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Dr. Gillian Harrison
Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Sustainable mobility
0 Transport Equity
0 system dynamics modelling
0 Automobility
0 Transport policy and governance

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Review
Published: 19 July 2021 in Journal of Transport & Health
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The impacts of transport on health have been extensively studied, yet there has been less focus on the complex interactions that exist within the transport-health sphere. We adopt a System Dynamics (SD) approach to addressing the research question “Where are the trade-offs and synergies between different types of health impacts within the transport-health system?“, which is in recognition of the problem that policies designed to influence health outcomes related to one form of transport impact may also influence other health outcomes and transport impacts. To begin, we carry out a literature review of existing SD studies of transport-health, identifying 23 that have been published, of which six explicitly cover multiple transport impacts. We then combine key concepts of these studies to create a generalised causal loop diagram (CLD) that addresses the research question. We develop a CLD for exploring the trade-offs within transport-health. In doing so, we find that not all existing studies define health outcomes (eg morbidity or mortality) and few cover both transport and health mechanisms in detail. As well as improving the detail on mobility behaviours, transport impacts and health outcomes, we also identify a need for this approach to consider the influence of new data and technologies on transport-health. Although this paper presents a qualitative model, this is the first step towards a quantitative model, and nonetheless, in itself may be used to better understand the system and scenarios, and contribute to more robust transport-health impact assessments for policy making.

ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Susan M. Grant-Muller; Frances C. Hodgson. A review of transport-health system dynamics models. Journal of Transport & Health 2021, 22, 101138 .

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Susan M. Grant-Muller, Frances C. Hodgson. A review of transport-health system dynamics models. Journal of Transport & Health. 2021; 22 ():101138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Susan M. Grant-Muller; Frances C. Hodgson. 2021. "A review of transport-health system dynamics models." Journal of Transport & Health 22, no. : 101138.

Editorial
Published: 01 October 2020 in Journal of Simulation
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ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Enzo Bivona; Rosaldo Rossetti. Editorial: Special issue on Simulation in Transportation. Journal of Simulation 2020, 14, 239 -241.

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Enzo Bivona, Rosaldo Rossetti. Editorial: Special issue on Simulation in Transportation. Journal of Simulation. 2020; 14 (4):239-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Enzo Bivona; Rosaldo Rossetti. 2020. "Editorial: Special issue on Simulation in Transportation." Journal of Simulation 14, no. 4: 239-241.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2020 in Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
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High quality, reliable data and robust models are central to the development and appraisal of transportation planning and policy. Although conventional data may offer good ‘content’, it is widely observed that it lacks context i.e. who and why people are travelling. Transportation modelling has developed within these boundaries, with implications for the planning, design and management of transportation systems and policy-making. This paper establishes the potential of passively collected GPS-based “Track & Trace” (T&T) datasets of individual mobility profiles towards enhancing transportation modelling and policy-making. T&T is a type of New and Emerging Data Form (NEDF), lying within the broader ‘Big Data’ paradigm, and is typically collected using mobile phone sensors and related technologies. These capture highly grained mobility content and can be linked to the phone owner/user behavioural choices and other individual context. Our meta-analysis of existing literature related to spatio-temporal mobile phone data demonstrates that NEDF’s, and in particular T&T data, have had little mention to date within an applied transportation planning and policy context. We thus establish there is an opportunity for policy-makers, transportation modellers, researchers and a wide range of stakeholders to collaborate in developing new analytic approaches, revise existing models and build the skills and related capacity needed to lever greatest value from the data, as well as to adopt new business models that could revolutionise citizen participation in policy-making. This is of particular importance due to the growing awareness in many countries for a need to develop and monitor efficient cross-sectoral policies to deliver sustainable communities.

ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Susan M. Grant-Muller; Frances C. Hodgson. New and emerging data forms in transportation planning and policy: Opportunities and challenges for “Track and Trace” data. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2020, 117, 102672 .

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Susan M. Grant-Muller, Frances C. Hodgson. New and emerging data forms in transportation planning and policy: Opportunities and challenges for “Track and Trace” data. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2020; 117 ():102672.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Susan M. Grant-Muller; Frances C. Hodgson. 2020. "New and emerging data forms in transportation planning and policy: Opportunities and challenges for “Track and Trace” data." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 117, no. : 102672.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Successful development of “Mobility-as-a-Service” (MaaS) schemes could be transformative to our transport systems and critical for achieving sustainable cities. There are high hopes for mobile phone applications that offer both journey planning and ticketing across all the available transport modes, but these are in their infancy, with little understanding of the correct approach to business models and governance. In this study, we develop a system dynamics diffusion model that represents the uptake of such an app, based on one developed and released in West Yorkshire, UK. We perform sensitivity and uncertainty tests on user uptake and app operating profitability, and analyse these in three key areas of marketing, competition, and costs. Comparison to early uptake data is included to demonstrate accuracy of model behaviour and would suggest market failure by month 12 without stronger marketing, even if additional tickets and functions are offered. In response to this, we offer further insights on the need for direct targeted marketing to ensure mass market adoption, the importance of understanding a realistic potential adopter pool, the awareness of competing apps, and the high uncertainty that exists in this market.

ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Astrid Gühnemann; Simon Shepherd. The Business Case for a Journey Planning and Ticketing App—Comparison between a Simulation Analysis and Real-World Data. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4005 .

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Astrid Gühnemann, Simon Shepherd. The Business Case for a Journey Planning and Ticketing App—Comparison between a Simulation Analysis and Real-World Data. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Astrid Gühnemann; Simon Shepherd. 2020. "The Business Case for a Journey Planning and Ticketing App—Comparison between a Simulation Analysis and Real-World Data." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4005.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2019 in Sustainability
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The deployment of zero-emission vehicles has the potential to drastically reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from road transport. The purpose of this study is to provide evidence on, and quantify the factors that influence, the European market for electric and fuel cell car technologies. The paper reports the results of a stated preference survey among 1,248 car owners in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. The variables that influence powertrain choice are quantified in a nested multinomial logit model. We find that the electric car purchase price continues to be a major deterrent to sales in the surveyed countries. The majority of the respondents considered government incentives as fundamental or important for considering an electric car purchase. Because of the differences in the socio-economic characteristics of consumers in each country, the effectiveness of government incentives may vary across Europe.

ACS Style

Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez; Austin Smyth; Luke Kelleher; Hui Lu; Charlene Rohr; Gillian Harrison; Christian Thiel. Electric Car Purchase Price as a Factor Determining Consumers’ Choice and their Views on Incentives in Europe. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6357 .

AMA Style

Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez, Austin Smyth, Luke Kelleher, Hui Lu, Charlene Rohr, Gillian Harrison, Christian Thiel. Electric Car Purchase Price as a Factor Determining Consumers’ Choice and their Views on Incentives in Europe. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez; Austin Smyth; Luke Kelleher; Hui Lu; Charlene Rohr; Gillian Harrison; Christian Thiel. 2019. "Electric Car Purchase Price as a Factor Determining Consumers’ Choice and their Views on Incentives in Europe." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6357.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2018 in European Transport Research Review
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In this study, we consider the European electro-mobility market from an industrial perspective, and focus on effects of market conditions and manufacturer strategies, with the objective to gain insight on what could inhibit the successful market penetration of electric powertrain vehicles. We use the EC-JRC Powertrain Technology Transition Market Agent Model (PTTMAM), a system dynamics model based around the interactions of conceptual market agent groups in the EU. We assess strategies employed by automobile manufacturers towards the development and market penetration of electric vehicles. Impacts on electric powertrain sales shares (up to 2050) related to industrial strategies, represented by learning effect, marketing effort and R&D funding, are presented under different scenarios related to policy, regulation and market conditions. It is concluded from the results presented here that competition between electrical powertrain options may be more inhibitive than competition against conventional counterparts, with both monetary and non-monetary industry support for immature powertrains key to their long-term success when supportive policies are designed to be technology neutral.

ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez; Christian Thiel. Industry strategies for the promotion of E-mobility under alternative policy and economic scenarios. European Transport Research Review 2018, 10, 19 .

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez, Christian Thiel. Industry strategies for the promotion of E-mobility under alternative policy and economic scenarios. European Transport Research Review. 2018; 10 (2):19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez; Christian Thiel. 2018. "Industry strategies for the promotion of E-mobility under alternative policy and economic scenarios." European Transport Research Review 10, no. 2: 19.

Original paper
Published: 05 July 2017 in European Transport Research Review
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We are interested in what policy insights can be transferred from EU countries that have been most successful in introducing EVs to those that are debating policy options. As we use a model to explore this, we are also interested in the application of modelling, seeking to understand if real world policies and results can be replicated in a model and, more generally, the challenges to the use of modelling in policy appraisal. We use the EC-JRC Powertrain Technology Transition Market Agent Model (PTTMAM), a system dynamics model based around the interactions of conceptual market agent groups in the EU. We perform iterative scenario tests to replicate the policies carried out in the Netherlands and the UK in recent years in an attempt to achieve similar results in EV sales. We then transfer the policy scenarios to other EU member states and assess the transferability of the policies. Reasonable approximations of the Netherlands and UK EV policies and sales were achieved and implemented in other EU member states. We find that the PTTMAM is fit-for-purpose and can replicate successful policies to a certain degree. Policy success is sensitive to country specific conditions, and a system dynamics model like the PTTMAM can help identify which conditions react to which policy stimulus. There are challenges to modelling in policy appraisal, such as the subjectivity of the modeller and flexibility to specific conditions, which must be kept transparent for the model to be a relevant tool for policy making.

ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Christian Thiel. Policy insights and modelling challenges: The case of passenger car powertrain technology transition in the European Union. European Transport Research Review 2017, 9, 37 .

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Christian Thiel. Policy insights and modelling challenges: The case of passenger car powertrain technology transition in the European Union. European Transport Research Review. 2017; 9 (3):37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Christian Thiel. 2017. "Policy insights and modelling challenges: The case of passenger car powertrain technology transition in the European Union." European Transport Research Review 9, no. 3: 37.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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This research contributes to ongoing discussions about policy interventions designed to stimulate the transition of vehicle technology. Three high profile policy options are investigated, aimed at manufacturers, users and infrastructure providers. Concentrating on passenger cars, an extensive system dynamics based market agent model of powertrain technology transitions within the EU up to 2050 is employed. With a focus on subsidy scenarios for both infrastructure deployment and vehicle purchase, and set within the context of the EU fleet emission regulations, we find that there are important interactions between different powertrain types and with infrastructure provision. For example, strong plug-in electric vehicle (PiEV) policy could inhibit the maturity of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Infrastructure provision is important for improving the utility of a PiEV, but we find that in the early market it may have a weaker correlation with uptake than other policy options, until the PiEV stock share is over around 5%. Furthermore, an attempt to install a ratio of much more or much less than one charge point per 10 PiEV may lead to little gains and high costs. PiEV sales are relatively insensitive at target levels below 5 or over 25 PiEV per charge point. The results of our study can help policymakers to find the right balance and timing of measures targeting the transition towards low carbon alternative vehicles.JRC.C.4-Sustainable Transpor

ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Christian Thiel. An exploratory policy analysis of electric vehicle sales competition and sensitivity to infrastructure in Europe. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2017, 114, 165 -178.

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Christian Thiel. An exploratory policy analysis of electric vehicle sales competition and sensitivity to infrastructure in Europe. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2017; 114 ():165-178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Christian Thiel. 2017. "An exploratory policy analysis of electric vehicle sales competition and sensitivity to infrastructure in Europe." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114, no. : 165-178.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
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The future of carbon dioxide utilisation (CDU) processes, depend on (i) the future demand of synthesised products with CO2, (ii) the availability of captured and anthropogenic CO2, (iii) the overall CO2 not emitted because of the use of the CDU process, and (iv) the economics of the plant. The current work analyses the mentioned statements through different technological, economic and environmental key performance indicators to produce formic acid from CO2, along with their potential use and penetration in the European context. Formic acid is a well-known chemical that has potential as hydrogen carrier and as fuel for fuel cells. This work utilises process flow modelling, with simulations developed in CHEMCAD, to obtain the energy and mass balances, and the purchase equipment cost of the formic acid plant. Through a financial analysis, with the net present value as selected metric, the price of the tonne of formic acid and of CO2 are varied to make the CDU project financially feasible. According to our research, the process saves CO2 emissions when compared to its corresponding conventional process, under specific conditions. The success or effectiveness of the CDU process will also depend on other technologies and/or developments, like the availability of renewable electricity and steam.

ACS Style

Mar Pérez-Fortes; Jan C. Schöneberger; Aikaterini Boulamanti; Gillian Harrison; Evangelos Tzimas. Formic acid synthesis using CO2 as raw material: Techno-economic and environmental evaluation and market potential. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 16444 -16462.

AMA Style

Mar Pérez-Fortes, Jan C. Schöneberger, Aikaterini Boulamanti, Gillian Harrison, Evangelos Tzimas. Formic acid synthesis using CO2 as raw material: Techno-economic and environmental evaluation and market potential. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016; 41 (37):16444-16462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mar Pérez-Fortes; Jan C. Schöneberger; Aikaterini Boulamanti; Gillian Harrison; Evangelos Tzimas. 2016. "Formic acid synthesis using CO2 as raw material: Techno-economic and environmental evaluation and market potential." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 37: 16444-16462.

Articles
Published: 06 September 2016 in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
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A mixture of potentially significant changes in technology, commercial structures, and social practices is currently entering the automobility system. These changes have the potential to combine together and lead to a substantial shift in the manner in which society fuels, owns, and makes use of its cars. This paper reports a research project that made use of focus groups to examine the narratives of British transport professionals concerning forthcoming developments in the automobility system. Specific attention was given to what the expectations for future change in automobility are, if these changes will likely lead to a transition toward a more sustainable system and the manner in which a transition of this nature could be facilitated. The oral testimony offered during the focus groups has been assessed qualitatively using thematic analysis. The results suggest that there is a commonly held view that the automobility system is entering a stage of flux, which may lead to considerable changes in system configuration. However, the attainment of a sustainable transition for the system will likely be inhibited by a series of institutional, societal, and physical barriers, which may restrict system developments.

ACS Style

Craig Morton; Thomas Martin Budd; Gillian Harrison; Giulio Mattioli. Exploring the expectations of transport professionals concerning the future automobility system: Visions, challenges, and transitions. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2016, 11, 493 -506.

AMA Style

Craig Morton, Thomas Martin Budd, Gillian Harrison, Giulio Mattioli. Exploring the expectations of transport professionals concerning the future automobility system: Visions, challenges, and transitions. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2016; 11 (7):493-506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Craig Morton; Thomas Martin Budd; Gillian Harrison; Giulio Mattioli. 2016. "Exploring the expectations of transport professionals concerning the future automobility system: Visions, challenges, and transitions." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 11, no. 7: 493-506.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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The study presents an extensive System Dynamics simulation model, running up to 2050, employing an agent-based approach and incorporating major factors that influence the technology transition in the EU light duty vehicle road transport sector. The model aims at better understanding and analysing market trends. It is a comprehensive representation of EU powertrain technology transition, at member state level, and includes interactions and feedbacks between major stakeholders influencing the evolution of the market shares. The model seeks to integrate a wider range of market, industry and technology dynamics compared to other known models to date. Five scenarios are conducted to explore the dynamics of the powertrain transitions under different oil prices, GDP growth, learning rates, purchase subsidies and EU emission targets. The findings illustrate that the developed model is able to give strategic insights to authorities, manufacturers and infrastructure providers regarding their respective decisions, policies and challenges in relation to medium and long-term trends in the EU road transport sector.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

ACS Style

Guzay Pasaoglu; Gillian Harrison; Lee Jones; Andrew Hill; Alexandre Beaudet; Christian Thiel. A system dynamics based market agent model simulating future powertrain technology transition: Scenarios in the EU light duty vehicle road transport sector. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2016, 104, 133 -146.

AMA Style

Guzay Pasaoglu, Gillian Harrison, Lee Jones, Andrew Hill, Alexandre Beaudet, Christian Thiel. A system dynamics based market agent model simulating future powertrain technology transition: Scenarios in the EU light duty vehicle road transport sector. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2016; 104 ():133-146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guzay Pasaoglu; Gillian Harrison; Lee Jones; Andrew Hill; Alexandre Beaudet; Christian Thiel. 2016. "A system dynamics based market agent model simulating future powertrain technology transition: Scenarios in the EU light duty vehicle road transport sector." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 104, no. : 133-146.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Transportation Research Procedia
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ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Jette Krause; Christian Thiel. Transitions and Impacts of Passenger Car Powertrain Technologies in European Member States. Transportation Research Procedia 2016, 14, 2620 -2629.

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Jette Krause, Christian Thiel. Transitions and Impacts of Passenger Car Powertrain Technologies in European Member States. Transportation Research Procedia. 2016; 14 ():2620-2629.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Jette Krause; Christian Thiel. 2016. "Transitions and Impacts of Passenger Car Powertrain Technologies in European Member States." Transportation Research Procedia 14, no. : 2620-2629.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management
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Global concerns about climate change, as confirmed at COP21, have led to lower carbon emissions environmental policies, particularly in the road transport sector. Through an empirical analysis of low carbon vehicle (LCV) policies in California, this paper contrasts the findings from diverse distribution theories between income quintiles - used as a proxy for societal groups - to address vertical equity concerns and offer an overview of impact distribution to policy makers. Thus, it contributes in operationalising ethical theories within transport cost benefit analysis and revisiting impact distribution when promoting low carbon vehicles. Findings indicate that manufacturer penalties are the most effective policy measure to avoid cost transfer between stakeholders. Yet, the analysis shows that those purchasing small LCVs may face disproportional vehicle purchase cost increases which needs to be considered by policy makers. Thus, this paper makes a methodological contribution regarding CBA in practice as well as providing policy relevant recommendations.

ACS Style

Nikolas Thomopoulos; Gillian Harrison. An ethical assessment of low carbon vehicles using cost benefit analysis. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 2016, 16, 227 .

AMA Style

Nikolas Thomopoulos, Gillian Harrison. An ethical assessment of low carbon vehicles using cost benefit analysis. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management. 2016; 16 (3):227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolas Thomopoulos; Gillian Harrison. 2016. "An ethical assessment of low carbon vehicles using cost benefit analysis." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 16, no. 3: 227.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Transportation Research Procedia
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Recently, the European Union (EU) adopted the Directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, which defines minimum requirements on alternative fuels infrastructure build up, including recharging points for electric vehicles. Moreover, the European Commission is currently working towards a Communication on decarbonising the transport sector, including an action plan on second and third generation biofuels and other alternative, sustainable fuels. Various Member States have set up incentives to foster electrified or low-emission vehicle purchases. The Joint Research Centre, as the European Commission's in-house science service, has created a suite of models on electro-mobility, which serves to assess policies towards electrification of road transport and their effects on energy demand, emission reduction and costs. The models are soft-linked and the structure is flexible enough to make sure that the appropriate tools can be used for various studies. The models within this suite include: This paper shows key results of studies that were performed with the JRC integrated electro-mobility modelling platform.

ACS Style

Christian Thiel; Yannis Drossinos; Jette Krause; Gillian Harrison; Dimitrios Gkatzoflias; Alberto V. Donati. Modelling Electro-mobility: An Integrated Modelling Platform for Assessing European Policies. Transportation Research Procedia 2016, 14, 2544 -2553.

AMA Style

Christian Thiel, Yannis Drossinos, Jette Krause, Gillian Harrison, Dimitrios Gkatzoflias, Alberto V. Donati. Modelling Electro-mobility: An Integrated Modelling Platform for Assessing European Policies. Transportation Research Procedia. 2016; 14 ():2544-2553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christian Thiel; Yannis Drossinos; Jette Krause; Gillian Harrison; Dimitrios Gkatzoflias; Alberto V. Donati. 2016. "Modelling Electro-mobility: An Integrated Modelling Platform for Assessing European Policies." Transportation Research Procedia 14, no. : 2544-2553.

Articles
Published: 17 October 2013 in Transportation Planning and Technology
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Driven by concerns of climate change, governments across the world are introducing a number of policies to accelerate the uptake of low carbon vehicles (LCVs), with a specific focus on electric motors. However, there is uncertainty in the effectiveness of such policies and technology pathways, which are inherently interlinked. This article considers the short-term situation to 2020 and focuses on the concern that these policies may bring about some disproportionate impacts in society due to changes in mobility. An ethical framework is established that seeks to balance obligations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and rights to car ownership, then selected policies are modelled within this framework to assess acceptability of implementation. Although these policies are successful in introducing LCVs and reducing GHG emissions, findings also indicate uneven cost burdens and reduced affordability of car ownership. Following this, recommendations for policy amendments and model improvements are made.

ACS Style

Gillian Harrison; Simon Shepherd. An interdisciplinary study to explore impacts from policies for the introduction of low carbon vehicles. Transportation Planning and Technology 2013, 37, 98 -117.

AMA Style

Gillian Harrison, Simon Shepherd. An interdisciplinary study to explore impacts from policies for the introduction of low carbon vehicles. Transportation Planning and Technology. 2013; 37 (1):98-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gillian Harrison; Simon Shepherd. 2013. "An interdisciplinary study to explore impacts from policies for the introduction of low carbon vehicles." Transportation Planning and Technology 37, no. 1: 98-117.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2012 in Transport Policy
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ACS Style

Simon Shepherd; Peter Bonsall; Gillian Harrison. Factors affecting future demand for electric vehicles: A model based study. Transport Policy 2012, 20, 62 -74.

AMA Style

Simon Shepherd, Peter Bonsall, Gillian Harrison. Factors affecting future demand for electric vehicles: A model based study. Transport Policy. 2012; 20 ():62-74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simon Shepherd; Peter Bonsall; Gillian Harrison. 2012. "Factors affecting future demand for electric vehicles: A model based study." Transport Policy 20, no. : 62-74.