In the face of a VUCA environment, organizational resilience has become a critical factor in sustaining enterprise performance. This study explores how digital transformation influences organizational resilience through its impact on the key components of organizational systems, specifically innovation capability and agile response. Using data from Chinese A-share listed firms over the period 2007–2023, the study finds that digital transformation significantly enhances organizational resilience, with robust results across various tests. The analysis highlights that digital transformation strengthens resilience by optimizing innovation capability and improving agility within organizational systems. Heterogeneity tests reveal that these effects are particularly strong in firms located in eastern and central regions, operating in capital-intensive industries, and at growth or maturity stages. These findings underscore the systemic role of digital transformation in building adaptive, resilient organizations that can better navigate uncertainty and complexity. This study contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between digital technologies and organizational systems, offering practical insights for enterprises aiming to leverage digital transformation for sustainable growth and high-quality economic development.