Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are very important diabetes-related lesions that can lead to serious physical consequences like amputations of limbs and equally severe social, psychological, and economic outcomes. It is reported that up to 25% of patients with diabetes develop a DFU in their lifetime, and more than half of them become infected. Therefore, it is essential to manage infection and ulcer recovery to prevent negatives outcomes. The available information plays a significant role in keeping both physicians and patients aware of the emerging therapies against DFUs. The purpose of this review is to compile the currently available approaches in the managing and treatment of DFUs, including molecular and regenerative medicine, antimicrobial and energy-based therapies, and the use of plant extracts, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, ozone, devices, and nano-medicine, to offer an overview of the assessment of this condition.

Bacterial coinfections, which increase the severity of respiratory viral infections, are frequent causes of mortality in influenza pandemics but have not been well characterized in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, the association of COVID-19 infection with pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease (TB) and concurrent pulmonary fungal infection is not well known. The classification of patients with COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) using the current definitions for invasive fungal diseases has proven difficult. In this study, we aimed to provide information about three patients with underlying diseases ongoing with COVID-19 and co-infection with pulmonary TB, and with COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). At the time of hospital admission, each patient presented complications such as decompensated T2DM with diabetic ketoacidosis and/or hypertension. Findings of chest computed tomography and serum galactomannan by radioimmunoassay were useful for classifying them as possible CAPA. One of the three possible CAPA cases was fatal. These three cases are rare and are the first of their kind reported worldwide. The generation of reliable algorithms, early diagnosis, standardization of classification criteria, and the selection of specific and personalized treatments for COVID-19-associated opportunistic infections, including CAPA, are necessary to improve outcomes in these kinds of patients.