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František Baluška
Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany University of Bonn Bonn Germany

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Problems and paradigms
Published: 11 August 2021 in BioEssays
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Cellular circadian clocks represent ancient anticipatory systems which co-evolved with the first cells to safeguard their survival. Cyanobacteria represent one of the most ancient cells, having essentially invented photosynthesis together with redox-based cellular circadian clocks some 2.7 billion years ago. Bioelectricity phenomena, based on redox homeostasis associated electron transfers in membranes and within protein complexes inserted in excitable membranes, play important roles, not only in the cellular circadian clocks and in anesthetics-sensitive cellular sentience (awareness of environment), but also in the coupling of single cells into tissues and organs of unitary multicellular organisms. This integration of cellular circadian clocks with cellular basis of sentience is an essential feature of the cognitive CBC-Clock basis of cellular life.

ACS Style

František Baluška; Arthur S. Reber. CBC‐Clock Theory of Life – Integration of cellular circadian clocks and cellular sentience is essential for cognitive basis of life. BioEssays 2021, 2100121 .

AMA Style

František Baluška, Arthur S. Reber. CBC‐Clock Theory of Life – Integration of cellular circadian clocks and cellular sentience is essential for cognitive basis of life. BioEssays. 2021; ():2100121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; Arthur S. Reber. 2021. "CBC‐Clock Theory of Life – Integration of cellular circadian clocks and cellular sentience is essential for cognitive basis of life." BioEssays , no. : 2100121.

Perspectives
Published: 14 April 2021 in Plant Signaling & Behavior
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Barbara Gillespie Pickard (1936–2019) studied plant electrophysiology and mechanosensory biology for more than 50 y. Her first papers on the roles of auxin in plant tropisms were coauthored with Kenneth V. Thimann. Later, she studied plant electrophysiology. She made it clear that plant action potentials are not a peculiar feature of so-called sensitive plants, but that all plants exhibit these fast electric signals. Barbara Gillespie Pickard proposed a neuronal model for the spreading of electric signals induced by mechanical stimuli across plant tissues. In later years, she studied the stretch-activated plasma membrane channels of plants and formulated the plasma-membrane control center model. Barbara Pickard summarized all her findings in a new model of phyllotaxis involving waves of auxin fluxes and mechano-sensory signaling.

ACS Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso; Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh. Barbara G. Pickard - Queen of Plant Electrophysiology. Plant Signaling & Behavior 2021, 16, 1 .

AMA Style

František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso, Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh. Barbara G. Pickard - Queen of Plant Electrophysiology. Plant Signaling & Behavior. 2021; 16 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso; Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh. 2021. "Barbara G. Pickard - Queen of Plant Electrophysiology." Plant Signaling & Behavior 16, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2021 in Plants
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Despite the fact that they are sessile organisms, plants actively move their organs and also use these movements to manipulate the surrounding biotic and abiotic environments. Plants maintain communication with neighboring plants, herbivores, and predators through the emission of diverse chemical compounds by their shoots and roots. These infochemicals modify the environment occupied by plants. Moreover, some infochemicals may induce morphophysiological changes of neighboring plants. We have used methyl-jasmonate (MeJa), a plant natural infochemical, to trigger communication between emitters and receivers Sorghum bicolor plants. The split roots of two plants were allocated to three different pots, with the middle pot containing the roots of both plants. We scored low stomatal conductance (g S) and low CO2 net assimilation (A) using the plants that had contact with the infochemical for the first time. During the second contact, these parameters showed no significant differences, indicating a memory effect. We also observed that the plants that had direct leaf contact with MeJa transmitted sensory information through their roots to neighboring plants. This resulted in higher maximum fluorescence (F M) and structural changes in root anatomy. In conclusion, MeJa emerges as possible trigger for communication between neighboring sorghum plants, in response to the environmental challenges.

ACS Style

Felipe Yamashita; Angélica Rodrigues; Tatiane Rodrigues; Fernanda Palermo; František Baluška; Luiz Almeida. Potential Plant–Plant Communication Induced by Infochemical Methyl Jasmonate in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Plants 2021, 10, 485 .

AMA Style

Felipe Yamashita, Angélica Rodrigues, Tatiane Rodrigues, Fernanda Palermo, František Baluška, Luiz Almeida. Potential Plant–Plant Communication Induced by Infochemical Methyl Jasmonate in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Plants. 2021; 10 (3):485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe Yamashita; Angélica Rodrigues; Tatiane Rodrigues; Fernanda Palermo; František Baluška; Luiz Almeida. 2021. "Potential Plant–Plant Communication Induced by Infochemical Methyl Jasmonate in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." Plants 10, no. 3: 485.

Review
Published: 03 March 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Cells emerged at the very beginning of life on Earth and, in fact, are coterminous with life. They are enclosed within an excitable plasma membrane, which defines the outside and inside domains via their specific biophysical properties. Unicellular organisms, such as diverse protists and algae, still live a cellular life. However, fungi, plants, and animals evolved a multicellular existence. Recently, we have developed the cellular basis of consciousness (CBC) model, which proposes that all biological awareness, sentience and consciousness are grounded in general cell biology. Here we discuss the biomolecular structures and processes that allow for and maintain this cellular consciousness from an evolutionary perspective.

ACS Style

František Baluška; William Miller; Arthur Reber. Biomolecular Basis of Cellular Consciousness via Subcellular Nanobrains. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 2545 .

AMA Style

František Baluška, William Miller, Arthur Reber. Biomolecular Basis of Cellular Consciousness via Subcellular Nanobrains. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (5):2545.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; William Miller; Arthur Reber. 2021. "Biomolecular Basis of Cellular Consciousness via Subcellular Nanobrains." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2545.

Review article
Published: 08 February 2021 in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Vascular plants are integrated into coherent bodies via plant-specific synaptic adhesion domains, action potentials (APs) and other means of long-distance signalling running throughout the plant bodies. Plant-specific synapses and APs are proposed to allow plants to generate their self identities having unique ways of sensing and acting as agents with their own goals guiding their future activities. Plants move their organs with a purpose and with obvious awareness of their surroundings and require APs to perform and control these movements. Self-identities allow vascular plants to act as individuals enjoying sociality via their self/non-self-recognition and kin recognition. Flowering plants emerge as cognitive and intelligent organisms when the major strategy is to attract and control their animal pollinators as well as seed dispersers by providing them with food enriched with nutritive and manipulative/addictive compounds. Their goal in interactions with animals is manipulation for reproduction, dispersal and defence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.

ACS Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso. Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2021, 376, 20190760 .

AMA Style

František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso. Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2021; 376 (1821):20190760.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso. 2021. "Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1821: 20190760.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Biosystems
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Symbiosis is a major evolutionary force, especially at the cellular level. Here we discuss several older and new discoveries suggesting that besides mitochondria and plastids, eukaryotic nuclei also have symbiotic origins. We propose an archaea-archaea scenario for the evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic cells. We suggest that two ancient archaea-like cells, one based on the actin cytoskeleton and another one based on the tubulin-centrin cytoskeleton, merged together to form the first nucleated eukaryotic cell. This archaeal endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells and their nuclei explains several features of eukaryotic cells which are incompatible with the currently preferred autogenous scenarios of eukaryogenesis.

ACS Style

František Baluška; Sherrie Lyons. Archaeal Origins of Eukaryotic Cell and Nucleus. Biosystems 2021, 203, 104375 .

AMA Style

František Baluška, Sherrie Lyons. Archaeal Origins of Eukaryotic Cell and Nucleus. Biosystems. 2021; 203 ():104375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; Sherrie Lyons. 2021. "Archaeal Origins of Eukaryotic Cell and Nucleus." Biosystems 203, no. : 104375.

New ideas in cell biology
Published: 19 January 2021 in Protoplasma
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Plants are not only sensitive to exogenous anaesthetics, but they also produce multitudes of endogenous substances, especially when stressed, that often have anaesthetic and anelgesic properties when applied to both humans and animals. Moreover, plants rely on neurotransmitters and their receptors for cell-cell communication and integration in a similar fashion to the use of neural systems in animals and humans. Plants also use their plant-specific sensory systems and neurotransmitter-based communication, including long-distance action potentials, to manage stress via cognition-like plant-specific behaviour and adaptation.

ACS Style

František Baluška; Ken Yokawa. Anaesthetics and plants: from sensory systems to cognition-based adaptive behaviour. Protoplasma 2021, 258, 449 -454.

AMA Style

František Baluška, Ken Yokawa. Anaesthetics and plants: from sensory systems to cognition-based adaptive behaviour. Protoplasma. 2021; 258 (2):449-454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; Ken Yokawa. 2021. "Anaesthetics and plants: from sensory systems to cognition-based adaptive behaviour." Protoplasma 258, no. 2: 449-454.

Journal article
Published: 09 September 2020 in Journal of Experimental Botany
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Hydrotropism is the directed growth of roots toward the water found in the soil. However, mechanisms governing interactions between hydrotropism and gravitropism remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that an air system and an agar–sorbitol system induced only oblique water-potential gradients; an agar–glycerol system induced only vertical water-potential gradients; and a sand system established both oblique and vertical water-potential gradients. We employed obliquely oriented and vertically oriented experimental systems to study hydrotropism in Arabidopsis and tomato plants. Comparative analyses using different hydrotropic systems showed that gravity hindered the ability of roots to search for obliquely oriented water, whilst facilitating roots’ search for vertically oriented water. We found that the gravitropism-deficient mutant aux1 showed enhanced hydrotropism in the oblique orientation but impaired root elongation towards water in the vertical orientation. The miz1 mutant exhibited deficient hydrotropism in the oblique orientation but normal root elongation towards water in the vertical orientation. Importantly, in contrast to miz1, the miz1/aux1 double mutant exhibited hydrotropic bending in the oblique orientation and attenuated root elongation towards water in the vertical orientation. Our results suggest that gravitropism is required for MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism in both the oblique orientation and the vertical orientation, providing further insight into the role of gravity in root hydrotropism.

ACS Style

Ying Li; Wei Yuan; Luocheng Li; Hui Dai; Xiaolin Dang; Rui Miao; František Baluška; Herbert J Kronzucker; Congming Lu; Jianhua Zhang; Weifeng Xu. Comparative analysis reveals gravity is involved in the MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism. Journal of Experimental Botany 2020, 71, 7316 -7330.

AMA Style

Ying Li, Wei Yuan, Luocheng Li, Hui Dai, Xiaolin Dang, Rui Miao, František Baluška, Herbert J Kronzucker, Congming Lu, Jianhua Zhang, Weifeng Xu. Comparative analysis reveals gravity is involved in the MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2020; 71 (22):7316-7330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ying Li; Wei Yuan; Luocheng Li; Hui Dai; Xiaolin Dang; Rui Miao; František Baluška; Herbert J Kronzucker; Congming Lu; Jianhua Zhang; Weifeng Xu. 2020. "Comparative analysis reveals gravity is involved in the MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 22: 7316-7330.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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All living entities are cognitive and dependent on ambiguous information. Any assessment of that imprecision is necessarily a measuring function. Individual cells measure information to sustain self-referential homeostatic equipoise (self-identity) in juxtaposition to the external environment. The validity of that information is improved by its collective assessment. The reception of cellular information obliges thermodynamic reactions that initiate a self-reinforcing work channel. This expresses as natural cellular engineering and niche constructions which become the complex interrelated tissue ecologies of holobionts. Multicellularity is collaborative cellular information management directed towards the optimization of information quality through its collective measured assessment. Biology and its evolution can now be re-framed as the continuous process of self-referential cellular measurement in the perpetual defense of individual cellular self-identities through the collective form.

ACS Style

William B. Miller; František Baluška; John S. Torday. Cellular senomic measurements in Cognition-Based Evolution. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2020, 156, 20 -33.

AMA Style

William B. Miller, František Baluška, John S. Torday. Cellular senomic measurements in Cognition-Based Evolution. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2020; 156 ():20-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William B. Miller; František Baluška; John S. Torday. 2020. "Cellular senomic measurements in Cognition-Based Evolution." Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 156, no. : 20-33.

Correspondence
Published: 16 April 2020 in EMBO reports
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EMBO Press is an editorially independent publishing platform for the development of EMBO scientific publications.

ACS Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso. Plants are alive: with all behavioural and cognitive consequences. EMBO reports 2020, 21, e50495 .

AMA Style

František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso. Plants are alive: with all behavioural and cognitive consequences. EMBO reports. 2020; 21 (5):e50495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso. 2020. "Plants are alive: with all behavioural and cognitive consequences." EMBO reports 21, no. 5: e50495.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2020 in EMBO reports
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Plants play a more active role in shaping their environment than most climate models assume. Understanding their specific behavior could have profound impact on predicting future climate changes.

ACS Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso. Plants, climate and humans. EMBO reports 2020, 21, e50109 .

AMA Style

František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso. Plants, climate and humans. EMBO reports. 2020; 21 (3):e50109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso. 2020. "Plants, climate and humans." EMBO reports 21, no. 3: e50109.

Letter
Published: 03 January 2020 in Trends in Plant Science
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Anthony Trewavas; František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso; Paco Calvo. Consciousness Facilitates Plant Behavior. Trends in Plant Science 2020, 25, 216 -217.

AMA Style

Anthony Trewavas, František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso, Paco Calvo. Consciousness Facilitates Plant Behavior. Trends in Plant Science. 2020; 25 (3):216-217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anthony Trewavas; František Baluška; Stefano Mancuso; Paco Calvo. 2020. "Consciousness Facilitates Plant Behavior." Trends in Plant Science 25, no. 3: 216-217.

Chapter
Published: 01 December 2019 in The Cytoskeleton
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Actin cytoskeleton was discovered some 70 years ago, and it is well known to be responsible for cellular transport phenomena and contractilities, with animal muscles representing the most obvious example. This ancient cytoskeletal system is present in all eukaryotic cells, responsible for all kinds of intracellular motilities. For example, the synaptic vesicle recycling also relies on the actin cytoskeleton, which supports all types of membranes structurally and functionally. Action potentials are fundamental for the long-distance signaling in both animals and plants. Although it is not generally appreciated, action potentials are mechanistically and functionally interlinked with the actin cytoskeleton associated with membranes. In both animals and plants, the inherent bioelectricity of membranes is closely linked with the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the fundamental importance of this phenomenon, it remains to be under-investigated, and future studies will be needed to illuminate the elusive electrochemical and bioelectric nature of cellular life.

ACS Style

F. Baluška; S. Mancuso. Actin Cytoskeleton and Action Potentials: Forgotten Connections. The Cytoskeleton 2019, 63 -83.

AMA Style

F. Baluška, S. Mancuso. Actin Cytoskeleton and Action Potentials: Forgotten Connections. The Cytoskeleton. 2019; ():63-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Baluška; S. Mancuso. 2019. "Actin Cytoskeleton and Action Potentials: Forgotten Connections." The Cytoskeleton , no. : 63-83.

Spotlight
Published: 10 October 2019 in Molecular Plant
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ACS Style

Yinglang Wan; Ken Yokawa; František Baluška. Arabidopsis Roots and Light: Complex Interactions. Molecular Plant 2019, 12, 1428 -1430.

AMA Style

Yinglang Wan, Ken Yokawa, František Baluška. Arabidopsis Roots and Light: Complex Interactions. Molecular Plant. 2019; 12 (11):1428-1430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yinglang Wan; Ken Yokawa; František Baluška. 2019. "Arabidopsis Roots and Light: Complex Interactions." Molecular Plant 12, no. 11: 1428-1430.

Journal article
Published: 09 October 2019 in The Plant Cell
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Plant phospholipase Ds (PLDs), essential regulators of phospholipid signaling, function in multiple signal transduction cascades; however, the mechanisms regulating PLDs in response to pathogens remain unclear. Here, we found that Arabidopsis thaliana PLDδ accumulated in cells at the entry sites of the barley powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and single-molecule analysis, we observed higher PLDδ density in the plasma membrane after chitin treatment; PLDδ also underwent rapid exocytosis. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET-FLIM) showed that the interaction between PLDδ and the microdomain marker AtREMORIN 1.3 (AtREM 1.3) increased in response to chitin, indicating that exocytosis facilitates rapid, efficient sorting of PLDδ into microdomains upon pathogen stimulus. We further unveiled a tradeoff between Brefeldin A (BFA)-resistant and sensitive pathways in secretion of PLDδ under diverse conditions. Upon pathogen attack, PLDδ secretion involved PEN1-associated VAMP721/722-mediated exocytosis sensitive to BFA. Analysis of phosphatidic acid (PA), H2O2 and jasmonic acid (JA) levels, and expression of related genes indicated that the relocalization of PLDδ is crucial for its activation to produce PA and initiate ROS and JA signaling pathways. Together, our findings revealed that the translocation of PLDδ to papillae is modulated by exocytosis, thus triggering PA-mediated signaling in plant innate immunity.

ACS Style

Jingjing Xing; Xiaojuan Li; Xiaohua Wang; Xueqin Lv; Li Wang; Liang Zhang; Yingfang Zhu; Qian-Hua Shen; František Baluška; Jozef Šamaj; Jinxing Lin. Secretion of Phospholipase Dδ Functions as a Regulatory Mechanism in Plant Innate Immunity. The Plant Cell 2019, 31, 3015 -3032.

AMA Style

Jingjing Xing, Xiaojuan Li, Xiaohua Wang, Xueqin Lv, Li Wang, Liang Zhang, Yingfang Zhu, Qian-Hua Shen, František Baluška, Jozef Šamaj, Jinxing Lin. Secretion of Phospholipase Dδ Functions as a Regulatory Mechanism in Plant Innate Immunity. The Plant Cell. 2019; 31 (12):3015-3032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingjing Xing; Xiaojuan Li; Xiaohua Wang; Xueqin Lv; Li Wang; Liang Zhang; Yingfang Zhu; Qian-Hua Shen; František Baluška; Jozef Šamaj; Jinxing Lin. 2019. "Secretion of Phospholipase Dδ Functions as a Regulatory Mechanism in Plant Innate Immunity." The Plant Cell 31, no. 12: 3015-3032.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2019 in EMBO reports
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Empirical research is based on observation and experimentation. Yet, experimental controls are essential for overcoming our sensory limits and generating reliable, unbiased and objective results.

ACS Style

John S Torday; František Baluška. Why control an experiment? EMBO reports 2019, 20, e49110 .

AMA Style

John S Torday, František Baluška. Why control an experiment? EMBO reports. 2019; 20 (10):e49110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John S Torday; František Baluška. 2019. "Why control an experiment?" EMBO reports 20, no. 10: e49110.

Review article
Published: 12 August 2019 in Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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Self-referential cellular homeostasis is maintained by the measured assessment of both internal status and external conditions based within an integrated cellular information field. This cellular field attachment to biologic information space-time coordinates environmental inputs by connecting the cellular senome, as the sum of the sensory experiences of the cell, with its genome and epigenome. In multicellular organisms, individual cellular information fields aggregate into a collective information architectural matrix, termed a N-space Episenome, that enables mutualized organism-wide information management. It is hypothesized that biological organization represents a dual heritable system constituted by both its biological materiality and a conjoining N-space Episenome. It is further proposed that morphogenesis derives from reciprocations between these inter-related facets to yield coordinated multicellular growth and development. The N-space Episenome is conceived as a whole cell informational projection that is heritable, transferable via cell division and essential for the synchronous integration of the diverse self-referential cells that constitute holobionts.

ACS Style

William B. Miller; John S. Torday; František Baluška. The N-space Episenome unifies cellular information space-time within cognition-based evolution. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2019, 150, 112 -139.

AMA Style

William B. Miller, John S. Torday, František Baluška. The N-space Episenome unifies cellular information space-time within cognition-based evolution. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2019; 150 ():112-139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William B. Miller; John S. Torday; František Baluška. 2019. "The N-space Episenome unifies cellular information space-time within cognition-based evolution." Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 150, no. : 112-139.

Review
Published: 01 January 2019 in Communicative & Integrative Biology
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Dr Peter Barlow, who died in 2017, was one of the most respected botanists and biologists of the latter half of the 20th Century. His interests covered a wide range of plant biological topics, e.g. root growth and development, plant cytoskeleton, effects of gravity, plant intelligence, pattern formation, and evolution of eukaryotic cells. Here we consider Peter’s numerous contributions to the: elucidation of plant patterns; understanding of root biology; role of the plant cytoskeleton in growth and development; influence of the Moon on terrestrial vegetation; Cell Body concept; and plant neurobiology. In so doing we attempt not only to provide an overview of Peter’s important work in many areas of plant biology, but also to place that work in the context of recent advances in plant and biological sciences.

ACS Style

Nigel Chaffey; Dieter Volkmann; František Baluška. The botanical multiverse of Peter Barlow. Communicative & Integrative Biology 2019, 12, 14 -30.

AMA Style

Nigel Chaffey, Dieter Volkmann, František Baluška. The botanical multiverse of Peter Barlow. Communicative & Integrative Biology. 2019; 12 (1):14-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nigel Chaffey; Dieter Volkmann; František Baluška. 2019. "The botanical multiverse of Peter Barlow." Communicative & Integrative Biology 12, no. 1: 14-30.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Trends in Plant Science
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General anesthesia, its nature, and how exactly it works are still poorly understood. Plants can also be anesthetized and lose their responses to external stimuli. Interestingly, plants are known to produce endogenous anesthetic compounds to deal with stress. Plants offer an excellent model object for studies on anesthetics and anesthesia.

ACS Style

Ken Yokawa; Tomoko Kagenishi; František Baluška. Anesthetics, Anesthesia, and Plants. Trends in Plant Science 2019, 24, 12 -14.

AMA Style

Ken Yokawa, Tomoko Kagenishi, František Baluška. Anesthetics, Anesthesia, and Plants. Trends in Plant Science. 2019; 24 (1):12-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ken Yokawa; Tomoko Kagenishi; František Baluška. 2019. "Anesthetics, Anesthesia, and Plants." Trends in Plant Science 24, no. 1: 12-14.

Review
Published: 16 October 2018 in Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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Although the origin of self-referential consciousness is unknown, it can be argued that the instantiation of self-reference was the commencement the living state as phenomenal experientiality. As self-referential cognition is demonstrated by all living organisms, life can be equated with the sustenance of cellular homeostasis in the continuous defense of 'self'. It is proposed that the epicenter of 'self' is perpetually embodied within the basic cellular form in which it was instantiated. Cognition-Based Evolution argues that all of biological and evolutionary development represents the perpetual autopoietic defense of self-referential basal cellular states of homeostatic preference. The means by which these states are attained and maintained is through self-referential measurement of information and its communication. The multicellular forms, either as biofilms or holobionts, represent the cellular attempt to achieve maximum states of informational distinction and energy efficiency through individual and collective means. In this frame, consciousness, self-consciousness and intelligence can be identified as forms of collective cellular phenotype directed towards the defense of fundamental cellular self-reference.

ACS Style

William B. Miller; John S. Torday; František Baluška. Biological evolution as defense of 'self'. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2018, 142, 54 -74.

AMA Style

William B. Miller, John S. Torday, František Baluška. Biological evolution as defense of 'self'. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2018; 142 ():54-74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William B. Miller; John S. Torday; František Baluška. 2018. "Biological evolution as defense of 'self'." Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 142, no. : 54-74.