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Kelin Hu
Department Soil and Water, College Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

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Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Agriculture
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Effective monitoring of soil moisture (θ) by non-destructive means is important for crop irrigation management. Soil bulk density (ρ) is a major factor that affects potential application of θ estimation models using remotely-sensed data. However, few researchers have focused on and quantified the effect of ρ on spectral reflectance of soil moisture with different soil textures. Therefore, we quantified influences of soil bulk density and texture on θ, and evaluated the performance from combining spectral feature parameters with the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to estimate θ. The conclusions are as follows: (1) for sandy soil, the spectral feature parameters most strongly correlated with θ were Sg (sum of reflectance in green edge) and A_Depth780–970 (absorption depth at 780–970 nm). (2) The θ had a significant correlation to the R900–970 (maximum reflectance at 900–970 nm) and S900–970 (sum of reflectance at 900–970 nm) for loamy soil. (3) The best spectral feature parameters to estimate θ were R900–970 and S900–970 for clay loam soil, respectively. (4) The R900–970 and S900–970 showed higher accuracy in estimating θ for sandy loam soil. The R900–970 and S900–970 achieved the best estimation accuracy for all four soil textures. Combining spectral feature parameters with ANN produced higher accuracy in estimating θ (R2 = 0.95 and RMSE = 0.03 m3 m−3) for the four soil textures.

ACS Style

Wanying Diao; Gang Liu; Huimin Zhang; Kelin Hu; Xiuliang Jin. Influences of Soil Bulk Density and Texture on Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture Using Spectral Feature Parameters and an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm. Agriculture 2021, 11, 710 .

AMA Style

Wanying Diao, Gang Liu, Huimin Zhang, Kelin Hu, Xiuliang Jin. Influences of Soil Bulk Density and Texture on Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture Using Spectral Feature Parameters and an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (8):710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wanying Diao; Gang Liu; Huimin Zhang; Kelin Hu; Xiuliang Jin. 2021. "Influences of Soil Bulk Density and Texture on Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture Using Spectral Feature Parameters and an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm." Agriculture 11, no. 8: 710.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2021 in Agricultural Water Management
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Excessive water and fertilizer input in conventional farming practices not only lead to low production but also damaged the ecosystem by causing groundwater decline and groundwater nitrate contamination. The two-year field experiments were conducted at Zhengzhou of China and TandoJam of Pakistan sites, respectively. The WHCNS (soil-water-heat-carbon-nitrogen-simulator) model was used to simulate soil water dynamic, nitrogen (N) fate and maize yield under different irrigation practices, including farmer-based full flood irrigation (FI), drip irrigation (DI) and rainfed (RF) at the Zhengzhou site. Treatments of the TandoJam site were full flood irrigation (F100), moderate deficit irrigation (F75) and high deficit irrigation (F50) to meet the 100%, 75% and 50% crop evapotranspiration, respectively. Results showed that the model precisely simulated water consumption, fates of N, crop growth, and yield at both sites. In Zhengzhou site, we found the lowest grain yield in the RF system, whereas the DI increased average grain yield by 9.8%, decreased 62.5% water consumption compared to FI for the two years. Moreover, the DI had a negligible amount of drainage, runoff, and N leaching, which subsequently improved water use efficiency (WUE) up-to 24.5% and 9.1% fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE). In TandoJam site, compared to F100, the F75 produced almost equal grain yield with 25.1% water-saving, reduced 42.5% drainage and 11.8% runoff, 57% N leaching, enhanced 4.1% WUE and 14.9% FNUE. Furthermore, results suggested that too deficit irrigation, for example, F50, could cause serious yield loss or complete crop failure, because the weather condition of the TandoJam site is very hot.

ACS Style

Shah Jahan Leghari; Kelin Hu; Yichang Wei; Tongchao Wang; Tofique Ahmed Bhutto; Mahmooda Buriro. Modelling water consumption, N fates and maize yield under different water-saving management practices in China and Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management 2021, 255, 107033 .

AMA Style

Shah Jahan Leghari, Kelin Hu, Yichang Wei, Tongchao Wang, Tofique Ahmed Bhutto, Mahmooda Buriro. Modelling water consumption, N fates and maize yield under different water-saving management practices in China and Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management. 2021; 255 ():107033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shah Jahan Leghari; Kelin Hu; Yichang Wei; Tongchao Wang; Tofique Ahmed Bhutto; Mahmooda Buriro. 2021. "Modelling water consumption, N fates and maize yield under different water-saving management practices in China and Pakistan." Agricultural Water Management 255, no. : 107033.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Tea is one of the most popular beverages worldwide, and the sustainability of tea production is of vital strategic importance to tea farmers and stakeholders in its value chain. China is a global leader in tea consumption, production, and export. Here, we conduct a joint economic, life cycle, and emergy analysis to provide a comprehensive picture of the economic and environmental sustainability of China's local and exported tea (tea for domestic consumption vs for export). Although local tea is much more profitable than exported tea, it is also much more environmentally damaging, with impacts being 2.2–64.0 times higher, mainly because of lower yields. Specifically, the GHG emissions of local tea are about 6 times those of exported tea (49.90 vs 8.28 kg CO2 eq/kg). A life-cycle-based scenario analysis indicates that the environmental impacts of China's local and exported tea can be substantially reduced (by 28–98%) by improving fertilizer use efficiency, adopting new varieties, and using renewable energy. Overall, our results show the environmental sustainability challenge of China's tea production and highlight the urgent need to take mitigation measures. Our study also provides important information for domestic and international tea beverage companies in their potential sustainable supply chain management of different tea products.

ACS Style

Qiang Xu; Yi Yang; Kelin Hu; Ji Chen; Sylvestre Njakou Djomo; Xiao Yang; Marie Trydeman Knudsen. Economic, environmental, and emergy analysis of China's green tea production. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2021, 28, 269 -280.

AMA Style

Qiang Xu, Yi Yang, Kelin Hu, Ji Chen, Sylvestre Njakou Djomo, Xiao Yang, Marie Trydeman Knudsen. Economic, environmental, and emergy analysis of China's green tea production. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2021; 28 ():269-280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Xu; Yi Yang; Kelin Hu; Ji Chen; Sylvestre Njakou Djomo; Xiao Yang; Marie Trydeman Knudsen. 2021. "Economic, environmental, and emergy analysis of China's green tea production." Sustainable Production and Consumption 28, no. : 269-280.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Soil and Tillage Research
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Decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important causes of agricultural ecosystem degradation and food insecurity. Multiple agricultural management practices, such as fertilization and straw additions, affect cropland SOC; however, long-term effects of these practices remain ambiguous. In this study, we evaluated how mineral fertilizers, straw additions, and different tillage methods affected SOC and crop yields in a long-term field experiment (1985–2017) in the North China Plain (NCP). Nine treatments consisting of different tillage methods (CT:conventional tillage; NT: no-tillage) combined with applications of inorganic N (N0, N1 and N2: 0 kg, 225 kg and 375 kg urea-N ha−1 yr−1), inorganic P (P0, P1 and P2: 0 kg, 75 kg and 150 kg P2O5 ha−1 yr−1) and straw (S0, S1 and S2: 0 kg, 2250 kg, and 4500 kg ha−1 yr−1) were established. CT-N0-P0-S0 was the control treatment. In all treatments, the SOC content increased rapidly over the first 15 years, which was mainly due to the fact that these plots were wastelands before. The SOC content of treatments with straw additions generally increased faster than treatments without straw additions. Nutrient additions and conventional tillage increased crop yields whereas straw additions had variable effects, with highest crop yields in the CT-N2-P2-S2 treatment. Long-term applications of mineral fertilizer and straw significantly affected SOC and yields (P < 0.0001). Straw additions contributed more than nutrient additions to the explained variance of SOC (19.7 %). P and N contributed most to the total explained variance of wheat yields (43.2 % and 40.9 %, respectively) and maize yields (30.5 % and 38.7 %, respectively). The climate accounted for 23.8 % of the total explained variance of maize yields, however, it contributed only 1.1 % for wheat yields (P = 0.0064). In addition, crop yields were positively correlated with SOC levels. This means that long-term applications of straw can feasibly improve SOC and crop yields, which can satisfy the economic needs of farmers and can also benefit the environment. CT-N1-P1-S2 was eventually identified as the optimal treatment to preserve soil quality and reduce fertilizer use, thereby maintaining the sustainable development of the wheat-maize agricultural system in NCP.

ACS Style

Huayan Zhang; Erik A. Hobbie; Puyu Feng; Zaixing Zhou; Ling’An Niu; Wenkai Duan; Jinmin Hao; Kelin Hu. Responses of soil organic carbon and crop yields to 33-year mineral fertilizer and straw additions under different tillage systems. Soil and Tillage Research 2021, 209, 104943 .

AMA Style

Huayan Zhang, Erik A. Hobbie, Puyu Feng, Zaixing Zhou, Ling’An Niu, Wenkai Duan, Jinmin Hao, Kelin Hu. Responses of soil organic carbon and crop yields to 33-year mineral fertilizer and straw additions under different tillage systems. Soil and Tillage Research. 2021; 209 ():104943.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huayan Zhang; Erik A. Hobbie; Puyu Feng; Zaixing Zhou; Ling’An Niu; Wenkai Duan; Jinmin Hao; Kelin Hu. 2021. "Responses of soil organic carbon and crop yields to 33-year mineral fertilizer and straw additions under different tillage systems." Soil and Tillage Research 209, no. : 104943.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2020 in Agronomy
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Drip irrigation under film mulching is widely promoted to replace traditional border irrigation in order to meet water saving demand in arid and semiarid regions. Our study aims to investigate quantitatively the change in crop yield, water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) under film mulching drip irrigation. We conducted a 4-year contrastive experiment containing two treatments on flux measurement: (1) border irrigation (BI) under film mulching; (2) drip irrigation (DI) under film mulching. Soil water and nitrate transport and utilization in the Soil–Plants–Atmosphere Continuum system, and crop dry matter were all simulated based on an integrated model of a soil-crop system: water, heat, carbon and nitrogen simulator (WHCNS). Results showed soil water content (SWC), soil NO3−-N content, evapotranspiration (ET), and crop dry matter (Wtotal) produced by the model were in agreement with those measured. Our study showed the irrigation and nitrogen input and output were significantly changed after BI was replaced by DI. Compared with BI treatment, DI treatment decreased ET consumption by 9% annually over four years, while it increased WUE and NUE on the farmland on average by about 28% and 39% yearly. The increase of WUE and NUE were mainly due to a significant decrease of about 56% and 68% in water and nitrogen leakage loss in DI treatment, respectively, during 2014–2017. Our study confirmed the economic and environmental benefits of the DI technology and showed its improvement prospect in the research field. Meanwhile, the results contributed to the improvement and more effective application of DI in a larger region, and provided a data basis for further study on water and fertilizer saving characteristics of DI technology.

ACS Style

Yahui Wang; Sien Li; Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; Shujing Qin; Hui Guo. Comparison of Water- and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency over Drip Irrigation with Border Irrigation Based on a Model Approach. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1890 .

AMA Style

Yahui Wang, Sien Li, Hao Liang, Kelin Hu, Shujing Qin, Hui Guo. Comparison of Water- and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency over Drip Irrigation with Border Irrigation Based on a Model Approach. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (12):1890.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yahui Wang; Sien Li; Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; Shujing Qin; Hui Guo. 2020. "Comparison of Water- and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency over Drip Irrigation with Border Irrigation Based on a Model Approach." Agronomy 10, no. 12: 1890.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2020 in Agricultural Systems
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Overuse of N fertilizer in intensive greenhouse vegetable production systems (GVPS) seriously affects soil and water environment. Quantifying soil N dynamics and plant growth is crucial for developing sustainable N management practices. A long-term greenhouse tomato experiment, including 13 tomato growth seasons (2004–2010) and three different nitrogen (N) management practices (conventional N management, CN; reduced N management, RN; and manure N management, MN), was conducted in this study. Agricultural system model (WHCNS_Veg) was adopted to simulate and analyze the effects of different long-term N fertilization regimens on N loss and tomato yield. The calibration and evaluation of the model showed fairly satisfactory simulation in soil water content, soil nitrate concentration, crop N uptake, and fresh marketable tomato yield; the values of the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were 15.4%, 42.9%, 21.2%, and 7.7%, respectively, and the values of index of agreement (IA) were 0.85, 0.62, 0.96, and 0.97, respectively. Different N management practices did not significantly affect the tomato yield. However, the long-term high rates of chemical N application in CN treatment significantly increased soil N accumulation, thereby increasing N loss. The simulated N losses caused by leaching, denitrification, and ammonia volatilization under the reduced N treatments (RN and MN) were decreased by 66.8%, 56.8%, and 83.2% compared to those of CN treatment, respectively. Among different N management practices, manure N management showed a relatively high N use efficiency and maintained a high tomato yield. And the optimal manure N application rate approximately 400 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was recommended to maximize farmers' income. The results not only provide decision supports for local farmers' N management, but also policy making of government for sustainable development of greenhouse tomato production in the region.

ACS Style

Hao Liang; Qing Chen; Bin Liang; Kelin Hu. Modeling the effects of long-term reduced N application on soil N losses and yield in a greenhouse tomato production system. Agricultural Systems 2020, 185, 102951 .

AMA Style

Hao Liang, Qing Chen, Bin Liang, Kelin Hu. Modeling the effects of long-term reduced N application on soil N losses and yield in a greenhouse tomato production system. Agricultural Systems. 2020; 185 ():102951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Liang; Qing Chen; Bin Liang; Kelin Hu. 2020. "Modeling the effects of long-term reduced N application on soil N losses and yield in a greenhouse tomato production system." Agricultural Systems 185, no. : 102951.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leaching are major nitrogen (N) loss pathway for intensive greenhouse vegetable production system (GVPS). Quantifying the nitrate and DON leaching is essential to develop best management practices. In this study, four seasons of tomato field experiments were conducted to test the impact of different water (furrow and drip irrigation) and N management practices and straw incorporation on N leaching and vegetable yield. A soil-crop system model (WHCNS_Veg, soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator for vegetables) was calibrated and evaluated, and results suggested that the model performed well for simulating soil water potential, water drainage, nitrate and DON leaching, crop N uptake, and yield. The average values of NRMSE, IA, and NSE for nitrate (or DON) leaching ranged from 12.1 % (11.3 %), 0.96 (0.94), and 0.85 (0.77), respectively. Compared with furrow irrigation and over fertilization, drip fertigation treatments reduced irrigation water use, water drainage, nitrate and DON leaching by 41 %, 60 %, 68 %, and 68 %, respectively, without compromising crop yield. Straw incorporation further reduced nitrate and DON leaching by 13.1 % and 25.7 % compared with no straw incorporation. Furthermore, we found that DON leaching accounted for 21.7 %–46.6 % of total dissolved N leaching loss in the study area. Using the model, we determined that the optimal water and N inputs ranged from 350−400 mm and 350−400 kg N ha−1 for the winter-spring season and 200−250 mm and 150−200 kg N ha−1 for the autumn-winter season. This led to an 87 % reduction in nitrate leaching and a 74 % reduction in DON leaching with only a slightly reduction in crop yield (<5 %) compared with the local farmer practice. The recommended water and N management practices achieved high crop yield with less environmental impact.

ACS Style

Hao Liang; Haofeng Lv; William D. Batchelor; Xiaojuan Lian; Zhengxiang Wang; Shan Lin; Kelin Hu. Simulating nitrate and DON leaching to optimize water and N management practices for greenhouse vegetable production systems. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 241, 106377 .

AMA Style

Hao Liang, Haofeng Lv, William D. Batchelor, Xiaojuan Lian, Zhengxiang Wang, Shan Lin, Kelin Hu. Simulating nitrate and DON leaching to optimize water and N management practices for greenhouse vegetable production systems. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 241 ():106377.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Liang; Haofeng Lv; William D. Batchelor; Xiaojuan Lian; Zhengxiang Wang; Shan Lin; Kelin Hu. 2020. "Simulating nitrate and DON leaching to optimize water and N management practices for greenhouse vegetable production systems." Agricultural Water Management 241, no. : 106377.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2020 in Ecological Indicators
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Ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) has been widely proved to enhance rice yield and save irrigation water. However, information on the environmental impacts and energy consumption of GCRPS remains unknown. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted in Hubei Province of China including conventional paddy (W1) and GCRPS (W2, maintaining saturated soil water content; W3, maintaining 80% of the field capacity), factorially combined with different N management practices (N1, zero-N application; N2, single urea application; N3, split application of urea for W1 treatments; manure substitution for W2 and W3 treatments). By combining a soil-crop model simulation with a footprint analysis method, a life cycle inventory was built to evaluate yield-scaled carbon footprint (CF), nitrogen footprint (NF), and primary energy demand (PED) of different rice production systems. Results showed that, compared to conventional flooding paddy, GCRPSs significantly reduced CF, NF, and PED by 31%–35%, 37%–40%, and 17%–18% respectively. Across different N treatments under GCRPS, manure substitution reduced the CF (20%–22%), NF (11%–37%), and PED (25%–27%) compared to the single urea treatments. The hotspot’s contribution of N2O to CF, NH3 to NF, and N-fertilizer production to PED under GCRPS can be reduced by 77%, 33%, and 51% respectively compared to the single urea treatments. Therefore, W3N3 was recommended as the best management practice achieving less CF of 541.4 kg CO2 eq t−1, NF of 2.4 kg N eq t−1, and PED of 2440.0 MJ t−1 meanwhile maintaining high rice yield of 8526 kg ha−1 in the study region.

ACS Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Zhisheng Yao; Qiang Zuo. Evaluation of carbon, nitrogen footprint and primary energy demand under different rice production systems. Ecological Indicators 2020, 117, 106634 .

AMA Style

Qiang Xu, Kelin Hu, Zhisheng Yao, Qiang Zuo. Evaluation of carbon, nitrogen footprint and primary energy demand under different rice production systems. Ecological Indicators. 2020; 117 ():106634.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Zhisheng Yao; Qiang Zuo. 2020. "Evaluation of carbon, nitrogen footprint and primary energy demand under different rice production systems." Ecological Indicators 117, no. : 106634.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2020 in Agronomy
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Agricultural management, such as tillage and straw-returning, affect soil fertility and nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. With the increasing food demand and challenges imposed by climate change, these effects on soil fertility need to be closely monitored, so that short-term agricultural intensification should not threaten the long-term productivity of the land. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine the long-term effects of different management practices on soil aggregate stability and associated organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) over a 33-year period in the croplands of the North China Plain. Bulk soils from the surface and subsurface layers were fractionated using the wet sieving approach. The results showed that the silt + clay (SC) fractions (<0.053 mm) were predominant, accounting for 32–56% of the mass at the 0–20 cm depth, and accounting for 41–55% of the mass at the 20–40 cm depth. Additionally, long-term (33 years) no-tillage management and straw-returning at different application rates increased the mass of large soil macroaggregates (LMA), the LMA- and macroaggregate-associated OC content, but decreased the SC-associated OC content. Mineral N and P fertilizers had a minor effect on the stabilization of soil aggregates. The treatment with straw significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD), compared with the treatment without straw. Our results indicate that carefully regulated management practices would enhance soil aggregate stability, associated OC and N content in the intensive agroecosystem.

ACS Style

Huayan Zhang; Ling’An Niu; Kelin Hu; Jinmin Hao; Fan Li; Zhuanqin Gao; Xiang Wang. Influence of Tillage, Straw-Returning and Mineral Fertilization on the Stability and Associated Organic Content of Soil Aggregates in the North China Plain. Agronomy 2020, 10, 951 .

AMA Style

Huayan Zhang, Ling’An Niu, Kelin Hu, Jinmin Hao, Fan Li, Zhuanqin Gao, Xiang Wang. Influence of Tillage, Straw-Returning and Mineral Fertilization on the Stability and Associated Organic Content of Soil Aggregates in the North China Plain. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (7):951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huayan Zhang; Ling’An Niu; Kelin Hu; Jinmin Hao; Fan Li; Zhuanqin Gao; Xiang Wang. 2020. "Influence of Tillage, Straw-Returning and Mineral Fertilization on the Stability and Associated Organic Content of Soil Aggregates in the North China Plain." Agronomy 10, no. 7: 951.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2020 in Sustainability
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The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important grain production regions in China. However, it currently experiences water shortage, severe nonpoint source pollution, and low water and N use efficiencies (WUE and NUE). To explore sustainable agricultural development in this region, a field experiment with different cropping systems was conducted in suburban Beijing. These cropping systems included a winter wheat and summer maize rotation system for one year (WM), three harvests (winter wheat-summer maize-spring maize) in two years (HT), and continuous spring maize monoculture (CS). Novel ways were explored to improve WUE and NUE and to reduce N loss via the alternative cropping system based on the simulation results of a soil-crop system model. Results showed that the annual average yields were ranked as follows: WM > HT > CS. The N leaching of WM was much larger than that of HT and CS. WUE and NUE were ranked as follows: WM < HT < CS. Comprehensive evaluation indices based on agronomic and environmental effects indicated that CS or HT have significant potential for approaches characterized by water-saving, fertilizer-saving, high-WUE, and high-NUE properties. Once spring maize yield reached an ideal level HT and CS became a high-yield, water-saving, and fertilizer-saving cropping systems. Therefore, this method would be beneficial to sustainable agricultural development in the NCP.

ACS Style

Huanyuan Wang; Baoguo Li; Liang Jin; Kelin Hu. Exploring a Sustainable Cropping System in the North China Plain Using a Modelling Approach. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4588 .

AMA Style

Huanyuan Wang, Baoguo Li, Liang Jin, Kelin Hu. Exploring a Sustainable Cropping System in the North China Plain Using a Modelling Approach. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4588.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huanyuan Wang; Baoguo Li; Liang Jin; Kelin Hu. 2020. "Exploring a Sustainable Cropping System in the North China Plain Using a Modelling Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4588.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Agronomy
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The impact of soil nutrient depletion on crop production is a thoroughly researched issue; however, robust assessments on the impact of climate change on water and N fluxes in agroecosystem are lacking. The complexity of soil water and N fluxes in response to climate change under agroecosystems makes simulation-based approaches to this issue appealing. This study evaluated the responses of crop yield, soil water, and N fluxes of a wheat–maize rotation to two Representative Concentration Pathways climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) at Tai’an, a representative site on the North China Plain (NCP). Results showed that the mean air temperature and accumulated precipitation for both winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) growing seasons changed in both magnitude and pattern under various climate scenarios. The temperature increases shortened the growth periods of these two crops by more than 13 days and decrease summer maize yields (P < 0.05). These results are illustrated by lower yield results associated with RCP4.5 (20.5%) and RCP8.5 (19.3%) climate scenarios, respectively. During the winter wheat growing season, water drainage examined in the climate scenarios was significantly higher (more than double) than the baseline, and there was no significant change to nitrate leaching and denitrification. In the summer maize growing season, with continuously rising temperatures, the ranking for evaporation was in the order baseline < RCP4.5 < RCP8.5, however, the opposite ranking applied for transpiration and evapotranspiration. The increase in water drainage was 1.4 times higher than the baseline, whereas the nitrate leaching in soil significantly decreased. Our simulation results provide an opportunity to improve the understanding of soil water and N fluxes in agroecosystems, which can lead to deficient or excess N under future climate conditions.

ACS Style

Yong He; Yilin Shi; Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; And Lingling Hou. Soil Water and Nitrogen Fluxes in Response to Climate Change in a Wheat–Maize Double Cropping System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Yong He, Yilin Shi, Hao Liang, Kelin Hu, And Lingling Hou. Soil Water and Nitrogen Fluxes in Response to Climate Change in a Wheat–Maize Double Cropping System. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yong He; Yilin Shi; Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; And Lingling Hou. 2020. "Soil Water and Nitrogen Fluxes in Response to Climate Change in a Wheat–Maize Double Cropping System." Agronomy 10, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Water shortage and reactive N (Nr) release from excessive fertilization are major challenges for sustainable grain production in the North China Plain (NCP). Alternative cropping systems in this region must be explored because traditional winter wheat and summer maize (WW-SM) rotation is maintained at the cost of high consumption of irrigation water and N loss to the environment. In this study, a soil–crop system model (WHCNS, soil water heat carbon and N simulator) and a life cycle assessment were integrated to analyze and evaluate water footprint (WF) and N footprint (NF) for alternative cropping systems of wheat and maize (2H1Y_FP, two harvests in 1 year with farmer’s practice; 2H1Y_RI, two harvests in 1 year with reduced inputs; 1H1Y, one harvest in 1 year with reduced inputs; and 3H2Y, three harvests in 2 years with reduced inputs) in the NCP. Results showed that NH3 volatilization and NO3− leaching are the main hot spots of NF for different crops. For the composition of WF, blue and green WF contributed largely to the total WF of wheat and maize, respectively, and the proportion of gray WF for maize could be decreased by 30% with the reduction in fertilizer amount. The yearly average NF (kg N-eq t−1 y−1) showed the following order: 1H1Y (2.65) <3H2Y (3.41) <2H1Y_RI (6.15) <2H1Y_FP (17.46), and the yearly average WF (m3 t−1 y−1) showed the same order as follows: 1H1Y (565.22) <3H2Y (830.15) <2H1Y_RI (1162.19) <2H1Y_FP (1633.18). Among the compared cropping systems, the 1H1Y and 3H2Y modes as potential alternatives to traditional WW-SM cropping systems showed advantages of sustaining groundwater exploitation and mitigating groundwater nitrate contamination in the NCP. However, the two modes compromised 33%–37% and 20%–25% of crop yield in comparison with those of 2H1Y systems. By considering the site-specific climate and soil conditions, the WHCNS model-based WF and NF analyses could serve as an accurate and effective tool for screening various cropping systems in clean agricultural production.

ACS Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Hao Liang; Shah Jahan Leghari; Marie Trydeman Knudsen. Incorporating the WHCNS model to assess water and nitrogen footprint of alternative cropping systems for grain production in the North China Plain. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 263, 121548 .

AMA Style

Qiang Xu, Kelin Hu, Hao Liang, Shah Jahan Leghari, Marie Trydeman Knudsen. Incorporating the WHCNS model to assess water and nitrogen footprint of alternative cropping systems for grain production in the North China Plain. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 263 ():121548.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Hao Liang; Shah Jahan Leghari; Marie Trydeman Knudsen. 2020. "Incorporating the WHCNS model to assess water and nitrogen footprint of alternative cropping systems for grain production in the North China Plain." Journal of Cleaner Production 263, no. : 121548.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2020 in Agronomy
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Organic cultivation has been promoted in recent years as a possible alternative to conventional cultivation in order to reduce environmental burdens and nonrenewable resource use. However, a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of different vegetable cultivation modes is currently lacking. In this study, a combined use of economic analysis (ECA), emergy analysis (EMA), and lifecycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the economic performance, resource use, and environmental impacts of three greenhouse eggplant production modes, namely conventional (CON), low-input (LOW), and organic (ORG) cultivation. ECA results showed that the economic profit and value to cost ratio of ORG increased by 14%–17% and 36%–41% compared with CON and LOW, respectively. EMA results showed that ORG had higher resource use efficiency. The unit emergy value and emergy sustainability index of ORG increased by 37%–49% and 45%–65% than those of CON and LOW, respectively. LCA results revealed lower potential environmental impacts for ORG, and its total potential environment impact index was 80%–91% lower than that of CON and LOW. These results showed that organic vegetable cultivation reduced resource and environmental costs while increasing farmers’ income, which is the most sustainable vegetable production mode in the North China Plain.

ACS Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Hongyuan Zhang; Hui Han; Ji Li. Organic Vegetable Cultivation Reduces Resource and Environmental Costs While Increasing Farmers’ Income in the North China Plain. Agronomy 2020, 10, 361 .

AMA Style

Qiang Xu, Kelin Hu, Hongyuan Zhang, Hui Han, Ji Li. Organic Vegetable Cultivation Reduces Resource and Environmental Costs While Increasing Farmers’ Income in the North China Plain. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (3):361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Hongyuan Zhang; Hui Han; Ji Li. 2020. "Organic Vegetable Cultivation Reduces Resource and Environmental Costs While Increasing Farmers’ Income in the North China Plain." Agronomy 10, no. 3: 361.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Determining the best management practices (BMPs) under different initial soil mineral N (ISMN) levels is helpful to improve water and N use efficiencies (WUE, NUE) and protect the environment. In this study, a two-year field experiment of spring maize was conducted from 2014 to 2015 in northwest China. Five treatments were designed, including one local farmer practice (I480-4N280, 280 kg N ha−1 fertilizer and irrigated 480 mm with four irrigation events) and four conservation treatments (I420-4N200, I420-5N200, I420-6N200 and I420-7N200, standing for 200 kg N ha−1 fertilizer and irrigated 420 mm with four to seven irrigation events, respectively). Measured yield, leaf area index, soil water content and soil nitrate concentration were used to evaluate a soil-crop model (WHCNS, soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator), which was then used to simulate the effects of water and N management practices on water consumption, N fates, and crop growth. Then, the integrated index considering the agronomic, economic, and environmental impacts was simulated using 35,100 combinations of irrigation and fertilizer N scenarios, which were designed to develop BMPs under different ISMN levels (ranging from 0 to 625 kg N ha-1 in a 1.8 m-soil profile) and seasons of weather data (from 2001 to 2015). Results showed I420-5N200 was the best with a high yield, WUE and NUE, and low N loss among five treatments. The optimal irrigation amount (ranging from 350−600 mm) was related to precipitation amount. The optimal N rate decreased linearly with the increase of ISMN when ISMN was 384 kg ha−1. In this study, we developed a simple linear model to determine the best N application rates under different ISMNs. This method is important to help farmers achieve multiple goals of high yield, resource conservation and reduced environmental impacts simultaneously.

ACS Style

Xinrui Shi; William D. Batchelor; Hao Liang; Sien Li; Baoguo Li; Kelin Hu. Determining optimal water and nitrogen management under different initial soil mineral nitrogen levels in northwest China based on a model approach. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 234, 106110 .

AMA Style

Xinrui Shi, William D. Batchelor, Hao Liang, Sien Li, Baoguo Li, Kelin Hu. Determining optimal water and nitrogen management under different initial soil mineral nitrogen levels in northwest China based on a model approach. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 234 ():106110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinrui Shi; William D. Batchelor; Hao Liang; Sien Li; Baoguo Li; Kelin Hu. 2020. "Determining optimal water and nitrogen management under different initial soil mineral nitrogen levels in northwest China based on a model approach." Agricultural Water Management 234, no. : 106110.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2019 in Agricultural Water Management
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Excessive fertilization in rice paddy fields leads to surface water eutrophication, groundwater contamination and air pollution. Determining optimum nitrogen (N) management is essential for maintaining rice yield while reducing the environmental risk caused by N loss. A two-year field experiment (2017–2018) was carried out in a typical paddy field in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The WHCNS (soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator) model was calibrated and evaluated for simulations of measured ponding water depth, evapotranspiration, aboveground dry matter, yield, runoff and crop N. The model was then used to evaluate the effects of different N fertilizer rates and split-N application ratios (SNR) practices on crop growth and N losses. Results showed that the model performed well in simulating rice growth and N losses in the region. Ammonia volatilization and denitrification were the mainly pathways of N loss in paddy field, and their two-year average losses were 34% and 38% of the total N loss, respectively. N leaching accounted for 23%, and runoff N loss accounted for 5% of total N loss. N losses were evaluated for two different scenarios and simulated ratios of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, N leaching, and runoff to total N loss under different N management scenarios were 15%–53%, 33%–55%, 6%–30%, and 4%–8%, respectively. Ammonia volatilization and N runoff exponentially increased with an increase of N fertilizer rate, whereas denitrification and N leaching showed an increasing and then a decreasing trend. Yield increased by 36 kg ha−1, and the total N loss decreased by 32.6 kg N ha−1 when the N fertilizer rate was reduced from 231 kg N ha−1 to 155 kg N ha−1 and the SNR was changed from 5:3:1 to 1:1:4. Therefore, reducing the N fertilizer rate and increasing the SNR in the late rice growing season can significantly reduce N loss and effectively improve N use efficiency.

ACS Style

Xinrui Shi; Kelin Hu; William D. Batchelor; Hao Liang; Yali Wu; Qihui Wang; Jin Fu; Xiaoqing Cui; Feng Zhou. Exploring optimal nitrogen management strategies to mitigate nitrogen losses from paddy soil in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Agricultural Water Management 2019, 228, 105877 .

AMA Style

Xinrui Shi, Kelin Hu, William D. Batchelor, Hao Liang, Yali Wu, Qihui Wang, Jin Fu, Xiaoqing Cui, Feng Zhou. Exploring optimal nitrogen management strategies to mitigate nitrogen losses from paddy soil in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Agricultural Water Management. 2019; 228 ():105877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinrui Shi; Kelin Hu; William D. Batchelor; Hao Liang; Yali Wu; Qihui Wang; Jin Fu; Xiaoqing Cui; Feng Zhou. 2019. "Exploring optimal nitrogen management strategies to mitigate nitrogen losses from paddy soil in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River." Agricultural Water Management 228, no. : 105877.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2019 in Agronomy
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The North China Plain (NCP) is experiencing serious groundwater level decline and groundwater nitrate contamination due to excessive water pumping and application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. In this study, grain yield, water and N use efficiencies under different cropping systems including two harvests in 1 year (winter wheat–summer maize) based on farmer (2H1Y)FP and optimized practices (2H1Y)OPT, three harvests in 2 years (winter wheat–summer maize–spring maize, 3H2Y), and one harvest in 1 year (spring maize, 1H1Y) were evaluated using the water-heat-carbon-nitrogen simulator (WHCNS) model. The 2H1YFP system was maintained with 100% irrigation and fertilizer, while crop water requirement and N demand for other cropping systems were optimized and managed by soil testing. In addition, a scenario analysis was also performed under the interaction of linearly increasing and decreasing N rates, and irrigation levels. Results showed that the model performed well with simulated soil water content, soil N concentration, leaf area index, dry matter, and grain yield. Statistically acceptable ranges of root mean square error, Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency, index of agreement values close to 1, and strong correlation coefficients existed between simulated and observed values. We concluded that replacing the prevalent 2H1YFP with 1H1Y would be ecofriendly at the cost of some grain yield decline. This cropping system had the highest average water use (2.1 kg m−3) and N use efficiencies (4.8 kg kg–1) on reduced water (56.64%) and N (81.36%) inputs than 2H1YFP. Whereas 3H2Y showed insignificant results in terms of grain yield, and 2H1YFP was unsustainable. The 2H1YFP system consumed a total of 745 mm irrigation and 1100 kg N ha–1 in two years. When farming practices were optimized for two harvests in 1 year system (2H1Y)OPT, then grain yield improved and water (18.12%) plus N (61.82%) consumptions were minimized. There was an ample amount of N saved, but water conservation was still unsatisfactory. However, considering the results of scenario analyses, it is recommended that winter wheat would be cultivated at

ACS Style

Shah Jahan Leghari; Kelin Hu; Hao Liang; Yichang Wei. Modeling Water and Nitrogen Balance of Different Cropping Systems in the North China Plain. Agronomy 2019, 9, 696 .

AMA Style

Shah Jahan Leghari, Kelin Hu, Hao Liang, Yichang Wei. Modeling Water and Nitrogen Balance of Different Cropping Systems in the North China Plain. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (11):696.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shah Jahan Leghari; Kelin Hu; Hao Liang; Yichang Wei. 2019. "Modeling Water and Nitrogen Balance of Different Cropping Systems in the North China Plain." Agronomy 9, no. 11: 696.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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China has the largest tea production and the highest number of tea farmers in the world. Overfertilization in traditional tea production leads to serious environmental problems. A shift toward organic production and consumption has been enhanced recently as one of the potential solutions to reduce environmental impacts. A life cycle assessment approach was used to assess carbon footprint and primary energy demand for five Chinese organic tea products in this study. Two functional units were chosen: 1 kg of dry tea for cradle to supermarket gate and 1 cup of tea for cradle to grave. Results showed that different farming managements and processing technologies exerted major effects on carbon footprints and primary energy demand of different tea products. Hotspots were identified as cultivation, processing, and packaging for cradle to supermarket gate. However, from a whole life cycle perspective tea consumption was a major hotspot. The most sensitive contributing factors, including the amount of boiling water and carbon emission factors of electricity, had great impacts on the accuracy of the final results. Scenario analysis showed a potential for emission reduction (49–65%) and energy saving (46–66%) by comprehensively using improvement strategies. This study furthermore highlighted the tradeoff between high tea quality and low carbon footprint.

ACS Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Xiaolong Wang; Donghui Wang; Marie Trydeman Knudsen. Carbon footprint and primary energy demand of organic tea in China using a life cycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 233, 782 -792.

AMA Style

Qiang Xu, Kelin Hu, Xiaolong Wang, Donghui Wang, Marie Trydeman Knudsen. Carbon footprint and primary energy demand of organic tea in China using a life cycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 233 ():782-792.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Xu; Kelin Hu; Xiaolong Wang; Donghui Wang; Marie Trydeman Knudsen. 2019. "Carbon footprint and primary energy demand of organic tea in China using a life cycle assessment approach." Journal of Cleaner Production 233, no. : 782-792.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2019 in Field Crops Research
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Conventional flooding paddy systems consume large amounts of water and results in water body pollution due to low water (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE). Therefore, rice production systems with water-saving and high resource use efficiencies need to be developed. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Fangxian County of Hubei Province in Central China. The experiment consisted of a conventional flooding paddy system (Paddy) and ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) with two different water management practices (i.e., GCRPSsat and GCRPS80%), factorially combined with three different N management practices (N1, no N fertilizer; N2, 150 kg urea N ha−1; and N3, 75 kg urea N ha−1 plus 75 kg N ha−1 as manure). In this study, we applied soil-crop system model (WHCNS, soil water heat carbon nitrogen simulator) coupled with simplified net mineralization model (LIXIM) to quantitatively evaluate water consumption, N fates, and rice growth under different N management practices for both Paddy and GCRPS. Results showed that the simulated soil water storage, soil mineral N content, leaf area index, dry matter, crop N uptake, and yield agreed well with the measured values. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and index of agreement were greater than 0.51 and 0.86, respectively. Compared with Paddy, GCRPS significantly reduced the quantities of irrigation water (78.1%), nonproductive water consumption (evaporation, drainage, and runoff) (69.3%), and nitrate leaching (74.5%), and significantly enhanced yield (12.6%), WUE (42.8%), and NUE (20.0%). The WUE was ranked as follows: GCRPS80% > GCRPSsat > Paddy. In GCRPSs, GCRPS80% further decreased the nonproductive water consumption by 20.6% and did not reduce the yield compared with GCRPSsat. For different N management practices, no significant differences were found between the N2 and N3 treatments in terms of yields and NUEs. Meanwhile, the WUE of N3 (1.50 kg m-3) was significantly higher than that of N2 (1.41 kg m-3) in GCRPS. Hence, GCRPS80%_N3 was recommended as the best management practice for achieving high yield and high resource use efficiencies with the least environmental impact in the study region.

ACS Style

Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; Wei Qin; Qiang Zuo; Lin Guo; Yueyue Tao; Shan Lin. Ground cover rice production system reduces water consumption and nitrogen loss and increases water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Field Crops Research 2019, 233, 70 -79.

AMA Style

Hao Liang, Kelin Hu, Wei Qin, Qiang Zuo, Lin Guo, Yueyue Tao, Shan Lin. Ground cover rice production system reduces water consumption and nitrogen loss and increases water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Field Crops Research. 2019; 233 ():70-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; Wei Qin; Qiang Zuo; Lin Guo; Yueyue Tao; Shan Lin. 2019. "Ground cover rice production system reduces water consumption and nitrogen loss and increases water and nitrogen use efficiencies." Field Crops Research 233, no. : 70-79.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2018 in Agricultural Water Management
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Over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation has led to a series of ecological and environmental problems in the North China Plain (NCP). Identifying the water consumption and groundwater level dynamics under different cropping systems can help to develop groundwater neutral system in the NCP. The WHCNS (soil Water, Heat, Carbon and Nitrogen Simulator) model was applied to quantify the effects of different cropping systems (2H1Y, two harvests in one year; 3H2Y, three harvests in two years; and 1H1Y, one harvest in one year) on groundwater use and crop growth, and to explore the trade-offs of possible scenarios on the decline of groundwater level and cereal yield. Results showed that WHCNS performed well in simulating soil water content, leaf area index, dry matter and crop yield, as well as groundwater level dynamics, with the Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency > 0.4 and index of agreement > 0.8. The simulated results indicated that the groundwater levels of 2H1Y decreased faster than those of other cropping systems, at a decline rate of 0.33 m yr−1. Irrigation of 300 mm yr−1 for the remaining high yield of winter wheat mainly resulted in the decline of groundwater level in the NCP. Scenario analyses showed that the groundwater levels would stop decreasing when the current planting area of winter wheat decreased by 76%. However, the reduction of wheat planting area (scenario 1) will also decrease the annual yield by 27% (from 13,547 to 9909 kg ha−1). Fallowing (scenario 2) may reduce annual yield by 50% (from 13,547 to 6834 kg ha−1) in order to maintain groundwater level. The SNWT (South to North Water Transfer) project (scenario 3) may have to provide 50% of irrigation water (130 mm yr−1), to prevent groundwater decline while maintaining the current yield. Scenario 3 could be better than scenario 1 only if the water price was less than 8 ¥m-3. In the future, reducing winter wheat planting area (especially for low-yield cropland) may be a good option to mitigate groundwater decline while maintaining relatively high yield and income for local farmers in the NCP.

ACS Style

Hao Liang; Wei Qin; Kelin Hu; Hongbing Tao; Baoguo Li. Modelling groundwater level dynamics under different cropping systems and developing groundwater neutral systems in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management 2018, 213, 732 -741.

AMA Style

Hao Liang, Wei Qin, Kelin Hu, Hongbing Tao, Baoguo Li. Modelling groundwater level dynamics under different cropping systems and developing groundwater neutral systems in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management. 2018; 213 ():732-741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Liang; Wei Qin; Kelin Hu; Hongbing Tao; Baoguo Li. 2018. "Modelling groundwater level dynamics under different cropping systems and developing groundwater neutral systems in the North China Plain." Agricultural Water Management 213, no. : 732-741.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2018 in Geoderma
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Excess dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leaching occurs due to manure or fresh organic matter application coupled with high irrigation frequency in intensive greenhouse vegetable production systems (GVPS). Quantifying DON leaching is crucial in developing best management practices for intensive GVPS. The objectives of this study were to develop a DON leaching component for the water and N management model for greenhouse vegetables (WHCNS_veg) and to evaluate nitrate and DON leaching under different N management practices. Two seasons of tomato greenhouse experiments with several N management practices were conducted in Shouguang County, Shandong Province in China. The measured soil water content, soil nitrate and DON concentrations, and tomato yield were used to calibrate and evaluate the improved WHCNS_veg model. Results showed that the WHCNS_veg performed well in modeling soil water content, soil nitrate and DON concentrations, and tomato yield, giving normalized root mean square error values of 4.4%, 37.2%, 45.8% and 3.8%, respectively. Manure application significantly enhanced DON leaching, which accounted for 8.8% to 18.7% of the total N leaching under different N management practices. The simulated and measured tomato yield was not sensitive to different N management practices (except for the no N input treatment). However, the amounts of nitrate leaching, DON leaching, and N gas emission (NxO and NH3) under conventional N management were 2.1, 1.3, and 1.1-fold greater than those in the reduced N management treatment, respectively. Reduced N management practices should be recommended in the greenhouse tomato production in North China, which had a relatively high vegetable yield, less environmental impact, and more sustainability. Results indicated that the improved WHCNS_veg model has great potential to optimize N management and assess the environmental impact of GVPS.

ACS Style

Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; William D. Batchelor; Qing Chen; Bing Liang; Baoguo Li. Modeling dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics under different N management practices for intensive greenhouse production using an improved WHCNS_veg model. Geoderma 2018, 337, 1039 -1050.

AMA Style

Hao Liang, Kelin Hu, William D. Batchelor, Qing Chen, Bing Liang, Baoguo Li. Modeling dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics under different N management practices for intensive greenhouse production using an improved WHCNS_veg model. Geoderma. 2018; 337 ():1039-1050.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Liang; Kelin Hu; William D. Batchelor; Qing Chen; Bing Liang; Baoguo Li. 2018. "Modeling dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics under different N management practices for intensive greenhouse production using an improved WHCNS_veg model." Geoderma 337, no. : 1039-1050.