Local surface strains in bone-fascicle-bone subunits from human patellar tendon and anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments were measured between markers using low-speed photography during low rate subfailure testing. A simple stress-strain relationship of the power form was found to describe the bone-to-bone responses up to four percent strain for all three tissue types examined. The regional material behavior were best fit using an inverted strain-stress relationship, however. The power model, fitted to the experimental data, conformed to the expected stress-strain relationship better than either the quadratic or cubic models. With few exceptions, for a given stress, the strains near the proximal and distal bone ends were not significantly different from each other, but were significantly higher than the strains in the tissue midregions. Local strain patterns generally varied among subunits from the same tissue.

Purpose: – The aim of this research is to determine the importance and impact of project-based learning (PBL) on students' knowledge in Lean and Six Sigma courses where practical application of theoretical knowledge is necessary.Design/methodology/approach: – Students teams were given hands-on collaborative projects conducted with local companies. After the completion of the project, a student evaluation survey was conducted and the responses were analysed in two different phases. The first phase consisted of collecting responses from the Lean and Six Sigma courses; observing the impact of the semester project on students' knowledge based on the response percentages. The second phase analyses the responses from both the Lean and Six Sigma courses, by performing a Fisher's exact test to examine how similar the students received knowledge from the use of the semester project.Findings: – Results showed that the inclusion of the semester project in the courses had a positive impact on the students' knowledge in learning course concepts and the students were able to apply theoretical knowledge in solving real-world problems. It is also observed that the response patterns are different in most of the aspects between both the courses.Research limitations/implications: – This research evaluates student learning with statistical tests and is limited only for classroom teaching techniques. Further, this research states that application-oriented courses should be accompanied by projects as it helps in better understanding the course deliverables for the students.Originality/value: – Research evaluating the impact of PBL on students' knowledge in Lean and Six Sigma courses does not currently exist. Statistical analysis of survey responses from both the Lean and Six Sigma courses was performed using aχ2 test of independence to examine how similar the students received knowledge from the use of the semester project.