The United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania) is rich in freshwater resources and biodiversity. In this article, we highlight the importance of Tanzanian rivers and make a case for the conservation of the freshwater and terrestrial species that rely on these rivers. We provide an overview of current knowledge on Tanzanian rivers and discuss progress towards implementation of the National Water Policy (2002) and Water Management Act (2009), two legislative instruments that have motivated environmental flow assessments on at least six major rivers and offer legal backing for river conservation. We examine major challenges that pose significant threats to water security for river ecosystems and humans in Tanzania, among those: (1) human population growth, (2) agricultural expansion, (3) river flow alterations, (4) industrialization, (5) introduced species, and (6) climate change. We conclude by offering recommendations for future river conservation efforts in Tanzania.

Climate change, driven by increased rainfall variability and rising temperatures, exacerbates water scarcity and significantly affects household water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. In response, households often adopt coping mechanisms that, while intended to conserve water, may result in reduced hygiene and sanitation practices, thereby increasing exposure to health risks. In the Bahi Swamp sub-basin of Tanzania, acute water scarcity prevails due to semi-arid climate conditions, climate change, and inadequate water management, posing significant threats to local livelihoods. To assess household water scarcity, coping strategies, challenges, and measures for sustainable water management, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 260 households. The results indicate that most households experience persistent water shortages, causing conflicts over water use. Most households (92%) adopted coping strategies such as purchasing water, storing water, reducing daily consumption, rainwater harvesting, and switching water sources; however, some of these strategies may increase the risk of water-borne diseases and negatively affect overall wellbeing. Rainwater harvesting could serve as an effective strategy for addressing domestic water scarcity. Lack of knowledge and training, and financial constraints are key challenges to sustainable water resource management. Crucial measures include improved access to training and resources, along with financial support or subsidies.