Cloud computing, the technology that makes it possible for computing resources to be provisioned to clients / subscribers over long distances, as well as its component technology – virtualization, which makes it possible for multiple guest systems to co-reside on a single host machine and share the computing resources of the host, have both become very popular technologies that have witnessed giant improvements in the 21^st century. This is a review paper that presents an overview of the technologies of virtualization and cloud computing, tracing their history and evolution down a timeline to what they have today, and providing pointers to prospects of future advancements to virtualization and cloud computing.

Advancements in information technology have significantly enhanced productivity and efficiency through the adoption of cloud computing, yet this adoption has also introduced a spectrum of security threats. Effective cybersecurity mitigation strategies are imperative to minimize the impact on cloud infrastructure and ensure reliability. This study seeks to categorize and assess the risk levels of cybersecurity threats in cloud computing environments, providing a comprehensive characterization based on eleven major causes, including natural disasters, loss of encryption keys, unauthorized login access, and others. Using fuzzy set theory to analyze uncertainties and model threats, threats were identified, prioritized, and categorized according to their impact on cloud infrastructure. A high level of data loss was revealed in five key features, such as encryption key compromise and unauthorized login access, while a lower impact was observed in unknown cloud storage and exposure to sensitive data. Seven threat features, including encryption key loss and operating system failure, were found to significantly contribute to data breaches. In contrast, others like virtual machine sharing and impersonation, exhibited lower risk levels. A comparative analysis of threat mitigation techniques determined Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service and Elevation of Privilege (STRIDE) as the most effective methodology with a score of 59, followed by Quality Threat Modeling Methodology (QTMM) (57), Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) (51), Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis (PASTA) (50), and Persona non-Grata (PnG) (47). Attack Tree and Hierarchical Threat Modeling Methodology (HTMM) each achieved 46, while Linkability, Identifiablility, Nonrepudiation, Detectability, Disclosure of Information, Unawareness and Noncompliance (LINDDUN) scored 45. These findings underscore the value of fuzzy set theory in tandem with threat modeling to categorize and assess cybersecurity risks in cloud computing. STRIDE is recommended as an effective modeling technique for cloud environments. This comprehensive analysis provides critical insights for organizations and security experts, empowering them to proactively address recurring threats and minimize disruptions to daily operations.

Agenda 2030; Bureaucracy; Contemporary bureaucracies; Implications of contemporary bureaucracies; Public service bureaucracies; Sustainability; Sustainable development; Sustainable Development...

Cognizant computing + transformative marketing: an intelligent solution for sustainable business development - Author: Valerie Onyia, Emmanuel C. Ogu