Conventional fluorescent lamps that are used in tissue culture are costly light sources, exhibiting excessive wavelength emission-bandwidth that must be replaced by alternative, less costly, and much lower power-consuming energy sources. The use of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) is the best option due to their potential role as elicitors of secondary metabolite production in many plant models. Gynura procumbens (G. procumbens) is widely used for treating various diseases. Here, leaf explants were cultivated in MS medium that was supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2.0 mg/L of benzylaminopurine (BAP) for 30 days under white, blue, and red LEDs. Secondary metabolites were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Blue LEDs elicited the highest antioxidant activity, total flavonoid, and phenolic content. Furthermore, the content of cyanidin-monoglucosides significantly increased under blue light.

The three-dimensional structure of protein is determined by analyzing diffraction data collected using X-ray beams. However, X-ray beam can damage protein crystals during data collection, lowering the quality of the crystal data. A way to prevent such damage is by treating protein crystals with cryoprotectants. The cryoprotectant stabilizes the protein crystal and prevents lowering the quality of the diffraction data. Many kinds of cryoprotectants are commercially available, and various treatment methods have also been reported. However, incorrect selection or treatment of such cryoprotectants may lead to deterioration of crystal diffraction data when using X-ray beams.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme, catalyses the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. While mammalian and yeast GAPDHs are multifunctional proteins that have additional functions beyond those involved in glycolysis, including reactions related to nuclear RNA transport, DNA replication/repair, membrane fusion and cellular apoptosis,Escherichia coliGAPDH (ecGAPDH) has only been reported to function in glycolysis. The S-loop of GAPDH is required for interaction with its cofactor and with other proteins. In this study, the three-dimensional crystal structure of GAPDH treated with trehalose is reported at 2.0 Å resolution. Trehalose was used as a cryoprotectant for the GAPDH crystals. The structure of trehalose-boundecGAPDH was compared with the structures of both NAD⁺-free and NAD⁺-boundecGAPDH. At the S-loop, the bound trehalose in the GAPDH structure induces a 2.4° rotation compared with the NAD⁺-freeecGAPDH structure and a 3.1° rotation compared with the NAD⁺-boundecGAPDH structure.

To unlock the full potential of PSCs, machine learning (ML) was implemented in this research to predict the optimal combination of mesoporous‐titanium dioxide (mp‐TiO₂) and weight percentage (wt%) of phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), along with the current density (J_sc), open‐circuit voltage (V_oc), fill factor (ff), and energy conversion efficiency (ECE). Then, the combination that yielded the highest predicted ECE was selected as a reference to fabricate PCBM‐PSCs with nanopatterned TiO₂ layer. Subsequently, the PCBM‐PSCs with nanopatterned TiO₂ layers were fabricated and characterized to further understand the effects of nanopatterning depth and wt% of PCBM on PSCs. Experimentally, the highest ECE of 17.338% is achieved at 127 nm nanopatterning depth and 0.10 wt% of PCBM, where the J_sc, V_oc, and ff are 22.877 mA cm⁻², 0.963 V, and 0.787, respectively. The measured J_sc, V_oc, ff, and ECE values show consistencies with the ML prediction. Hence, these findings not only revealed the potential of ML to be used as a preliminary investigation to navigate the research of PSCs but also highlighted that nanopatterning depth has a significant impact on J_sc, and the incorporation of PCBM on perovskite layer influenced the V_oc and ff, which further boosted the performance of PSCs.