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Livestock has a significant contribution to methane emission as a portion of their ingested energy, which is wasted in the form of methane (2–15%), and ammonia (75–95%). Microbial fermentation in ruminants results in the loss of energy in methanogenesis and protein via ammonia nitrogen excretion, causing a decline in feed efficiency and acting as environmental pollutants. Antibiotics were used to reduce these losses in the rumen, but this approach was restricted in animal products. Some plants or their bioactive extracts/metabolites such as organo-sulphur compounds, saponins, essential oils, flavonoids, and tannins exhibited the potential to limit the methanogenesis by altering the rumen microflora. Plant extracts, including clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud oil and clove extracts, were used as feed additives to manipulate rumen fermentation. Clove oil interacts with bacterial cells and inhibits the growth multiplication of methanogenic and deaminating bacteria. This results in a reduction in ammonia, nitrogen, methane, acetate concentration, and high propionate and butyrate concentrations. Eugenol is one of the bioactive constituents in clove that manipulate rumen fermentation by increasing propionate production, decrease acetate and methane production, and alter the proteolysis pattern, peptidolysis, and amino acid deamination in the rumen. The current review reports on using of clove phytochemicals and extracts in manipulating rumen fermentation to inhibit methanogenesis and energy loss as well as ammonia–nitrogen waste.
Muhammad Saeed; Muhammad S. Khan; Mahmoud Alagawany; Mayada R. Farag; Othman Alqaisi; Amjad I. Aqib; Muhammad Qumar; Faisal Siddique; Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its phytochemicals in ruminant feed: an updated review. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 2021, 32, 273 -285.
AMA StyleMuhammad Saeed, Muhammad S. Khan, Mahmoud Alagawany, Mayada R. Farag, Othman Alqaisi, Amjad I. Aqib, Muhammad Qumar, Faisal Siddique, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its phytochemicals in ruminant feed: an updated review. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. 2021; 32 (2):273-285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Saeed; Muhammad S. Khan; Mahmoud Alagawany; Mayada R. Farag; Othman Alqaisi; Amjad I. Aqib; Muhammad Qumar; Faisal Siddique; Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan. 2021. "Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its phytochemicals in ruminant feed: an updated review." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 32, no. 2: 273-285.
In the global dairy production sector, feed ingredient price and availability are highly volatile; they may shape the composition of the feed ration and, in consequence, impact feed cost and enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of changes in feed ingredients’ prices and feed ingredients’ availability on dairy ration composition, feed cost and predicted methane yield under different levels of milk production. To meet the research aim, a series of multi-period linear programming models were developed. The models were then used to simulate 14 feed rations formulations, each covering 162 months and three dairy production levels of 10, 25 and 35 kg milk/d, representing a total of 6804 feed rations altogether. Across milk production levels, the inclusion of alfalfa hay into the feed rations declined from 55% to 38% when daily milk production increased from 10 to 35 kg, reflecting the cows’ increased energy requirements. At a daily milk production level of 35 kg, CH4 production (per kg milk) was 21% and 53% lower than in average and low milk producing cows, respectively, whereas at 10 kg of milk production the potential to reduce CH4 production varied between 0.6% and 5.5% (average = 3.9%). At all production levels, a reduction in CH4 output was associated with an increase in feed costs. Overall, and considering feeding scenarios in low milk producing cows, feed cost per kg milk was 30% and 37% higher compared to that of average and high milk production, respectively. The feed ration modeling approach allows us to account for the interaction between feed ingredients over time, taking into consideration volatile global feed prices. Overall, the model provides a decision-making tool to improve the use of feed resources in the dairy sector.
Othman Alqaisi; Eva Schlecht. Feeding Models to Optimize Dairy Feed Rations in View of Feed Availability, Feed Prices and Milk Production Scenarios. Sustainability 2021, 13, 215 .
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Eva Schlecht. Feeding Models to Optimize Dairy Feed Rations in View of Feed Availability, Feed Prices and Milk Production Scenarios. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (1):215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Eva Schlecht. 2021. "Feeding Models to Optimize Dairy Feed Rations in View of Feed Availability, Feed Prices and Milk Production Scenarios." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 215.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding high and low concentrate diets on feed intake and feed efficiency, the morphological characteristics of the rumen papillae, and meat quality of Holstein steers fattened under hot climate conditions in Oman. Ten male Holstein calves, of 5 months of age, were selected for the experiment. The animals were fed concentrate and Rhodes grass hay and were divided into two groups of high concentrate (HC, n = 5) and low concentrate diets (LC, n = 5), in which their feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency were evaluated across three growing periods. Feed intake and efficiency and average daily gain (ADG) of the HC group were significantly greater than for the LC group and were affected by the diet (p < .01) and the period (p < .001). Across the fattening periods, ADG declined in both groups, with ADG improved by 35% for steers on the HC diet compared to steers on the LC diet. Carcass meat quality was not affected significantly by the dietary concentrate level. In conclusion, our results can be used to make improvements in feed efficiency of Holstein steers under hot climate conditions.
Othman Alqaisi; Haytham Ali; Mohammad Al‐Abri; Eugene H. Johnson; Waleed Al‐Marzooqi. Effect of dietary concentrate content on feed intake, feed efficiency, and meat quality of Holstein steers fattened in a hot environment. Animal Science Journal 2021, 92, e13547 .
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Haytham Ali, Mohammad Al‐Abri, Eugene H. Johnson, Waleed Al‐Marzooqi. Effect of dietary concentrate content on feed intake, feed efficiency, and meat quality of Holstein steers fattened in a hot environment. Animal Science Journal. 2021; 92 (1):e13547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Haytham Ali; Mohammad Al‐Abri; Eugene H. Johnson; Waleed Al‐Marzooqi. 2021. "Effect of dietary concentrate content on feed intake, feed efficiency, and meat quality of Holstein steers fattened in a hot environment." Animal Science Journal 92, no. 1: e13547.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet and animal shearing on the feed and nutrient intakes, water intake, in vitro ruminal methane production, and blood parameters of Omani sheep. A pens trial was carried out for 16 days each in March and June of 2017 using 20 Omani non-castrated yearling rams selected from the sheep herd in the research station and randomly assigned to four groups with 5 animals per group. Group 1: sheared animals fed a high concentrate (HC) diet, group 2: fleeced animals fed a HC diet, group 3: sheared animals fed a low concentrate (LC) diet, group 4: fleeced animals fed a LC diet. Furthermore, a metabolic crates trial was carried out in July of 2017 on three animals from each group over a 10-day period. The effect of diet and shearing on the tested parameters was evaluated using the mixed linear model, where animals were fitted as a random effect to account for the individual animal deviation from the overall mean. Results showed that rams fed on the high concentrate diet had a significantly increased organic matter intake of the total diet (62 g/kg 0.75 Live Weight (LW) in HC group to 54 g/kg 0.75 LW in LC group), an increased water intake (6.3 L/day vs 4.8 L/day in LC group), and a reduced in vitro methane production (i.e. the invitro ruminal CH4 was measured and converted to daily CH4 using the daily feed intake data and was 20.4 g CH4 per head/day in HC group vs 27.3 g CH4 per head/day in LC group), compared with rams fed on the low concentrate diet. Furthermore, shearing had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on increased feed and nutrients intake. The apparent and organic matter digestibility was significantly different (P < 0.01) between the experimental groups and was greater for those rams fed on the HC diet. Partial substitution of low-quality Rhodes grass hay by high-quality concentrate significantly improved the total diet organic matter digestibility (P < 0.01) and nutrients digestibility, whereas no significant effects on biochemical blood parameters or animal health were observed. These results show the importance of utilizing effective feeding and shearing plans to improve the productivity and reduce the methane emission of Omani sheep.
Othman Alqaisi; Fatma Al-Jazmi; Mohammed Al Abri; Mohammad Al Kalaldeh; Jamal Al- Sabahi; Waleed Al-Marzooqi. Effect of diet quality and shearing on feed and water intake, in vitro ruminal methane production, and blood parameters of Omani sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2019, 52, 1115 -1124.
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Fatma Al-Jazmi, Mohammed Al Abri, Mohammad Al Kalaldeh, Jamal Al- Sabahi, Waleed Al-Marzooqi. Effect of diet quality and shearing on feed and water intake, in vitro ruminal methane production, and blood parameters of Omani sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2019; 52 (3):1115-1124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Fatma Al-Jazmi; Mohammed Al Abri; Mohammad Al Kalaldeh; Jamal Al- Sabahi; Waleed Al-Marzooqi. 2019. "Effect of diet quality and shearing on feed and water intake, in vitro ruminal methane production, and blood parameters of Omani sheep." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 3: 1115-1124.
Data of milk production and performance under Oman climatic conditions are limited. The current study presents a 9-year analysis of daily milk performance of Holstein and Jersey cattle breeds born and raised in Oman and fed similar diets of concentrate and Rhodes grass hay. Data on the daily cow’s milk production, during the entire lactation period for nine consecutive milking years between 2009 and 2018, were collected. The data was introduced to a linear mixed model and was analyzed to evaluate the breed variations in milk production across lactations and across years. Holstein Friesian (HF) cows had significantly (P < 0.001) higher daily milk production of 17.6 ± 0.4 kg/cow/day compared to 11.7 ± 0.8 kg/cow/day for Jersey cows. Across years, we observed a gradual annual improvement in total milk production in both HF and Jersey breeds of 5% and 6%, respectively. The highest daily milk production was in the third and fourth lactations for HF cows and in the second and third lactations for Jersey cows. In a region where much of the expected demand in milk will be met by exotic breeds and importation, our results provide an insight into the performance of temperate breeds in hot and arid climatic conditions. As such, our results shall be useful for dairy producers seeking to maximize milk production under such conditions.
Othman Alqaisi; Mohammed Al Abri; Abdallah Al-Abri; Waleed Al-Marzooqi. A comparison of milk production from Holstein Friesian and Jersey cattle breeds under hot climate of Oman. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2019, 52, 1503 -1506.
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Mohammed Al Abri, Abdallah Al-Abri, Waleed Al-Marzooqi. A comparison of milk production from Holstein Friesian and Jersey cattle breeds under hot climate of Oman. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2019; 52 (3):1503-1506.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Mohammed Al Abri; Abdallah Al-Abri; Waleed Al-Marzooqi. 2019. "A comparison of milk production from Holstein Friesian and Jersey cattle breeds under hot climate of Oman." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 3: 1503-1506.
Feed formulation is essential in the dairy production chain from economic, nutritional, and environmental perspectives. Optimizing the feed formulation across those three domains – given uncertainty of input prices, input availability, and regional climatic conditions – is a challenge for those in the industry. The diet formulation method that is widely used by trading firms and feed production facilities employs a static linear programming (LP) approach. This approach does not allow for intertemporal feed formulations and switches between dietary feed commodities under feed availability conditions, which result in foregone economic gains for feed producers. The current study develops a multi-period LP feed model that uses historical data to capture ration switch opportunities between available feed resources for dairy cows and demonstrates the potential use of the method in different commodity feed availability situations. We apply 14 diet formulations, each covering 150 months, representing a total of 2100 diets. The diet formulation considers a specific milk production level for a “model cow”, alternative feed formulations available, and volatility in feed prices. The results demonstrate that there is an opportunity for efficiency gains in the dairy industry with respect to feed formulation. Based on dietary feed inclusion and price spreads, barley can be an important dairy feed grain which completely replaces wheat, corn, and sorghum at price spreads of less than 94%, less than 78%, and less than 67%, respectively. Grain-based feed scenarios represent the lowest nutrient variation while multiple meal feeds had the lowest costs. Furthermore, and on average, multiple meal feed scenarios provided 10% higher dietary crude protein contents compared to grain based feed scenarios (i.e. 163 vs 179 g/kg DM formulated feed). Meanwhile, multiple meal feeding cost was 11% lower than that in the grain based feeding scenarios. Additionally, the use of multiple meals reduces alfalfa dietary inclusion by 7% on dry matter basis. Our analysis shows a strong reduction in feed cost associated with dietary crude protein reduction equivalent to 7.6 USD/tonne per 1% reduction in dietary crude protein level. The modeling approach allows for the interaction between feed components over time taking into consideration volatile global feed prices, thereby improving feed availability and feed formulation. Overall, the model provides a decision making tool to improve the use of feed resources in the dairy sector.
Othman Alqaisi; Luis Eduardo Moraes; Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi; Ryan Blake Williams. Optimal dairy feed input selection under alternative feeds availability and relative prices. Information Processing in Agriculture 2019, 6, 438 -453.
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Luis Eduardo Moraes, Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi, Ryan Blake Williams. Optimal dairy feed input selection under alternative feeds availability and relative prices. Information Processing in Agriculture. 2019; 6 (4):438-453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Luis Eduardo Moraes; Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi; Ryan Blake Williams. 2019. "Optimal dairy feed input selection under alternative feeds availability and relative prices." Information Processing in Agriculture 6, no. 4: 438-453.
W. Al-Marzooq; I.M. Al-Moqbali; O. Mahgoub; K. Al-Kharous; M. Al-Abri; S. Zekri; O. Alqaisi; N.M. Al-Saqri. Growth Performance and Haematological and Serological Assessment of Broiler Chickens Fed Thermally Processed Prosopis juliflora Pod-based Diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 2018, 17, 268 -279.
AMA StyleW. Al-Marzooq, I.M. Al-Moqbali, O. Mahgoub, K. Al-Kharous, M. Al-Abri, S. Zekri, O. Alqaisi, N.M. Al-Saqri. Growth Performance and Haematological and Serological Assessment of Broiler Chickens Fed Thermally Processed Prosopis juliflora Pod-based Diets. International Journal of Poultry Science. 2018; 17 (6):268-279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW. Al-Marzooq; I.M. Al-Moqbali; O. Mahgoub; K. Al-Kharous; M. Al-Abri; S. Zekri; O. Alqaisi; N.M. Al-Saqri. 2018. "Growth Performance and Haematological and Serological Assessment of Broiler Chickens Fed Thermally Processed Prosopis juliflora Pod-based Diets." International Journal of Poultry Science 17, no. 6: 268-279.
Sustainable feed formulation (defined here as nutritional and economic feed optimization) is substantial in feed chain production from crop farmers to livestock producers. Diet formulation employing a static linear programming (LP) approach, which is widely used in trading firms and feed production facilities, does not allow for intertemporal flexibility. Our approach allows the interaction between feed components over time, considering the volatile global feed prices, thereby improving sustainability in feed formulation and feed availability. The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a multi-stage LP feed model, (2) demonstrate its potential use in broiler feeding, and (3) illustrate the impact of feed input price spread (variation) on the composition of broiler diets. Modeling resulted in reciprocal relationships between conventional feeds and byproducts at different rates. Based on the price spreads expressed as a percentage of DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) price compared to corn price, three positions of dietary switch were identified; corn-DDGS price spreads of higher than 94%, between 76 and 94%, and lower than 76% corresponding to limited/no inclusion, partial inclusion, and maximum replacement of corn by DDGS, respectively. Rapeseed meal inclusion was 4, 5, and 6% in the corn-based starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively, and its potential to replace soybean meal was limited by its higher fiber content. Based on the simulated compound feed prices, the global broiler feed industry could gain 1.7 billion USD through improved resources planning.
Othman Alqaisi; Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi; Ryan Blake Williams. Time series livestock diet optimization: cost-effective broiler feed substitution using the commodity price spread approach. Agricultural and Food Economics 2017, 5, 25 .
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi, Ryan Blake Williams. Time series livestock diet optimization: cost-effective broiler feed substitution using the commodity price spread approach. Agricultural and Food Economics. 2017; 5 (1):25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi; Ryan Blake Williams. 2017. "Time series livestock diet optimization: cost-effective broiler feed substitution using the commodity price spread approach." Agricultural and Food Economics 5, no. 1: 25.
Dairy feeding systems in many semi-arid countries are based on imported concentrates and forages. This has economic and ecological implications given the increase in global feed prices and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land use change. This paper aims to explore alternative dairy feeding systems under semi-arid conditions, using Jordan as an example. The feedings systems under investigation vary in their share of food industry by-products (replacing concentrates in the diet) and are compared against the current concentrate-based feeding systems. The systems are evaluated against three criteria: their nutritional value, their impact on the cost of milk production, and their GHG mitigation potential. Feed samples from eleven food industry by-products and ten conventional feeds were collected from food factories and from three typical dairy farms, representing the typical large-, medium- and small-scale farm types, respectively. Feed samples were analysed for their chemical composition and metabolisable energy contents. In addition, economic and production farm data were collected and entered into a model for GHGs calculation and economic evaluation. The results suggest that inclusion of locally available food industry by-products in the rations of milk cows in semi-arid production systems can be instrumental in reducing production costs and mitigating GHG emissions. Cost of milk production in the model farms can be lowered by up to 14 %; mitigation of CO2 eq. emission ranged between 70 and 290 g CO2 eq./kg milk. The degree to which these benefits can be reaped is positively related to the level of inclusion of by-product feeds in lactating cows’ diets.
Othman Alqaisi; Torsten Hemme; Uwe Latacz-Lohmann; Andreas Susenbeth. Evaluation of food industry by-products as feed in semi-arid dairy farming systems: the case of Jordan. Sustainability Science 2014, 9, 361 -377.
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Torsten Hemme, Uwe Latacz-Lohmann, Andreas Susenbeth. Evaluation of food industry by-products as feed in semi-arid dairy farming systems: the case of Jordan. Sustainability Science. 2014; 9 (3):361-377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Torsten Hemme; Uwe Latacz-Lohmann; Andreas Susenbeth. 2014. "Evaluation of food industry by-products as feed in semi-arid dairy farming systems: the case of Jordan." Sustainability Science 9, no. 3: 361-377.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and ecological aspects of feeding systems practiced under semi-arid environments in Jordan. Nine dairy farms representing the different dairy farming systems were selected for this study. Feed samples (n = 58), fecal samples (n = 108), and milk samples (n = 78) were collected from the farms and analysed for chemical composition. Feed samples were also analysed for metabolisable energy (ME) contents and in vitro organic matter digestibility according to Hohenheim-Feed-Test. Furthermore, fecal nitrogen concentration was determined to estimate in vivo organic matter digestibility. ME and nutrient intakes were calculated based on the farmer’s estimate of dry matter intake and the analysed composition of the feed ingredients. ME and nutrient intakes were compared to recommended standard values for adequate supply of ME, utilizable crude protein, rumen undegradable crude protein (RUCP), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca). Technology Impact Policy Impact Calculation model complemented with a partial life cycle assessment model was used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions of milk production at farm gate. The model predicts CH4, N2O and CO2 gases emitted either directly or indirectly. Average daily energy corrected milk yield (ECM) was 19 kg and ranged between 11 and 27 kg. The mean of ME intake of all farms was 184 MJ/d with a range between 115 and 225 MJ/d. Intake of RUCP was lower than the standard requirements in six farms ranging between 19 and 137 g/d, was higher (32 and 93 g/d) in two farms, and matched the requirements in one farm. P intake was higher than the requirements in all farms (mean oversupply = 19 g/d) and ranged between 3 and 30 g/d. Ca intake was significantly below the requirements in small scale farms. Milk nitrogen efficiency N-eff (milk N/intake N) varied between 19% and 28% and was mainly driven by the level of milk yield. Total CO2 equivalent (CO2 equ) emission ranged between 0.90 and 1.88 kg CO2/kg ECM milk, where the enteric and manure CH4 contributed to 52% of the total CO2 equ emissions, followed by the indirect emissions of N2O and the direct emissions of CO2 gases which comprises 17% and 15%, respectively, from total CO2 equ emissions. Emissions per kg of milk were significantly driven by the level of milk production (r2 = 0.93) and of eDMI (r2 = 0.88), while the total emissions were not influenced by diet composition. A difference of 16 kg ECM/d in milk yield, 9% in N-eff and of 0.9 kg CO2 equ/kg in ECM milk observed between low and high yielding animals. To improve the nutritional status of the animals, protein requirements have to be met. Furthermore, low price by-products with a low carbon credit should be included in the diets to replace the high proportion of imported concentrate feeds and consequently improve the economic situation of dairy farms and mitigate CO2 equ emissions.
Othman Alqaisi; Torsten Hemme; Martin Hagemann; Andreas Susenbeth. Nutritional and ecological evaluation of dairy farming systems based on concentrate feeding regimes in semi-arid environments of Jordan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2013, 21, 41 -55.
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, Torsten Hemme, Martin Hagemann, Andreas Susenbeth. Nutritional and ecological evaluation of dairy farming systems based on concentrate feeding regimes in semi-arid environments of Jordan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013; 21 (1):41-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; Torsten Hemme; Martin Hagemann; Andreas Susenbeth. 2013. "Nutritional and ecological evaluation of dairy farming systems based on concentrate feeding regimes in semi-arid environments of Jordan." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 21, no. 1: 41-55.
The objectives of this study were to classify plant and vegetation patterns as well as to investigate the grazing behavior of Awassi sheep raised under extensive semi-arid environmental conditions. The study was conducted at Twana reserve. Plant productivity was determined and the allowable productivity and stocking rate were calculated. High variation was observed in native vegetation used for sheep grazing in the reserve. A proper stocking rate should be applied in each grazing scenario in order to avoid overgrazing.
K. Jawasreh; O. Alqaisi; Y. Alsatary; A. Al-Nsoor. Grazing behavior of Awassi sheep and the biodiversity of plant species under semi-arid reserved conditions. Arid Ecosystems 2012, 2, 245 -252.
AMA StyleK. Jawasreh, O. Alqaisi, Y. Alsatary, A. Al-Nsoor. Grazing behavior of Awassi sheep and the biodiversity of plant species under semi-arid reserved conditions. Arid Ecosystems. 2012; 2 (4):245-252.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Jawasreh; O. Alqaisi; Y. Alsatary; A. Al-Nsoor. 2012. "Grazing behavior of Awassi sheep and the biodiversity of plant species under semi-arid reserved conditions." Arid Ecosystems 2, no. 4: 245-252.
Bangladesh, like other South Asian countries, has a dairy system characterized by small-scale operations, integrated with crops and other off-farm activities. Dairying is considered a major source of nutrition and income, and offers good opportunities for both farm families and non-farm rural and urban employment. Consequently, several dairy development programmes and models have been implemented for improving the dairy sector. The gradual shift from subsistence to market-oriented dairy units demands more advanced knowledge and dairy technology. However, adequate information about the dairy sector and its technological advancement is scanty, which increases the need to identify opportunities for technical and institutional development. This paper updates information on key changes in the dairy sector and the characterization of dairy production systems in Bangladesh and considers their implications for South Asian countries. Milk demand, measured by per capita consumption, is increasing by 4% per year, which is higher than the growth in milk production (3.6%). This has led to a continuous widening of the gap between milk supply and demand. Institutional support and policies play a major role in narrowing this gap and should therefore be considered in developing strategies for dairy development.
M.M. Uddin; M.N. Sultana; O.A. Ndambi; O. Alqaisi; T. Hemme; K.J. Peters. Milk Production Trends and Dairy Development in Bangladesh. Outlook on Agriculture 2011, 40, 263 -271.
AMA StyleM.M. Uddin, M.N. Sultana, O.A. Ndambi, O. Alqaisi, T. Hemme, K.J. Peters. Milk Production Trends and Dairy Development in Bangladesh. Outlook on Agriculture. 2011; 40 (3):263-271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.M. Uddin; M.N. Sultana; O.A. Ndambi; O. Alqaisi; T. Hemme; K.J. Peters. 2011. "Milk Production Trends and Dairy Development in Bangladesh." Outlook on Agriculture 40, no. 3: 263-271.
Martin Hagemann; Torsten Hemme; Asaah Ndambi; Othman Alqaisi; Mst. Nadira Sultana. Benchmarking of greenhouse gas emissions of bovine milk production systems for 38 countries. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2011, 166-167, 46 -58.
AMA StyleMartin Hagemann, Torsten Hemme, Asaah Ndambi, Othman Alqaisi, Mst. Nadira Sultana. Benchmarking of greenhouse gas emissions of bovine milk production systems for 38 countries. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2011; 166-167 ():46-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin Hagemann; Torsten Hemme; Asaah Ndambi; Othman Alqaisi; Mst. Nadira Sultana. 2011. "Benchmarking of greenhouse gas emissions of bovine milk production systems for 38 countries." Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-167, no. : 46-58.
The development of the dairy industry plays an important role in the economy of Middle Eastern countries. Judged by its growth rate, the dairy industry is viewed as one of the most progressive food industries in the Middle East. During the early 1970s, countries established executive programs to promote dairy farming; the major objective was to attain self-sufficiency in milk production. A massive investment was set up for importing top class cattle, complying with top industry operating standards, and a simultaneous introduction of the latest technology in processing, packaging, and distributing. Milk production has grown tremendously at rates of 6.6% and 4.9% in Syria and Saudi Arabia, respectively, between 2002 and 2007, which resulted in these nations being almost self-sufficient. Regarding Jordan, milk production has not yet met this target. An excessive growth in the dairy industry is quite noticeable in this region with an expanding capacity for exports. The aim of this study is to show the most recent trends and future prospects of the dairy industries in Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. It also attempts to investigate the drivers for the development of milk production, consumption, and trade in the region.
Othman Alqaisi; O. Assah Ndambi; Mohammad Mohi Uddin; Torsten Hemme. Current situation and the development of the dairy industry in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2010, 42, 1063 -1071.
AMA StyleOthman Alqaisi, O. Assah Ndambi, Mohammad Mohi Uddin, Torsten Hemme. Current situation and the development of the dairy industry in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2010; 42 (6):1063-1071.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Alqaisi; O. Assah Ndambi; Mohammad Mohi Uddin; Torsten Hemme. 2010. "Current situation and the development of the dairy industry in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria." Tropical Animal Health and Production 42, no. 6: 1063-1071.