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Economics represents one of the four dimensions of sustainable nutrition. Affordable nutrient density is a key indicator of access to sustainable healthy diets. While the nutritional value of foods is assessed using nutrient density metrics, affordability metrics assess energy content and nutritional value of foods in relation to their cost. To be nutrition-relevant, such economic indicators are normally expressed in terms of monetary cost per calorie or per nutrient, as opposed to food weight. Affordability of healthy foods can also be related to the relative cost of staple grains and linked to local wages, incomes, and community purchasing power. The same concepts can be extended to the carbon cost of food production. In parallel with the affordability metrics, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental costs ought to be calculated per 1000 kcal or per nutrient rather than per kilogram of food. Foods and food patterns need to be nutrient-rich, affordable, culturally appropriate, and appealing, and with low impact on natural resources. In this perspective article, we critically reflect on the linkages between the economic and health dimensions of sustainable nutrition and discuss some of the inherent tensions and synergies among them. Finally, we propose an approach to better integrate economic and sustainability considerations in the nutrition policy. Policy goals should prioritize balancing the nutritional value of food against its monetary or environmental cost.
Adam Drewnowski; Nicole Darmon; Pablo Monsivais. Affordable Nutrient Density: Toward Economic Indicators of Sustainable Healthy Diets. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9300 .
AMA StyleAdam Drewnowski, Nicole Darmon, Pablo Monsivais. Affordable Nutrient Density: Toward Economic Indicators of Sustainable Healthy Diets. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Drewnowski; Nicole Darmon; Pablo Monsivais. 2021. "Affordable Nutrient Density: Toward Economic Indicators of Sustainable Healthy Diets." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9300.
Balancing the social, economic and environmental priorities for public health is at the core of the United Nations (UN) approaches to sustainable development, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The four dimensions of sustainable diets are often presented as health, society, economics, and the environment. Although sustainable diet research has focused on health and the environment, the social and economic dimensions of sustainable diets and food systems should not be forgotten. Some research priorities and sociocultural indicators for sustainable healthy diets and food systems are outlined in this report. The present goal is to improve integration of the social dimension into research on food and nutrition security.
Jill Nicholls; Adam Drewnowski. Toward Sociocultural Indicators of Sustainable Healthy Diets. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7226 .
AMA StyleJill Nicholls, Adam Drewnowski. Toward Sociocultural Indicators of Sustainable Healthy Diets. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJill Nicholls; Adam Drewnowski. 2021. "Toward Sociocultural Indicators of Sustainable Healthy Diets." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7226.
Background: Hybrid nutrient density scores are based on both nutrients and selected food groups. Objective: To compare the new hybrid nutrient-rich food NRFh 4:3:3 score to other nutrient-rich food (NRF) scores, energy density, and energy cost and to model the impact on the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) of partially replacing less nutrient-rich with more nutrient-rich foods. Methods: Analyses were based on 5870 foods and beverages in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies and on 24 h dietary recalls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013–16). The NRFh 4:3:3 model was based on four nutrients to encourage (protein fiber, potassium, MUFA + PUFA); three food groups to encourage (dairy, fruit, whole grains); and three nutrients to limit (saturated fat, added sugar, sodium). Ratings generated by NRFh 4:3:3 and by other NRF models were correlated with score components, energy density (kcal/100 g), and energy cost (USD/100 kcal). The impact on HEI-2015 of replacing foods in the lowest nutrient density tertile (T1) with top tertile (T3) foods at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 100% equicaloric replacement was modeled using NHANES 2013–16 dietary data by population subgroups. Results: The NRFh 4:3:3 model awarded higher scores to foods containing dairy, fruit, and whole grains and proportionately lower scores to vegetables when compared to the NRF 9.3 model. Higher NRF and NRFh nutrient density scores were linked to lower energy density and higher energy cost; however, both correlations were lower for the NRFh 4:3:3. Isocaloric replacement of bottom tertile with top tertile foods as rated by both models led to significantly higher HEI-2105 values, based on complete (100%) and on partial (10–30%) replacement. Conclusion: The new NRFh 4:3:3 model provides the basis for developing new metrics of affordable nutrient density. The model identified “best value” food categories that were both affordable and nutrient-rich. Total and partial replacement of low nutrient density with high nutrient density foods was associated with higher HEI-2015 scores, suggesting that even partial inclusion of more nutrient dense foods in the diet may have an important impact on total diet quality.
Adam Drewnowski; Jessica Smith; Victor Fulgoni. The New Hybrid Nutrient Density Score NRFh 4:3:3 Tested in Relation to Affordable Nutrient Density and Healthy Eating Index 2015: Analyses of NHANES Data 2013–16. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1734 .
AMA StyleAdam Drewnowski, Jessica Smith, Victor Fulgoni. The New Hybrid Nutrient Density Score NRFh 4:3:3 Tested in Relation to Affordable Nutrient Density and Healthy Eating Index 2015: Analyses of NHANES Data 2013–16. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (5):1734.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Drewnowski; Jessica Smith; Victor Fulgoni. 2021. "The New Hybrid Nutrient Density Score NRFh 4:3:3 Tested in Relation to Affordable Nutrient Density and Healthy Eating Index 2015: Analyses of NHANES Data 2013–16." Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1734.
Nutrient profiling systems, initially designed to promote healthy food choices at the point of sale, can also provide the scientific basis for innovation and product reformulation by the food industry. This work presents a new profiling system to help define feasible nutrient targets for reformulation of packaged foods. The focus is on five key nutrients for which the World Health Organisation (WHO) has set population-level goals: sugar, saturated fat, sodium, fiber, and protein. The methodology uses Mintel’s Global New Products Database of packaged foods to (1) identify nutrients relevant to each food category (2) sort products into sub-categories defined by a unique nutritional signature, and (3) develop standards for “best of class” products. For instance, if targeted to be amongst the best 15% of the global food supply, pizza must have less than 4.0 g/100 g saturated fat, less than 520 mg/100 g total sodium and more than 9.8 g/100 g protein. Fiber and sugar are not identified as relevant nutrients for the pizza category and no targets are provided.
Fabienne Leroy; Andreas Rytz; Adam Drewnowski; Marie Tassy; Audrey Orengo; Veronique Rheiner Charles; Hilary Green. A New Method to Monitor the Nutritional Quality of Packaged Foods in the Global Food Supply in Order to Provide Feasible Targets for Reformulation. Nutrients 2021, 13, 576 .
AMA StyleFabienne Leroy, Andreas Rytz, Adam Drewnowski, Marie Tassy, Audrey Orengo, Veronique Rheiner Charles, Hilary Green. A New Method to Monitor the Nutritional Quality of Packaged Foods in the Global Food Supply in Order to Provide Feasible Targets for Reformulation. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (2):576.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabienne Leroy; Andreas Rytz; Adam Drewnowski; Marie Tassy; Audrey Orengo; Veronique Rheiner Charles; Hilary Green. 2021. "A New Method to Monitor the Nutritional Quality of Packaged Foods in the Global Food Supply in Order to Provide Feasible Targets for Reformulation." Nutrients 13, no. 2: 576.
Americans waste about a pound of food per day. Some of this is represented by inedible food waste at the household level. Our objective was to estimate inedible food waste in relation to diet quality and participant socio-economic status (SES). Seattle Obesity Study III participants (n = 747) completed the Fred Hutch Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and socio-demographic and food expenditure surveys. Education and geo-coded tax-parcel residential property values were measures of SES. Inedible food waste was calculated from diet records. Retail prices of FFQ component foods (n = 378) were used to estimate individual-level diet costs. The NOVA classification was used to identify ultra-processed foods. Multivariable linear regressions tested associations between inedible food waste, SES, food spending, Nutrient Rich Food (NRF9.3) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) scores. Inedible food waste was estimated at 78.7 g/d, mostly from unprocessed vegetables (32.8 g), fruit (30.5 g) and meat, poultry, and fish (15.4 g). Greater inedible food waste was associated with higher HEI-2015 and NRF9.3 scores, higher food expenditures and lower percent energy from ultra-processed foods. In multivariable models, more inedible food waste was associated with higher food expenditures, education and residential property values. Higher consumption of unprocessed foods were associated with more inedible food waste and higher diet costs. Geo-located estimates of inedible food waste can provide a proxy index of neighborhood diet quality.
Shilpi Gupta; Chelsea M. Rose; James Buszkiewicz; Jennifer Otten; Marie L. Spiker; Adam Drewnowski. Inedible Food Waste Linked to Diet Quality and Food Spending in the Seattle Obesity Study SOS III. Nutrients 2021, 13, 479 .
AMA StyleShilpi Gupta, Chelsea M. Rose, James Buszkiewicz, Jennifer Otten, Marie L. Spiker, Adam Drewnowski. Inedible Food Waste Linked to Diet Quality and Food Spending in the Seattle Obesity Study SOS III. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (2):479.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShilpi Gupta; Chelsea M. Rose; James Buszkiewicz; Jennifer Otten; Marie L. Spiker; Adam Drewnowski. 2021. "Inedible Food Waste Linked to Diet Quality and Food Spending in the Seattle Obesity Study SOS III." Nutrients 13, no. 2: 479.
Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) may involve higher diet costs. This study assessed the relation between two measures of food spending and diet quality among adult participants (N=768) in the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS III). All participants completed socio-demographic and food expenditure surveys and the Fred Hutch food frequency questionnaire. Dietary intakes were joined with local supermarket prices to estimate individual-level diet costs. Healthy Eating Index (HEI- 2015) scores measured compliance with DGA. Multiple linear regressions using Generalized Estimating Equations with robust standard errors showed that lower food spending was associated with younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, and lower socioeconomic status. Even though higher HEI-2015 scores were associated with higher diet costs per 2000 kcal, much individual variability was observed. A positive curvilinear relationship observed in adjusted models. At lower cost diets, an $100/month increase in cost (from $150 to $250) was associated with a 20.6% increase in HEI 2015. For higher levels of diet cost (from $350 to $450) there were diminishing returns (2.8% increase in HEI 2015). These findings indicate that increases in food spending at the lower end of the range have the most potential to improve diet quality.
Chelsea M. Rose; Shilpi Gupta; James Buszkiewicz; Linda K. Ko; Jin Mou; Andrea Cook; Anne Vernez Moudon; Anju Aggarwal; Adam Drewnowski. Small increments in diet cost can improve compliance with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Social Science & Medicine 2020, 266, 113359 .
AMA StyleChelsea M. Rose, Shilpi Gupta, James Buszkiewicz, Linda K. Ko, Jin Mou, Andrea Cook, Anne Vernez Moudon, Anju Aggarwal, Adam Drewnowski. Small increments in diet cost can improve compliance with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Social Science & Medicine. 2020; 266 ():113359.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChelsea M. Rose; Shilpi Gupta; James Buszkiewicz; Linda K. Ko; Jin Mou; Andrea Cook; Anne Vernez Moudon; Anju Aggarwal; Adam Drewnowski. 2020. "Small increments in diet cost can improve compliance with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans." Social Science & Medicine 266, no. : 113359.
Coffee, obtained from various sources, is consumed by most United States adults. The present analyses of one and two 24-h dietary recalls for 14,865 persons aged ≥20 years in the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016) aimed to identify socio-demographic predictors of coffee consumption and to examine whether coffee purchase locations differed by population sub-group. Given the emphasis on food and beverage consumption patterns, the relation between coffee consumption and compliance with the Dietary Guidelines of Americans was also examined. Coffee was consumed by 59% of the sample (n = 8551). Survey-adjusted mean intake among consumers was 544.7 g/day. Percent consumers and mean amounts consumed were highest among adults aged 51–70 years (p < 0.001), higher income groups (p < 0.001), and non-Hispanic Whites (p < 0.001). About 74% of coffee consumers obtained their coffee from stores, 9.8% from fast food restaurants, 4.3% from convenience stores, and 4.2% from someone else. Coffee source locations also varied by age, education, income, and race/ethnicity. Coffee consumers had significantly higher Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) and higher Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF9.3) scores in energy-adjusted models and significantly higher HEI 2015 scores in multivariable models. In multivariable models, coffee consumers had diets with less added sugar (p < 0.001) but slightly more fat (of all types, including monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), saturated and solid fats), cholesterol, and alcohol. Their diets had more potassium and magnesium (p < 0.001) but less vitamin C (p < 0.001). Mean caffeine consumption was 233 mg/day for consumers and 72.3 mg/day for non-consumers. Coffee consumption patterns in the US vary across socio-demographic groups.
Colin D. Rehm; Joseph C. Ratliff; Claudia S. Riedt; Adam Drewnowski. Coffee Consumption among Adults in the United States by Demographic Variables and Purchase Location: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2463 .
AMA StyleColin D. Rehm, Joseph C. Ratliff, Claudia S. Riedt, Adam Drewnowski. Coffee Consumption among Adults in the United States by Demographic Variables and Purchase Location: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (8):2463.
Chicago/Turabian StyleColin D. Rehm; Joseph C. Ratliff; Claudia S. Riedt; Adam Drewnowski. 2020. "Coffee Consumption among Adults in the United States by Demographic Variables and Purchase Location: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data." Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2463.
Background In‐person assessments of physical activity (PA) and body weight can be burdensome for participants and cost prohibitive for researchers. This study examined self‐reported PA and weight accuracy and identified patterns of misreporting in a diverse sample. Methods King, Pierce, and Yakima county residents, aged 21‐59 years,,(n = 728) self‐reported their moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) and weight, in kilograms. Self‐reports were compared to minutes of bout‐level MVPA, from 3 days of accelerometer data, and measured weights. Regression models examined characteristics associated with under‐ and overreporting of MVPA and weight, the potential bias introduced using each measure, and the relation between perceived and measured PA and weight. Results MVPA underreporting was higher among males and college educated participants; however, there was no differential MVPA overreporting. Weight underreporting was higher among males, those age 40‐49 years, and persons with obesity. Weight overreporting was higher among Hispanic participants and those reporting stress, unhappiness, and fair or poor health. The estimated PA‐obesity relation was similar using measured and self‐reported PA but not self‐reported weight. Perceived PA and weight predicted measured values. Conclusion Self‐reported PA and weight may be useful should objective measurement be infeasible; however, though population‐specific adjustment for differential reporting should be considered.
James Buszkiewicz; Chelsea Rose; Shilpi Gupta; Linda K. Ko; Jin Mou; Anne V. Moudon; Philip M. Hurvitz; Andrea Cook; Anju Aggarwal; Adam Drewnowski. A cross‐sectional analysis of physical activity and weight misreporting in diverse populations: The Seattle Obesity Study III. Obesity Science & Practice 2020, 6, 615 -627.
AMA StyleJames Buszkiewicz, Chelsea Rose, Shilpi Gupta, Linda K. Ko, Jin Mou, Anne V. Moudon, Philip M. Hurvitz, Andrea Cook, Anju Aggarwal, Adam Drewnowski. A cross‐sectional analysis of physical activity and weight misreporting in diverse populations: The Seattle Obesity Study III. Obesity Science & Practice. 2020; 6 (6):615-627.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Buszkiewicz; Chelsea Rose; Shilpi Gupta; Linda K. Ko; Jin Mou; Anne V. Moudon; Philip M. Hurvitz; Andrea Cook; Anju Aggarwal; Adam Drewnowski. 2020. "A cross‐sectional analysis of physical activity and weight misreporting in diverse populations: The Seattle Obesity Study III." Obesity Science & Practice 6, no. 6: 615-627.
Countries in South East Asia are undergoing a nutrition transition, which typically involves a dietary shift from plant to animal proteins. To explore the main drivers of protein consumption, the SCRiPT (Socio Cultural Research in Protein Transition) study recruited a population sample in Malaysia (N = 1604). Participants completed in-person 24 h dietary recalls and socio-demographic surveys. Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using Nutritionist Pro. A novel recipe-based frequency count coded protein sources as meat (chicken, beef, pork, and mutton), fish, eggs, dairy, and plants (cereals, pulses, tubers). Dietary intakes and frequencies were examined by gender, age, income, education, ethnicity, religion, and family status, using ANOVAs and general linear models. Energy intakes were 1869 kcal/d for men and 1699 kcal/d for women. Protein intakes were 78.5 g/d for men and 72.5 g/d for women. Higher energy and protein intakes were associated with Chinese ethnicity, higher education and incomes. Frequency counts identified plant proteins in 50% of foods, followed by meat (19%), fish (12%), eggs (12%), and dairy (7%). Most frequent source of meat was chicken (16%) rather than pork or beef (1.5% each). In bivariate analyses, animal protein counts were associated with younger age, higher education and incomes. In mutually adjusted multivariate regression models, animal proteins were associated with education and ethnicity; plant proteins were associated with ethnicity and religion. Protein choices in Malaysia involve socio-cultural as well as economic variables.
Adam Drewnowski; Elise Mognard; Shilpi Gupta; Mohd Noor Ismail; Norimah A. Karim; Laurence Tibère; Cyrille Laporte; Yasmine Alem; Helda Khusun; Judhiastuty Februhartanty; Roselynne Anggraini; Jean-Pierre Poulain. Socio-Cultural and Economic Drivers of Plant and Animal Protein Consumption in Malaysia: The SCRiPT Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1530 .
AMA StyleAdam Drewnowski, Elise Mognard, Shilpi Gupta, Mohd Noor Ismail, Norimah A. Karim, Laurence Tibère, Cyrille Laporte, Yasmine Alem, Helda Khusun, Judhiastuty Februhartanty, Roselynne Anggraini, Jean-Pierre Poulain. Socio-Cultural and Economic Drivers of Plant and Animal Protein Consumption in Malaysia: The SCRiPT Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (5):1530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Drewnowski; Elise Mognard; Shilpi Gupta; Mohd Noor Ismail; Norimah A. Karim; Laurence Tibère; Cyrille Laporte; Yasmine Alem; Helda Khusun; Judhiastuty Februhartanty; Roselynne Anggraini; Jean-Pierre Poulain. 2020. "Socio-Cultural and Economic Drivers of Plant and Animal Protein Consumption in Malaysia: The SCRiPT Study." Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1530.
Global challenges associated with a growing demand for food in the face of finite natural resources and climate change have prompted concerns about the sustainability of our current food systems. As formulated by the Food and Agriculture Organization, the four principal domains of sustainable diets are health, economics, society, and the environment. While emphasizing the environmental cost and health impacts of current diets, the research literature has virtually ignored the vital economic and social aspects of sustainability. Without these components, critical inputs for decision-making about global challenges related to climate change and a growing demand for food are missing. National Dairy Council convened experts in sociology, economics, human nutrition, food systems science, food security, environmental health, and sustainable agriculture for a one-day workshop to define the social and economic domains of sustainability in service of better characterizing food-based dietary guidance that is both healthy and sustainable. The consensus recommendations were to (1) select social and economic indicators to complement the existing environmental and health ones, (2) better define appropriate concepts, terms, and measures to foster discussion across scientific disciplines, (3) reframe the focus on sustainable diets towards the goal of “achieving healthy dietary patterns from sustainable food systems”, and (4) complement the four domains, and incorporate the notions of geography, time, and cross-cutting considerations into sustainability frameworks. This publication summarizes the presentations, discussions, and findings from the 2019 workshop, and aims to catalyze further action to advance sustainability research and practice in the context of food-based dietary guidance and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Kevin Comerford; Channing Arndt; Adam Drewnowski; Polly Ericksen; Tim Griffin; Mary Hendrickson; John Ingram; Jill Nicholls. Proceedings of a Workshop on Characterizing and Defining the Social and Economic Domains of Sustainable Diets. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4163 .
AMA StyleKevin Comerford, Channing Arndt, Adam Drewnowski, Polly Ericksen, Tim Griffin, Mary Hendrickson, John Ingram, Jill Nicholls. Proceedings of a Workshop on Characterizing and Defining the Social and Economic Domains of Sustainable Diets. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKevin Comerford; Channing Arndt; Adam Drewnowski; Polly Ericksen; Tim Griffin; Mary Hendrickson; John Ingram; Jill Nicholls. 2020. "Proceedings of a Workshop on Characterizing and Defining the Social and Economic Domains of Sustainable Diets." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4163.
This article is based on a session at ASN 2019 entitled “Addressing the Four Domains of Sustainable Food Systems Science (Health, Economics, Society and the Environment): What Will It Take to Harmonize the Evidence to Advance the Field?” A summary of presentations is included. The presentations addressed the 4 principal domains of sustainability defined as nutrition/health, economics, environment, and society and the ways in which they are represented in current research. The session also introduced metrics and measures that are specific to each domain. Participants discussed next steps to move toward consensus and collaboration among scientific communities, especially those of health/nutrition science and environmental science. Food systems may need to be restructured to ensure that the global food supply provides adequate calories and nutrients at an affordable cost. Finally, the session addressed strategies to implement research concepts and move toward policies that encourage consumers to choose healthy diets from sustainable food systems.
Adam Drewnowski; John Finley; Julie M Hess; John Ingram; Gregory Miller; Christian Peters. Toward Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems. Current Developments in Nutrition 2020, 4, nzaa083 .
AMA StyleAdam Drewnowski, John Finley, Julie M Hess, John Ingram, Gregory Miller, Christian Peters. Toward Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2020; 4 (6):nzaa083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Drewnowski; John Finley; Julie M Hess; John Ingram; Gregory Miller; Christian Peters. 2020. "Toward Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, no. 6: nzaa083.
Background Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–20 recommend choosing water in place of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). This study examined water consumption patterns and trends among children and adults in the US. Methods Dietary intake data for 7453 children (4-18y) and 15,263 adults (>19y) came from two 24 h dietary recalls in three cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016). Water was categorized as tap or bottled (plain). Other beverages were assigned to 15 categories. Water and other beverage intakes (in mL/d) were analyzed by sociodemographic variables and sourcing location. Consumption time trends from 2011 to 2016 were also examined. Total water intakes from water, other beverages and moisture from foods (mL/d) were compared to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for water. Results Total dietary water (2718 mL/d) came from water (1066 mL/d), other beverages (1036 mL/d) and from food moisture (618 mL/d). Whereas total water intakes remained stable, a significant decline in SSB from 2011 to 2016 was fully offset by an increase in the consumption of plain water. The main sources of water were tap at home (288 mL/d), tap away from home (301 mL/d), and bottled water from stores (339 mL/d). Water and other beverage consumption patterns varied with age, incomes and race/ethnicity. Higher tap water consumption was associated with higher incomes, but bottled water was not. Non-Hispanic whites consumed most tap water (781 mL/d) whereas Mexican Americans consumed most bottled water (605 mL/d). Only about 40% of the NHANES sample on average followed US recommendations for adequate water intakes. Conclusion The present results suggest that while total water intakes among children and adults have stayed constant, drinking water, tap and bottled, has been replacing SSB in the US diet.
Florent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Pamela L. Barrios; Adam Drewnowski. Trends in tap and bottled water consumption among children and adults in the United States: analyses of NHANES 2011-16 data. Nutrition Journal 2020, 19, 10 -14.
AMA StyleFlorent Vieux, Matthieu Maillot, Colin D. Rehm, Pamela L. Barrios, Adam Drewnowski. Trends in tap and bottled water consumption among children and adults in the United States: analyses of NHANES 2011-16 data. Nutrition Journal. 2020; 19 (1):10-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Pamela L. Barrios; Adam Drewnowski. 2020. "Trends in tap and bottled water consumption among children and adults in the United States: analyses of NHANES 2011-16 data." Nutrition Journal 19, no. 1: 10-14.
Nutrient profiling (NP) models, intended to capture the full nutritional value of plant-based foods, ought to incorporate bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, in addition to standard nutrients.
Adam Drewnowski; Britt Burton-Freeman. A new category-specific nutrient rich food (NRF9f.3) score adds flavonoids to assess nutrient density of fruit. Food & Function 2020, 11, 123 -130.
AMA StyleAdam Drewnowski, Britt Burton-Freeman. A new category-specific nutrient rich food (NRF9f.3) score adds flavonoids to assess nutrient density of fruit. Food & Function. 2020; 11 (1):123-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Drewnowski; Britt Burton-Freeman. 2020. "A new category-specific nutrient rich food (NRF9f.3) score adds flavonoids to assess nutrient density of fruit." Food & Function 11, no. 1: 123-130.
Healthy diets from sustainable food systems was the ostensible theme of the EAT–Lancet Commission.1EATHealthy diets from sustainable food systems. Summary report of the EAT–Lancet Commission.https://eatforum.org/content/uploads/2019/01/EAT-Lancet_Commission_Summary_Report.pdfDate accessed: November 26, 2019Google Scholar The four principal domains of sustainable diets, as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2010,2Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsSustainable diets and biodiversity.http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3004e.pdfDate: 2010Date accessed: November 26, 2019Google Scholar were health, economics, society, and the environment. Sustainable diets were defined as those that were healthy, affordable, appealing, and environmentally friendly.2Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsSustainable diets and biodiversity.http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3004e.pdfDate: 2010Date accessed: November 26, 2019Google Scholar Sustainable food systems are now defined as those that produce nutrient-rich foods that are affordable, socially and culturally acceptable, and sparing of both natural and human resources.3Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsNutrition and food systems.http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7846e.pdfDate: 2017Date accessed: November 27, 2019Google Scholar Affordability was, and is, a key component of sustainable diets and of sustainable food systems.
Adam Drewnowski. Analysing the affordability of the EAT–Lancet diet. The Lancet Global Health 2020, 8, e6 -e7.
AMA StyleAdam Drewnowski. Analysing the affordability of the EAT–Lancet diet. The Lancet Global Health. 2020; 8 (1):e6-e7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Drewnowski. 2020. "Analysing the affordability of the EAT–Lancet diet." The Lancet Global Health 8, no. 1: e6-e7.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–20 recommend replacing sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) with plain water in order to promote adequate hydration while reducing added sugar intake. This study explored how water intakes from water, beverages, and foods are distributed across the day. The dietary intake data for 7453 children (4–18 y) and 15,263 adults (>19 y) came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016). Water was categorized as tap or bottled. Beverages were assigned to 15 categories. Water intakes (in mL/d) from water, beverages, and food moisture showed significant differences by age group, meal occasion, and time of day. Plain water was consumed in the morning, mostly in the course of a morning snack and between 06:00 and 12:00. Milk and juices were consumed at breakfast whereas SSBs were mostly consumed at lunch, dinner, and in the afternoon. Children consumed milk and juices, mostly in the morning. Adults consumed coffee and tea in the morning, SSBs in the afternoon, and alcohol in the evening. Relatively little drinking water was consumed with lunch or after 21:00. Dietary strategies to replace caloric beverages with plain water need to build on existing drinking habits by age group and meal type.
Florent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Pamela Barrios; Adam Drewnowski. The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2707 .
AMA StyleFlorent Vieux, Matthieu Maillot, Colin D. Rehm, Pamela Barrios, Adam Drewnowski. The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (11):2707.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Pamela Barrios; Adam Drewnowski. 2019. "The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data." Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2707.
Flavonoid-rich tea offers an alternative to sugar-sweetened beverages. The present analyses, based on 2 24-hour dietary recalls for 17,506 persons aged ≥9 years old in the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database (NHANES 2011–2016), explored tea consumption patterns in relation to demographics, diet quality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers (lipids and blood pressure), and body weight. Beverage categories were unsweetened tea, other tea (herbal and presweetened tea), coffee, milk, 100% juice, water and other high-calorie (HC) and low-calorie (LC) beverages. Tea consumption (18.5% of the sample) was highest among older adults (51–70 years old), non-Hispanic Asians and Whites, and those with college education and higher incomes. The effects of age, gender, education, income, and race/ethnicity were all significant (p < 0.001 for all). Adult tea consumers had diets with more protein, fiber, potassium, iron, and magnesium, and less added sugars and alcohol. Their diets contained fewer HC beverages and coffee but had more total and citrus fruit, more total dark green and orange vegetables, and more seafood, eggs, soy and milk. Tea consumers had higher Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) and higher Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF9.3) nutrient density scores. Few children drank tea and no differences in diet quality between consumers and non-consumers were observed. Adult tea consumers had slightly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower body mass index (BMI) values. Tea consumption was associated with higher socioeconomic status and better diets.
Florent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Adam Drewnowski. Tea Consumption Patterns in Relation to Diet Quality among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2635 .
AMA StyleFlorent Vieux, Matthieu Maillot, Colin D. Rehm, Adam Drewnowski. Tea Consumption Patterns in Relation to Diet Quality among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (11):2635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Adam Drewnowski. 2019. "Tea Consumption Patterns in Relation to Diet Quality among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data." Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2635.
Activity spaces (AS), captured using GPS tracking devices, are measures of dynamic exposure to the built environment (BE). Seven days of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) tracking data were obtained for 433 adult participants in the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS II). Heights and weights were measured. Dietary intakes from a food frequency questionnaire were used to calculate Healthy Eating Index (HEI 2010) scores. Linear regression analyses examined associations between AS measures: daily route length, convex hull, and radius of gyration, and diet quality and health outcomes, adjusting for covariates. AS measures did not vary by age, gender, race/ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. AS measures were not associated with diet quality or with self-reported obesity or diabetes. One AS measure, route length (in miles), was associated with being employed, living in the suburbs, and with distance and time commuting to work. Spatial mobility studies based on GPS tracking of environmental exposure need to demonstrate a link to relevant health outcomes.
Adam Drewnowski; Anju Aggarwal; Chelsea M. Rose; Shilpi Gupta; Joseph A. Delaney; Philip M. Hurvitz. Activity space metrics not associated with sociodemographic variables, diet or health outcomes in the Seattle Obesity Study II. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology 2019, 30, 100289 -100289.
AMA StyleAdam Drewnowski, Anju Aggarwal, Chelsea M. Rose, Shilpi Gupta, Joseph A. Delaney, Philip M. Hurvitz. Activity space metrics not associated with sociodemographic variables, diet or health outcomes in the Seattle Obesity Study II. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology. 2019; 30 ():100289-100289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Drewnowski; Anju Aggarwal; Chelsea M. Rose; Shilpi Gupta; Joseph A. Delaney; Philip M. Hurvitz. 2019. "Activity space metrics not associated with sociodemographic variables, diet or health outcomes in the Seattle Obesity Study II." Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology 30, no. : 100289-100289.
The quality of dietary patterns can be optimized using a mathematical technique known as linear programming (LP). LP methods have rarely been applied to individual meals. The present LP models optimized the breakfast meal for those participants in the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 who ate breakfast (n = 11,565). The Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) was a measure of diet quality. Breakfasts in the bottom tertile of NRF9.3 scores (T1) were LP-modeled to meet nutrient requirements without deviating too much from current eating habits. Separate LP models were run for children and for adults. The LP-modeled breakfasts resembled the existing ones in the top tertile of NRF9.3 scores (T3), but were more nutrient-rich. Favoring fruit, cereals, and dairy, the LP-modeled breakfasts had less meat, added sugars and fats, but more whole fruit and 100% juices, more whole grains, and more milk and yogurt. LP modeling methods can build on existing dietary patterns to construct food-based dietary guidelines and identify individual meals and/or snacks that need improvement.
Florent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Adam Drewnowski. Designing Optimal Breakfast for the United States Using Linear Programming and the NHANES 2011-2014 Database: A Study from the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IBRI). Nutrients 2019, 11, 1374 .
AMA StyleFlorent Vieux, Matthieu Maillot, Colin D. Rehm, Adam Drewnowski. Designing Optimal Breakfast for the United States Using Linear Programming and the NHANES 2011-2014 Database: A Study from the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IBRI). Nutrients. 2019; 11 (6):1374.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorent Vieux; Matthieu Maillot; Colin D. Rehm; Adam Drewnowski. 2019. "Designing Optimal Breakfast for the United States Using Linear Programming and the NHANES 2011-2014 Database: A Study from the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IBRI)." Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1374.
Exposure to food environments has mainly been limited to counting food outlets near participants’ homes. This study considers food environment exposures in time and space using global positioning systems (GPS) records and fast food restaurants (FFRs) as the environment of interest. Data came from 412 participants (median participant age of 45) in the Seattle Obesity Study II who completed a survey, wore GPS receivers, and filled out travel logs for seven days. FFR locations were obtained from Public Health Seattle King County and geocoded. Exposure was conceptualized as contact between stressors (FFRs) and receptors (participants’ mobility records from GPS data) using four proximities: 21 m, 100 m, 500 m, and ½ mile. Measures included count of proximal FFRs, time duration in proximity to ≥1 FFR, and time duration in proximity to FFRs weighted by FFR counts. Self-reported exposures (FFR visits) were excluded from these measures. Logistic regressions tested associations between one or more reported FFR visits and the three exposure measures at the four proximities. Time spent in proximity to an FFR was associated with significantly higher odds of FFR visits at all proximities. Weighted duration also showed positive associations with FFR visits at 21-m and 100-m proximities. FFR counts were not associated with FFR visits. Duration of exposure helps measure the relationship between the food environment, mobility patterns, and health behaviors. The stronger associations between exposure and outcome found at closer proximities (
Jason Y. Scully; Anne Vernez Moudon; Philip M. Hurvitz; Anju Aggarwal; Adam Drewnowski. A Time-Based Objective Measure of Exposure to the Food Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1180 .
AMA StyleJason Y. Scully, Anne Vernez Moudon, Philip M. Hurvitz, Anju Aggarwal, Adam Drewnowski. A Time-Based Objective Measure of Exposure to the Food Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (7):1180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJason Y. Scully; Anne Vernez Moudon; Philip M. Hurvitz; Anju Aggarwal; Adam Drewnowski. 2019. "A Time-Based Objective Measure of Exposure to the Food Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1180.
The goal of the Frequency of Eating and Satiety Hormones (FRESH) Study is to understand the relationship between eating frequency (EF) and biomarkers of appetite and disease risk. This report gives the study rationale and design. The FRESH study was conducted in n = 50 overweight and obese, but otherwise healthy, male and female adults aged 18–50 years. The protocol included four in-person clinic visits for protocol instruction, blood draws, anthropometry, and meal testing; all other activities were done at home. Participants completed two 21-day phases in random order with a two-week washout between phases. One phase was high EF (6 eating occasions/day) and the other was low EF (3 eating occasions/day). Each phase specified time of day for each eating occasion. Participants prepared their own meals throughout the study using study-provided individualized, structured meal plans ensuring that calories, macronutrients and micronutrients were identical during both study phases. Fasting blood was collected before and after each phase to test intervention effects on the biomarkers. At the end of each phase participants also completed extended appetite testing with meals prepared by the study clinic. Participants were recruited using print, radio, and digital ads. 60 participants consented to enroll; 10 dropped out due to work or school scheduling conflicts and 50 (target sample size) completed the study. Compliance was assessed by completion of daily on-line meal plan checklists. The FRESH study will provide data on whether higher vs. lower daily EF in the context of constant energy and nutrient intake may be harmful or beneficial based on intervention effects on biomarkers of health and disease risk.
Marian L. Neuhouser; Catherine Clowry; Sarah J. Beatty; Ching-Yun Wang; Adam Drewnowski; Martine M. Perrigue. Rationale and design of the frequency of eating and Satiety Hormones (FRESH) study: A randomized cross-over clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2019, 14, 100334 .
AMA StyleMarian L. Neuhouser, Catherine Clowry, Sarah J. Beatty, Ching-Yun Wang, Adam Drewnowski, Martine M. Perrigue. Rationale and design of the frequency of eating and Satiety Hormones (FRESH) study: A randomized cross-over clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2019; 14 ():100334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarian L. Neuhouser; Catherine Clowry; Sarah J. Beatty; Ching-Yun Wang; Adam Drewnowski; Martine M. Perrigue. 2019. "Rationale and design of the frequency of eating and Satiety Hormones (FRESH) study: A randomized cross-over clinical trial." Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 14, no. : 100334.