Currently, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is increasingly entering the operational level in terms of creating a model for newly constructed facilities. For existing objects, and objects of Culture Heritage (CH), the creation of coherent and qualitative BIM models depends on the quality of the data constituting the basis for modelling. What’s more, BIM of CH is not only a challenge to obtain high-quality three-dimensional data, but also a time-consuming study of object documentation and photographic documentation in order to create a faithful library of parametric objects. In the article, the authors presented the synergy of spatial data with TLS and UAV as the basis for creating a BIM model for two CH objects. The aim of the article was to make such a synergy of TLS and UAV data that the geospatial database, developed for the needs of modelling historic objects in the HBIM trend, would have a specific amount of information without the frequently used redundancy. In principle, the acquired 3D database should be expressed in a global reference system with the degree of georeferencing accuracy for situational and altitude measurements and should be consistent to provide comprehensive information about the object. The analyses led to conclusions in which the authors assign superior importance to the accuracy of measurement information and the integration of individual data groups in the process of developing the HBIM model with the desired accuracy in opposition to the appropriate selection of the level of detail, which is usually assigned a superior role, which in turn results from the quality of the data geospatial modelling.

The reconstruction of historic buildings requires the integration of diverse data sources, both geometric and non-geometric. This study presents a multi-source data analysis methodology for heritage reconstruction using 3D modeling and Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM). The proposed approach combines geometric data, including point clouds acquired via Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), with architectural documentation and non-geometric information such as photographs, historical records, and technical descriptions. The case study focuses on a wooden Orthodox church in Żmijowiska, Poland, analyzing geometric changes in the structure over multiple decades. The reconstruction process integrates modern surveys with archival sources and, in the absence of complete geometric data, utilizes semantic, topological, and structural information. Geometric datasets from the 1990s, 1930s, and the turn of the 20th century were analyzed, supplemented by intermediate archival photographs and technical documentation. This integrated method enabled the identification of transformation phases and verification of discrepancies between historical records and the building’s actual condition. The findings confirm that the use of HBIM and multi-source data fusion facilitates accurate reconstruction of historical geometry and supports visualization of spatial changes across decades.

Runoff erosion is an important theme in hydrological investigations. Models assessing soil erosion are based on various algorithms that determine the relief coefficient using rasterized digital elevation models (DEMs). For evaluation of soil loss, the most-used model worldwide is the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation), where the most essential part is the LS parameter, which is, in turn, generated from two parameters: L (slope length coefficient) and S (slope inclination). The most significant limitation of LS is the difficulty in obtaining the data needed to generate detailed DEMs. We investigated three popular data generation methods: aerial photographs (AP), aerial laser scanning (ALS), and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) by assessing the quality and effect of DEMs generated from each method over an area of 40 m × 200 m in Silesia, Poland. Additionally, the relationship between particular $L{S}_{USLE}$ parameter components was carried out based on its final distribution. Our results show that resolution strongly influences DEMs and the $L{S}_{USLE}$ parameters. We found a strong relationship between the degree of height data resolution and the accuracy level of the calculated parameters. Based on our investigations we confirmed the highest influence on the $L{S}_{USLE}$ came from the S parameter. Additionally, we concluded that in examinations over large areas, terrestrial laser scanners are not ideal; the benefits of their additional accuracy are outweighed by the additional time and labor consumption; in addition, terrestrial-based scans are sometimes not possible due to ground obstacles the limited scope of most lasers. Aerial photographs or point clouds generated by aerial laser scanners are sufficient for most purposes connected with surface flow, and further developments can be based on the use of these techniques for obtaining ground information for modeling erosion processes.