large cities. One innovative feature of the approach presented was to conduct an analysis of generational changes in the agricultural sector at the supra-local level along with an attempt to quantify the impact of large urban centers on that process. The empirical material based on which the conclusions were formulated included official statistics data and information made available by an institution engaged in the implementation of agricultural policy programs financed from European Union (EU) funds, i.e., young farmer payments (Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) pillar I) and measures “Setting up of young farmers” and “Early retirement” (CAP Pillar II). In the executed study, methods of descriptive and multivariate statistics, including regression trees, were used. It was found that socio-economic (exogenous) factors had a significant statistical impact on generational changes in farms. In areas with an attractive labor market and a high level of urbanization, a successful generational shift in farms occurred less often. Nonetheless, generational changes in the agriculture of the analyzed areas were relatively most strongly determined by endogenous factors linked with the economic potential of the farm. Farm characteristics (area of agricultural land and economic size) and the characteristics of managers, including in particular their education, were found to be more important than exogenous factors. In areas where large and economically strong farms dominated and the level of education among farmers was relatively high, generational changes were faster compared to other areas.
Wojciech Sroka; Michał Dudek; Tomasz Wojewodzic; Karol Król. Generational Changes in Agriculture: The Influence of Farm Characteristics and Socio-Economic Factors. Agriculture 2019, 9, 264 .
AMA StyleWojciech Sroka, Michał Dudek, Tomasz Wojewodzic, Karol Król. Generational Changes in Agriculture: The Influence of Farm Characteristics and Socio-Economic Factors. Agriculture. 2019; 9 (12):264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciech Sroka; Michał Dudek; Tomasz Wojewodzic; Karol Król. 2019. "Generational Changes in Agriculture: The Influence of Farm Characteristics and Socio-Economic Factors." Agriculture 9, no. 12: 264.
Scarecrows were commonly featuredin rural landscapes until recently. There are numerous rituals associated with creating a scarecrow and erecting it in the field, with many legends being linked to this character.The scarecrow itself has counterparts in many countries worldwide. However, with civilisation progressingand characterised withan emphasis on economic efficiency and agricultural engineering in the present day, scarecrows are disappearing from the rural landscape. Advanced electronic devices replace them, while scarecrows end up in museums and open-air museums calledskansens, as well as beingon display at local village festivals. The goal of this paper is to investigate the past and present functions of the scarecrow in rural areas in Poland as an indicator of changes occurring inthe cultural heritage in these areas. The survey and field studies were carried out in selected localities in Małopolskie Voivodeship that exhibited distinct qualities related to rural cultural heritage. The study involved photographic documentation and a diagnostic survey using the structured direct interview technique. The interview focused on local community leaders. Resultingly, scarecrows were demonstrated to be an essential indicator of changes in Poland’s rural cultural heritage.
Karol Król; Robert Kao; Józef Hernik. The Scarecrow as an Indicator of Changes in the Cultural Heritage of Rural Poland. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6857 .
AMA StyleKarol Król, Robert Kao, Józef Hernik. The Scarecrow as an Indicator of Changes in the Cultural Heritage of Rural Poland. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (23):6857.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Król; Robert Kao; Józef Hernik. 2019. "The Scarecrow as an Indicator of Changes in the Cultural Heritage of Rural Poland." Sustainability 11, no. 23: 6857.