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Dr. Chrysanthos Maraveas
Department of civil engineering, university of patras, greece

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Review
Published: 22 August 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Artificial intelligence applications in fire safety of agricultural structures have practical economic and technological benefits on commercial agriculture. The FAO estimates that wildfires result in at least USD 1 billion in agriculture-related losses due to the destruction of livestock pasture, destruction of agricultural buildings, premature death of farm animals, and general disruption of agricultural activities. Even though artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithms (GAs), probabilistic neural networks (PNNs), and adaptive neurofuzzy inference systems (ANFISs), among others, have proven useful in fire prevention, their application is limited in real farm environments. Most farms rely on traditional/non-technology-based methods of fire prevention. The case for AI in agricultural fire prevention is grounded on the accuracy and reliability of computer simulations in smoke movement analysis, risk assessment, and postfire analysis. In addition, such technologies can be coupled with next-generation fire-retardant materials such as intumescent coatings with a polymer binder, blowing agent, carbon donor, and acid donor. Future prospects for AI in agriculture transcend basic fire safety to encompass Society 5.0, energy systems in smart cities, UAV monitoring, Agriculture 4.0, and decentralized energy. However, critical challenges must be overcome, including the health and safety aspects, cost, and reliability. In brief, AI offers unlimited potential in the prevention of fire hazards in farms, but the existing body of knowledge is inadequate.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Dimitrios Loukatos; Thomas Bartzanas; Konstantinos G. Arvanitis. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fire Safety of Agricultural Structures. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7716 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas, Dimitrios Loukatos, Thomas Bartzanas, Konstantinos G. Arvanitis. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fire Safety of Agricultural Structures. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (16):7716.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Dimitrios Loukatos; Thomas Bartzanas; Konstantinos G. Arvanitis. 2021. "Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fire Safety of Agricultural Structures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7716.

Review
Published: 27 July 2021 in Polymers
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Advances in technology have led to the production of sustainable antioxidants and natural monomers for food packaging and targeted drug delivery applications. Of particular importance is the synthesis of lignin polymers, and graft polymers, dopamine, and polydopamine, inulin, quercetin, limonene, and vitamins, due to their free radical scavenging ability, chemical potency, ideal functional groups for polymerization, abundance in the natural environment, ease of production, and activation of biological mechanisms such as the inhibition of the cellular activation of various signaling pathways, including NF-κB and MAPK. The radical oxygen species are responsible for oxidative damage and increased susceptibility to cancer, cardiovascular, degenerative musculoskeletal, and neurodegenerative conditions and diabetes; such biological mechanisms are inhibited by both synthetic and naturally occurring antioxidants. The orientation of macromolecules in the presence of the plasticizing agent increases the suitability of quercetin in food packaging, while the commercial viability of terpenes in the replacement of existing non-renewable polymers is reinforced by the recyclability of the precursors (thyme, cannabis, and lemon, orange, mandarin) and marginal ecological effect and antioxidant properties. Emerging antioxidant nanoparticle polymers have a broad range of applications in tumor-targeted drug delivery, food fortification, biodegradation of synthetic polymers, and antimicrobial treatment and corrosion inhibition. The aim of the review is to present state-of-the-art polymers with intrinsic antioxidant properties, including synthesis scavenging activity, potential applications, and future directions. This review is distinct from other works given that it integrates different advances in antioxidant polymer synthesis and applications such as inulin, quercetin polymers, their conjugates, antioxidant-graft-polysaccharides, and polymerization vitamins and essential oils. One of the most comprehensive reviews of antioxidant polymers was published by Cirillo and Iemma in 2012. Since then, significant progress has been made in improving the synthesis, techniques, properties, and applications. The review builds upon existing research by presenting new findings that were excluded from previous reviews.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Ilker Bayer; Thomas Bartzanas. Recent Advances in Antioxidant Polymers: From Sustainable and Natural Monomers to Synthesis and Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 2465 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas, Ilker Bayer, Thomas Bartzanas. Recent Advances in Antioxidant Polymers: From Sustainable and Natural Monomers to Synthesis and Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (15):2465.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Ilker Bayer; Thomas Bartzanas. 2021. "Recent Advances in Antioxidant Polymers: From Sustainable and Natural Monomers to Synthesis and Applications." Polymers 13, no. 15: 2465.

Review article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Biotechnology Advances
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The concept of 4D printing of phase change materials is gaining attention in the potential development of self-healing materials for tissue engineering and manufacturing applications, but there has been limited utilization of the technology in agriculture/farm-based applications. The temperature-responsiveness, magneto-responsiveness, pH-responsiveness, and osmotic pressure-responsiveness of shape-memory materials have potential applications in green/compostable plastics for agricultural applications such as food packaging and mulching films, shade nets, and greenhouse polymer covers. The application of 4D printing in augmenting the biodegradability, environmental, economic, and production benefits of polymers in agriculture is the main focus of this review. So far,; little scholarly and industry attention have been directed to agricultural applications even though shape memory polymers are ideal for such applications compared to existing materials due to smart/intelligent behavior, optimized performance through fiber/nanomaterial reinforcement and multilayered composites. The practical constraints relate to the newness of the 4D printing process, customized synthetic routes for application-specific materials. The constraints can be resolved using novel and customized processes such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereo-lithography and ink-jet printing, which are facile, scalable and affordable 4D printing techniques, that are highly effective compared to powder bed printing, and other droplet-based printing technologies, and photo-polymerization methods. FDM has led to the generation of PLA and other polymers with self-deformation and controllable shape memory effects. Future applications should overcome constraints linked to machine workload limitations and 3D/4D printing constraints.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Ilker S. Bayer; Thomas Bartzanas. 4D printing: Perspectives for the production of sustainable plastics for agriculture. Biotechnology Advances 2021, 107785 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas, Ilker S. Bayer, Thomas Bartzanas. 4D printing: Perspectives for the production of sustainable plastics for agriculture. Biotechnology Advances. 2021; ():107785.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Ilker S. Bayer; Thomas Bartzanas. 2021. "4D printing: Perspectives for the production of sustainable plastics for agriculture." Biotechnology Advances , no. : 107785.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This research examines the feasibility of hybridizing boosted Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) with different kernels of support vector machine (SVM) techniques for the prediction of the peak particle velocity (PPV) induced by quarry blasting. To achieve this objective, a boosting-CHAID technique was applied to a big experimental database comprising six input variables. The technique identified four input parameters (distance from blast-face, stemming length, powder factor, and maximum charge per delay) as the most significant parameters affecting the prediction accuracy and utilized them to propose the SVM models with various kernels. The kernel types used in this study include radial basis function, polynomial, sigmoid, and linear. Several criteria, including mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (R), and gains, were calculated to evaluate the developed models’ accuracy and applicability. In addition, a simple ranking system was used to evaluate the models’ performance systematically. The performance of the R and MAE index of the radial basis function kernel of SVM in training and testing phases, respectively, confirm the high capability of this SVM kernel in predicting PPV values. This study successfully demonstrates that a combination of boosting-CHAID and SVM models can identify and predict with a high level of accuracy the most effective parameters affecting PPV values.

ACS Style

Jie Zeng; Panayiotis Roussis; Ahmed Mohammed; Chrysanthos Maraveas; Seyed Fatemi; Danial Armaghani; Panagiotis Asteris. Prediction of Peak Particle Velocity Caused by Blasting through the Combinations of Boosted-CHAID and SVM Models with Various Kernels. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3705 .

AMA Style

Jie Zeng, Panayiotis Roussis, Ahmed Mohammed, Chrysanthos Maraveas, Seyed Fatemi, Danial Armaghani, Panagiotis Asteris. Prediction of Peak Particle Velocity Caused by Blasting through the Combinations of Boosted-CHAID and SVM Models with Various Kernels. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (8):3705.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jie Zeng; Panayiotis Roussis; Ahmed Mohammed; Chrysanthos Maraveas; Seyed Fatemi; Danial Armaghani; Panagiotis Asteris. 2021. "Prediction of Peak Particle Velocity Caused by Blasting through the Combinations of Boosted-CHAID and SVM Models with Various Kernels." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8: 3705.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Journal of Building Engineering
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This paper investigates computationally the fire performance of a plug steel-concrete composite flooring system, the partially encased ultra-shallow floor beams (USFB). The investigation of the behaviour of USFBs exposed to standard and natural fires is crucial in determining their fire resistance and evaluating their overall performance in contemporary construction. Although the product providers usually indicate the fire resistance of USFBs based on ΕΝ1994-1-2 procedures, the response to elevated temperature effects remains yet neither well documented nor clearly understood. This analysis involves two different beams of 5 m and 8 m span. Results show that the unprotected beams experience severe temperature gradients while exposed to standard fire, as the lower flange still remains unprotected in contrast to the upper steel parts of the cross-section which are encased in concrete. Their fire resistance rating is found approximately at 40 min. Moreover, different thermal gradients are developed when the USFBs are exposed to natural fires (slow and fast burning). When the lower flange is protected with intumescent coatings, the USFBs have shown increased fire resistance and they can survive a full duration of a natural fire under realistic utilization ratios. From the parametric analyses, the optimized thicknesses for the required intumescent coating were obtained to achieve 60, 90, and 120 min of fire resistance and for surviving of natural fires exposures.

ACS Style

Naveed Alam; Chrysanthos Maraveas; Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis; Ali Nadjai. Performance of Ultra Shallow Floor Beams (USFB) exposed to standard and natural fires. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 38, 102192 .

AMA Style

Naveed Alam, Chrysanthos Maraveas, Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis, Ali Nadjai. Performance of Ultra Shallow Floor Beams (USFB) exposed to standard and natural fires. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 38 ():102192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naveed Alam; Chrysanthos Maraveas; Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis; Ali Nadjai. 2021. "Performance of Ultra Shallow Floor Beams (USFB) exposed to standard and natural fires." Journal of Building Engineering 38, no. : 102192.

Review
Published: 05 January 2021 in Sensors
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The health diagnosis of agricultural structures is critical to detecting damages such as cracks in concrete, corrosion, spalling, and delamination. Agricultural structures are susceptible to environmental degradation due to frequent exposure to water, organic effluent, farm chemicals, structural loading, and unloading. Various sensors have been employed for accurate and real-time monitoring of agricultural building structures, including electrochemical, ultrasonic, fiber-optic, piezoelectric, wireless, fiber Bragg grating sensors, and self-sensing concrete. The cost–benefits of each type of sensor and utility in a farm environment are explored in the review. Current literature suggests that the functionality of sensors has improved with progress in technology. Notable improvements made with the progress in technology include better accuracy of the measurements, reduction of signal-to-noise ratio, and transmission speed, and the deployment of machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in smart IoT-based agriculture. Key challenges include inconsistent installation of sensors in farm structures, technical constraints, and lack of support infrastructure, awareness, and preference for traditional inspection methods.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Thomas Bartzanas. Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Agricultural Structures. Sensors 2021, 21, 314 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas, Thomas Bartzanas. Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Agricultural Structures. Sensors. 2021; 21 (1):314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Thomas Bartzanas. 2021. "Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Agricultural Structures." Sensors 21, no. 1: 314.

Review
Published: 24 July 2020 in Agriculture
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This article investigates the environmental sustainability of plastic nets in agricultural environments based on published experimental data. This article focuses on biodegradable and synthetic plastics used in farms as mulching materials and shade materials/greenhouse covering materials (shade nets and plastic films) to protect plants from pests and extreme weather. The sustainability was determined by three factors, carbon footprint from cradle to the end of life (LCA), durability (resistance to photo-oxidation and high tensile strength), and affordability. The LCA analyses showed that the production of polyethylene (PE) requires less energy and generates low quantities of greenhouse gas equivalents. Beyond the LCA data, biodegradable polymers are sustainable based on biodegradability and compostability, ability to suppress weeds, control soil temperatures, and moisture, and augment fertigation and drip irrigation. However, existing technologies are a limiting factor because lab-based innovations have not been commercialized. In addition, industrial production of shade nets, plastic greenhouse covers, and mulching materials are limited to synthetic plastics. The bio-based plastic materials are sustainable based on biodegradability, and resistant to photo-oxidation. The resistance to UV degradation is an essential property because solar radiation cleaves C-C bonds, which in turn impact the mechanical strength of the materials. In brief, the sustainability of plastics in farms is influenced by LCA data, mechanical and optical properties, and performance relative to other materials.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Environmental Sustainability of Plastic in Agriculture. Agriculture 2020, 10, 310 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Environmental Sustainability of Plastic in Agriculture. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (8):310.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2020. "Environmental Sustainability of Plastic in Agriculture." Agriculture 10, no. 8: 310.

Review
Published: 05 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The review article investigated failure, design issues, repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) silos, primarily in agricultural set-ups. The durability of RC structures was influenced by the nature of the bulk solids, materials used in the reinforcement of the structures. Traditionally, high-grade steel has been used in silo wall reinforcement because it is affordable and readily available. However, it is susceptible to corrosion. In contrast, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have better mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) and are not corroded. Additionally, there are limited scalable and facile methods for commercial production. The low ductility elevates the risk of brittle fracture in external pre-stressing concrete repair/strengthening. Beyond the material factors, the existing silo design codes such as BS EN 1991-4:2006, Australian Standard AS 3774-1996, and American Society of Agricultural Engineers ANSI/ASAE EP433 DEC1988 (R2011), and American Concrete Institute ACI 313-97 are limited by simplified characterization of loading/unloading scenarios and exclusion of specific hopper geometries and configurations. The funnel and mass flow scenarios and accumulation of bulk materials contribute to silo failure. In brief, the present repair/strengthening strategies (external pre-stressing, insertion/removal of inserts, shear columns, and FRPs alternatives to steel) do not adequately address the diverse variables that elevate the risk of material failure.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Concrete Silos: Failures, Design Issues and Repair/Strengthening Methods. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3938 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Concrete Silos: Failures, Design Issues and Repair/Strengthening Methods. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):3938.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2020. "Concrete Silos: Failures, Design Issues and Repair/Strengthening Methods." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 3938.

Review
Published: 14 May 2020 in Polymers
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Agro-wastes are derived from diverse sources including grape pomace, tomato pomace, pineapple, orange, and lemon peels, sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, wheat straw, and palm oil fibers, among other affordable and commonly available materials. The carbon-rich precursors are used in the production bio-based polymers through microbial, biopolymer blending, and chemical methods. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 20–30% of fruits and vegetables are discarded as waste during post-harvest handling. The development of bio-based polymers is essential, considering the scale of global environmental pollution that is directly linked to the production of synthetic plastics such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PET). Globally, 400 million tons of synthetic plastics are produced each year, and less than 9% are recycled. The optical, mechanical, and chemical properties such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, tensile strength, and water permeability are influenced by the synthetic route. The production of bio-based polymers from renewable sources and microbial synthesis are scalable, facile, and pose a minimal impact on the environment compared to chemical synthesis methods that rely on alkali and acid treatment or co-polymer blending. Despite the development of advanced synthetic methods and the application of biofilms in smart/intelligent food packaging, construction, exclusion nets, and medicine, commercial production is limited by cost, the economics of production, useful life, and biodegradation concerns, and the availability of adequate agro-wastes. New and cost-effective production techniques are critical to facilitate the commercial production of bio-based polymers and the replacement of synthetic polymers.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Production of Sustainable and Biodegradable Polymers from Agricultural Waste. Polymers 2020, 12, 1127 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Production of Sustainable and Biodegradable Polymers from Agricultural Waste. Polymers. 2020; 12 (5):1127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2020. "Production of Sustainable and Biodegradable Polymers from Agricultural Waste." Polymers 12, no. 5: 1127.

Review
Published: 01 May 2020 in Agriculture
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Commercial production greenhouses are widely used to produce plants and crops. From the structural engineering viewpoint, among the loads that act on greenhouses, wind and snow loads are the major ones. This paper focuses on the former, particularly on wind pressure coefficients. Design and construction of greenhouses should consider wind loads in order to ensure seamless operation, overall stability, durability, and safety, even though human occupancy is limited. Classification and design of greenhouses is typically based on European standards, which cover a variety of geometries and conditions. Some recent research studies suggest, however, that greenhouse design standards should be revised to ensure structural safety of greenhouses subject to strong wind loads. Triggered by this recent outcomes, this paper reviews existing literature on the topic: (a) briefly presenting the state of the art methods for determining wind pressures on greenhouses; (b) comparing the EN 13031-1 pressure coefficients with those stemming from recent experimental studies on single-span pitched and arched roof greenhouses in South Korea; and (c) summarizing most recent comparative results for multi-span greenhouses. It concludes that these recent research studies are not enough to justify revision of EN 13031-1, and more measurement data and experimental or numerical studies are necessary to justify such a conclusion.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Wind Pressure Coefficients on Greenhouse Structures. Agriculture 2020, 10, 149 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Wind Pressure Coefficients on Greenhouse Structures. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (5):149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2020. "Wind Pressure Coefficients on Greenhouse Structures." Agriculture 10, no. 5: 149.

Review
Published: 30 April 2020 in Sustainability
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This review article contributes new knowledge relating to the sustainability of antihail, anti-insect, and windbreak plastic nets in agriculture. Based on the review, biobased plastic nets made from polyamino acids, polysaccharide derivatives (DS), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxylalkanoate (PHA), and polylactic acid (PLA) are shown to be highly biodegradable compared to conventional plastics such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride. The biodegradability of these materials is due to the use of natural precursors. However, nonbiodegradable plastics are the materials of choice in agricultural applications for the following reasons. Global commercial production of biobased plastics is low (~1%) due to the absence of facile and scalable production methods. Even though biobased materials are ecologically benign, they are limited in agricultural settings, given the low tensile strength and disruption of the activities of natural insect predators such as spiders. The enhancement of the material properties of biobased plastics involves a trade-off with sustainability. Chemical additives such as heavy metals and volatile compounds enhance the mechanical properties of biobased plastics but limit their sustainability. The current constraints on the production of biobased plastic nets can be resolved through electrospinning techniques that facilitate the development of plastic nets with controllable composition, porosity, and surface areas.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. The Sustainability of Plastic Nets in Agriculture. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3625 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. The Sustainability of Plastic Nets in Agriculture. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2020. "The Sustainability of Plastic Nets in Agriculture." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3625.

Review
Published: 03 February 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This review paper investigated the durability and corrosion of materials used in the construction of agricultural buildings. Even though concrete and metal were the materials of choice in the construction of farm structures, they are susceptible to corrosion and environmental degradation. Acid attacks result in the oxidation of metals and mass losses and reduced compressive strength of the metal structures. Concrete structures are degraded in high humidity environments, such as lagoons, agricultural effluents, and animal manure. Poultry, cow, and pig manure contain variable quantities of corrosion-inducing chemicals, such as sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. However, the degradation of concrete structures can be mitigated by the utilization of modified concrete containing sulfur, fly ash, silica fume, and nanoparticles such as silica. Concrete structures made of fiber-reinforced polymers are less prone to corrosion and are more durable. The design for durability has also emerged as a viable option for optimizing the service life of agricultural buildings by adhering to the exposure limits.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Durability Issues and Corrosion of Structural Materials and Systems in Farm Environment. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 990 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Durability Issues and Corrosion of Structural Materials and Systems in Farm Environment. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (3):990.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2020. "Durability Issues and Corrosion of Structural Materials and Systems in Farm Environment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3: 990.

Review
Published: 07 January 2020 in Materials
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The construction sector, in modern times, is faced by a myriad of challenges primarily due to the increase in the urban population and dwindling natural resources that facilitate the production of construction materials. Furthermore, higher awareness on climate change is forcing companies to rethink their strategies in developing more sustainable construction materials. Diverse types of agro-waste ranging from rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), and bamboo leaves ash (BLA) among others have been identified as potent solutions in the development of sustainable construction materials. In this review paper, six different construction materials, made using agro-waste products, are examined. The materials include brick/masonry elements, green concrete, insulation materials for buildings, reinforcement materials for buildings, particleboards, and bio-based plastics. The main criterion adopted in selecting the materials regards their popularity and wide-scale use in modern construction applications. Additionally, as this research emphasizes identifying alternative approaches to develop sustainable construction materials, the focus is directed toward mainstream materials whose continued use has an adverse impact on the environment. The findings obtained from the review showed that the use of agro-waste to develop sustainable construction materials was effective, as the developed materials adhered to established building standards. Therefore, this indicates that agro-waste materials have the potential to replace conventional construction materials and hence achieve economic, environmental, and social sustainability in the long run.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Production of Sustainable Construction Materials Using Agro-Wastes. Materials 2020, 13, 262 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Production of Sustainable Construction Materials Using Agro-Wastes. Materials. 2020; 13 (2):262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2020. "Production of Sustainable Construction Materials Using Agro-Wastes." Materials 13, no. 2: 262.

Case report
Published: 06 January 2020 in AgriEngineering
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Steel greenhouse structures are generally constructed by individual sole contractors using quick empirical structural calculations (pre-engineered solutions). It is also common to import standard greenhouses from other countries, mainly from The Netherlands, Italy, and France, and sometimes from Great Britain and Israel. Evidently, these countries differ concerning the local wind and snow conditions. Therefore, there is a need for a better design of structures accepted as satisfactory, while installation can be done in a different location. Many greenhouse structures incorporating poor designs or inappropriate pre-engineered solutions are currently in use. At the same time, demolition and reconstruction represent a very expensive solution considering the loss of crop production and the demolition and construction costs; thus, strengthening is a reasonable alternative. This paper presents strengthening techniques for steel greenhouses that are code-deficient according to EN 13031 and Eurocodes. Consequently, two case studies are presented as typical applications of greenhouse structure strengthening.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis. Strengthening Techniques for Greenhouses. AgriEngineering 2020, 2, 37 -54.

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas, Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis. Strengthening Techniques for Greenhouses. AgriEngineering. 2020; 2 (1):37-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis. 2020. "Strengthening Techniques for Greenhouses." AgriEngineering 2, no. 1: 37-54.

Conference paper
Published: 16 December 2019 in Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XVI
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Welcome to the WIT Press eLibrary - the home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute collection, providing on-line access to papers presented at the Institute's prestigious international conferences and from its State-of-the-Art in Science & Engineering publications.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Fotios Andris. ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION OF A HERITAGE MASONRY BUILDING IN PIRAEUS, GREECE. Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XVI 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas, Fotios Andris. ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION OF A HERITAGE MASONRY BUILDING IN PIRAEUS, GREECE. Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XVI. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Fotios Andris. 2019. "ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION OF A HERITAGE MASONRY BUILDING IN PIRAEUS, GREECE." Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XVI , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 03 November 2019 in Sustainability
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The fundamental objective of the review article was to explore the ecological sustainability of greenhouse covering material based on the following themes; considerations for greenhouse materials, properties of polymers and glass, additives, fillers, stabilizers and reinforcements, performance, Ultraviolet (UV) transmittance, phase change materials (PCMs), and environmental sustainability. A comparison of various polymers (polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic, D-polymer, Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polyolefins), and silica glasses illustrated that each type of greenhouse cladding material has its unique merits and limitations. The performance of silica glasses, PVC, polyolefins was influenced by weather, greenhouse design, plant under cultivation, percentage UV transmittance, incorporation of additives and stabilizers, reinforcements, and integration of photovoltaic panels into the greenhouse roof among other factors. Polymers can be customized to achieve 0%UV transmittance, slow-insecticide release, and anti-microbial properties. In contrast, glass materials are preferred based on suitable photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and near-infrared (NIR) reflection and less risk of photo-oxidation. From an ecological perspective, polymers can be recycled via mechanical and chemical recycling, closed-loop cycling, and polymerization of bio-based feedstock. However, post-consumer plastic films do not possess the same optical and energy properties as virgin polymers. The combined benefits of different polymers suggest that these materials could be adopted on a large scale over the long-term.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Environmental Sustainability of Greenhouse Covering Materials. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6129 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Environmental Sustainability of Greenhouse Covering Materials. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):6129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2019. "Environmental Sustainability of Greenhouse Covering Materials." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6129.

Original research article
Published: 20 September 2019 in Frontiers in Built Environment
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This paper presents an assessment of the capacity and enhancement of the seismic performance of a historical masonry structure in Plomari, a town on the south coast of Lesbos island in Greece. Owing to uncertainties regarding the properties of the material and the effectiveness of the members in providing lateral resistance, the study was particularly challenging. In addition, the fact that the structure consisted of a variety of structural element types, e.g., unreinforced masonry from natural stones, timber-framed masonry (with burned clay masonry units), and timber girders, while lacking horizontal diaphragms, introduced complexities to the response of the structure in both directions. In the design of the retrofit, the need to preserve the building's architectural and historical value by minimizing interventions posed several problems. To solve them, conventional as well as state-of-the-art strengthening methods are proposed. Moreover, the procedures of these methods are in accordance with the Greek seismic design code of 1959 and European standards (Eurocodes) related to earthquake-resistant masonry as well as guidelines for the design of timber and reinforced concrete. Seismic analyses of the structure were carried out with two different methods (statically applied load and time history analysis) for comparison. The results verify the improvement in its behavior in response to earthquakes as a result of the proposed strengthening methods.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Assessment and Restoration of an Earthquake-Damaged Historical Masonry Building. Frontiers in Built Environment 2019, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. Assessment and Restoration of an Earthquake-Damaged Historical Masonry Building. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2019; 5 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2019. "Assessment and Restoration of an Earthquake-Damaged Historical Masonry Building." Frontiers in Built Environment 5, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2019 in ce/papers
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ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. The design of tall windbreak panels: Design issues and a case study. ce/papers 2019, 3, 439 -444.

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. The design of tall windbreak panels: Design issues and a case study. ce/papers. 2019; 3 (3-4):439-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas. 2019. "The design of tall windbreak panels: Design issues and a case study." ce/papers 3, no. 3-4: 439-444.

Journal article
Published: 09 September 2019 in Journal of Structural Fire Engineering
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an improved temperature-dependent constitutive model for steel that accounts for local instabilities of slender plates using an effective stress-based method. This model can be easily implemented for use with Bernoulli beam finite elements (FEs) in the fire situation. Design/methodology/approach The constitutive model is derived by calibration on parametric numerical analysis on isolated plates subject to buckling at different elevated temperatures. The model is implemented in the FE software SAFIR and validation is performed against experimental and shell element analysis results. Findings A constitutive model based on an equivalent stress method is proposed as an efficient way to consider local buckling in steel members exposed to fire. The proposed stress–strain–temperature relationship is asymmetric and is modified in compression only, by reducing the proportional limit, the yield stress and the strain at yield stress. The reduction of these parameters depends on the plate’s boundary conditions, slenderness and temperature. The validation of the proposed model shows good agreement over a range of profile dimensions, temperatures and steel grades. Research limitations/implications The model is still giving conservative results for large compressive load eccentricities. An enhanced model is under development to improve the predictive capability under large eccentricities. Practical implications The proposed model, easily implemented into any finite element software, allows using fibre type (Bernoulli) beam FEs for modelling structures made of slender sections. This has major practical implications as beam elements are the workhorse used for simulating the behaviour of structures in fire. This model, thus makes it possible to simulate large structures with slender steel sections at a limited computational cost. Originality/value The paper presents a novel steel constitutive model based on an innovative approach to capture local buckling at the material level using an equivalent stress approach. The theoretical development, validation and perspectives for future improvements are presented.

ACS Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Thomas Gernay; Jean-Marc Franssen. An equivalent stress method to account for local buckling in beam finite elements subjected to fire. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 2019, 10, 340 -353.

AMA Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas, Thomas Gernay, Jean-Marc Franssen. An equivalent stress method to account for local buckling in beam finite elements subjected to fire. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering. 2019; 10 (3):340-353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrysanthos Maraveas; Thomas Gernay; Jean-Marc Franssen. 2019. "An equivalent stress method to account for local buckling in beam finite elements subjected to fire." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 3: 340-353.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2019 in Journal of Structural Fire Engineering
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the airgap on thermal behaviour and structural response of fabricated slim floor beams (FSFBs) in fire.Design/methodology/approachA detailed analytical model is established and validated by replicating the response of FSFBs. The validated finite element modelling method is then used to perform sensitivity analysis. First, the influence of the airgap presence is analysed, and later, the effect of the airgap size on thermal behaviour and structural response of FSFBs at elevated temperatures is investigated.FindingsResults from the study demonstrate that the presence of the airgap has a considerable influence on their thermal behaviour and structural response of FSFBs. The size of the airgap, however, has no significant influence on their thermal and structural response in fire.Originality/valueNo investigations, experimental or analytical, are available in literature addressing the effect of airgap on the structural response of FSFBs in fire. The presence of airgap is helpful and beneficial; hence, the findings of this research can be used to develop designs for structural members with airgap as an efficient and inexpensive way to improve their response in fire.

ACS Style

Naveed Alam; Ali Nadjai; Chrysanthos Maraveas; Konstantinos Tsarvdaridis; Charles Kahanji. Effect of air-gap on response of fabricated slim floor beams in fire. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 2019, 10, 155 -174.

AMA Style

Naveed Alam, Ali Nadjai, Chrysanthos Maraveas, Konstantinos Tsarvdaridis, Charles Kahanji. Effect of air-gap on response of fabricated slim floor beams in fire. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering. 2019; 10 (2):155-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naveed Alam; Ali Nadjai; Chrysanthos Maraveas; Konstantinos Tsarvdaridis; Charles Kahanji. 2019. "Effect of air-gap on response of fabricated slim floor beams in fire." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 2: 155-174.